Attractions of Derbent: list, photo and description. Armenian temple in Dagestan Nyugdi: memory of the first Christians Nyugdi Armenian Church

The correspondent of "Russian Planet" visited the Muslim village of Nyugdi, where the first Christian religious building in Russia was built - the chapel of St. Grigoris.

Nyugdi got lost 35 kilometers south of Derbent. From the nearest large settlement of Belij, a dusty primer leads there. Here are the first Nyugda houses, vegetable gardens, geese, chickens, turkeys, and not a single living human soul to ask if my comrade and I are going the right way. Armams Danilov, an Armenian from Derbent, agreed to go with me to Nyugdi to show me everything and tell about the temple. But he, who had been here more than once, almost missed the street leading to the temple. Here we are at the local mosque. And in the distance, from behind the trees, the dome of the temple peeps out.

It was built on the site of the chapel 98 years ago. And the chapel itself was rebuilt twice by prosperous Armenians only in the 19th century. It is surprising that they themselves have not lived in Nyugdi for more than 200 years. Under Tsar Paul I, the village temporarily went to Persia, and the Armenians were forced to move deep into the Russian Empire. Representatives of the Iranian-speaking peoples and Mountain Jews moved in their place. In the 90s of the last century, the bulk of the Jews emigrated to Israel. Now Azerbaijanis and Lezgins live in Nyugdi. But the Armenians continued to monitor the state of the chapel of the first bishop of Caucasian Albania, St. Grigoris, and from afar. They make a pilgrimage here. “Derbent Armenians, as well as their compatriots from other cities of Russia, once a year came to Nyugdi to worship,” wrote Yevgeny Kozubsky in the “History of Derbent”, published in 1906.

Well, here we are approaching the place where the oldest Christian religious building was. Derbent historical monuments are under the protection of UNESCO. And the temple of St. Grigoris is guarded, as it turned out, by an ordinary Azerbaijani family. We went to the owners for the keys, and they treated us to strong tea. In 1962, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the temple was recognized as a historical monument. However, during the years of Soviet atheism, the pilgrimage here stopped, the church was empty. And in the 90s of the last century, it turned out to be completely abandoned, and began to collapse. Leafing through the monograph, I came across a photograph, which shows how trees grew on the roof of the temple. It seems that the Derbent shell rock is the most fertile of stones. The walls, the dome, the roof, of the temple are built from this very Derbent shell stone. Near the temple, a large oak showers the temple with acorns. Armams Danilov shows nearby two-meter oak bushes, and says that the same ones grew on the roof of the temple.

Armenians coming from the Derbent region decided to restore the tradition. At the beginning of the 2000s, the first pilgrims of a new generation appeared here. Now, on the day of St. Grigoris, which is celebrated on the last Sunday of August, from 400 to 800 Armenians come to Nyugdi. Many of them contribute to the restoration of the temple, and the improvement of the area around it. Among them is media tycoon Aram Gabrelyanov.

The territory of the temple is fenced and gradually put in order. Inside, a major overhaul was made, trees were removed from the roof. The stone roof and dome were cleaned of their roots with a special solution and covered with Italian mastic. A large chandelier will soon be raised to the ceiling. On the walls are icons of St. Grigoris and other holy martyrs who spread the faith on this earth. We recently ordered a lift from Pyatigorsk to install a cross on the dome.

- The temple in the village of Nyugdi in southern Dagestan keeps the memory of the first Christians who entered the territory of the Russian Federation in the first century AD. Written sources of the apostolic period report that already in the year 62 of our era, the apostle Elisha began preaching the faith of Christ in Chol and Toprakh-Kale, Veli Mirzoev, deputy director of the Derbent Museum of the Reserve, told us.

From the tradition of the church it is known that the apostles of Christ Bartholomew, Fadey, Elisha preached in southern Dagestan. One of the twelve disciples of Christ, the holy Apostle Bartholomew, after preaching the Word of God in Asia Minor and India, went to Caucasian Albania. The country waged constant wars with the Persians, Huns, Muskuts. When the Derbent region came under the protectorate of Persia, Christians were persecuted.

According to Veli Mehdiyev, Saint Elisha was martyred in the Zergun valley, presumably on the territory of modern Azerbaijan, "in the land of the Muskuts." His body was thrown into the pit. According to one version, in the second half of the 5th century, the Albanian king Vachagan III acquired the relics of the saint, and built a chapel over the place of his death.

– In the fourth century AD, Christianity became the state religion of Caucasian Albania. The state itself existed a hundred years before our era. The Patriarchal Throne was located in Derbent. Churches of the Albanian period, some confuse with Armenian ones. The descendants of the Albans - Alpans - are the Lezgins, and other peoples who lost Christianity with the arrival of the Arabs. Later, in the seventh century, it was the Derbent region that became the center of the spread of Islam, - Albert Esedov, head of the Makhachkala branch of the Lezghin people's movement Sadval, told the Republic of Poland.

According to historical information, in 313 the Albanian king Urnair, together with his army, was baptized by St. Gregory on the Euphrates River. Since that time, Christianity has been proclaimed the state religion of Caucasian Albania. With the help of the new religion, Urnair hopes, firstly, to unite the heterogeneous state, and secondly, to resist the Zoroastrian Persia. The grandson of Gregory the Illuminator, Grigoris, at the request of Urnair, was ordained bishop of Albania and Iberia.

The story about St. Grigoris of the Republic of Poland was told by the head of the Armenian community in Derbent, local historian Viktor Danilyan.

—Arriving in Albania from Armenia, Bishop Grigoris ordained priests and urged them to serve the saints. Then he went to preach in the camp of the nomadic state of the Muskuts, Danilyan says. - But the Christian values “do not kill”, “do not steal”, contradicted the foundations of the Muskut state. The state existed due to raids and robberies. The king of the Maskuts, Sanesan, mistook Grigoris for a specially sent spy, and ordered his execution. Grigoris was tied to a wild horse, which was let along the seashore.

The historian of the 7th century, Moses Kalankatuatsi, in his work “History of the country of Aluank”, wrote: Saint Grigoris was martyred in a field called Vatnean, on the shores of the great sea. The tragic event took place in 337, 30 kilometers south of Derbent. The disciples brought the body of the saint to the monastery of Amaras and buried him there. Modern scientists suggest that the tomb of St. Grigoris is located on Mount Dzhalgan, not far from the village of the same name. This mountain rises above Derbent.

At the site of the death of Grigoris, where the village of Nyugdi is now located, the disciples erected a chapel. Over the course of 1700 years, it was repeatedly restored. Armenian written sources say that the chapel was rebuilt twice in the 19th century. And in 1916, a temple was erected on the site of the chapel.

The translation of the Armenian inscription above one of the entrances indicates the date of construction of the current building: “The temple was built on the site of the martyrdom of St. Grigoris, the grandson of our father Gregory the Illuminator, was built at the expense of the brothers Vanatsents, Grigor and Lazar Petrosovich, in the year of the Lord 1916. It is known that large Astrakhan merchants who had real estate in the Dagestan region belonged to the Vanatsyants family.

There is evidence of Artur Papovyan, now living in Europe, whose family archive contains a photograph of the chapel dated in 1899: in the foreground is a group of pilgrims, including his maternal grandfather Airapet-bek Nersesov, who lived in Derbent.

In the chapel of St. Grigoris in the village of Nyugdi there is a stone with an inscription in Armenian. One of the local residents kept it at home, and bequeathed to his son to give it to the "owners" when the time comes. The son did the will of the father. The inscription on the stone reads: “I, Mrs. Elizoveta Kochkachyants, built a church in memory of myself and my family in 1879.” In written sources of 1850, it is said that the chapel was visited by Archbishop Sargis Jalalyants "... a small chapel was built, inside of which there is a square grave ...".

listen)), the first bishop of the Alvanian Church, a saint of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

According to one version, he was ordained at a young age as a bishop of Caucasian Albania by grandfather Gregory or, according to another, by uncle Aristakes.

Earlier, his ordination to Albania together with King Urnair with the blessing of St. Gregory, another "blessed man, ordained bishop in the city of Rome" arrived, about whose further fate nothing is known. In one of the editions of the Life of St. Gregory the Illuminator it is said that, “when the saint sent priests and bishops to neighboring countries, Albania fell to the pious bishop Thomas from the city of Satala”.

Sources also report that Grigoris took with him to Albania a piece of the blood of the righteous Zechariah, the father of St. John the Baptist, and a particle of the relics of the Great Martyr Panteleimon. The holy relics of the martyrs were placed in a church built in the city of Tsri.

Leaving a priest there to serve and honor the martyrs of Christ, the bishop took with him part of the relics of the saints and went to the country of the Muskuts. Appearing before Sanesan (Sanatruk), the king of the Maskuts from the local Arshakuni dynasty, he preached about Christ, all those present happily believed in the gospel word. Grigoris admonished the people not to destroy houses, not to rob and steal, but to work and be blessed in God. The Muscovites decided that “this is the cunning of the Armenian king to prevent the devastation of Armenia; how shall we live if we do not plunder?”

The body of Grigoris was transported by the disciples to the city of Amaras in the gavar Mius-Aband (Khaband) and there they laid it in the church near the throne on the north side. The place of burial was not marked for fear of outrage by the pagans and was forgotten over time.

The Armenian Apostolic Church celebrates the day of memory of Grigoris on the 3rd Saturday before Christmas or on the 3rd Sunday of the Vardavar holiday (Transfiguration of the Lord) along with the memory of other sons and grandsons of Gregory the Illuminator, as well as on the Monday after the 5th Sunday after the Exaltation of the Cross (finding relics).

Literature

Moses Kagankatvatsi. History of the Agvans / Transl.: K. P. Patkanov. SPb., 1861
Moses Khorensky. History of Armenia. / Transl.: N. O. Emin. M., 1893
Geyushev R. B. On the grave of Grigoris, Catholicos of Caucasian Albania. Baku, 1970. S. 7-8;
he is. Christianity in Caucasian Albania. Baku, 1984, p. 34;
DHGE. T. 21. Col. 1470-1471;
Alexy (Nikonorov), Hierom. History of Christianity in Caucasian Albania. Baku, 2005. C. 68-71.

Used materials

Jerome. Alexy (Nikonorov). Grigoris of Albania. Orthodox Encyclopedia, Vol. 13, S. 86-87
V.A. Shnirelman, Albanian myth. From the book "Memory Wars. Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia”, M., ICC, “Akademkniga”, 2003.

Movses Khorenatsi. History of Armenia. III, 3

Movses Kagankatvatsi. History of Agvans. I 14

In the village of Nyugdi, Derbent district of Dagestan, 37 km from Derbent

V.A. Shnirelman. Albanian myth. Note. 14

Movses Kagankatvatsi. History of Agvans. II, 5

Correspondent of "Russian Planet" Musa Musaev visited the Muslim village of Nyugdi, where the first Christian religious building in Russia was built - the chapel of St. Grigoris. “...Although the Armenians themselves have not lived in Nyugdi for a long time, they continue to monitor the state of the temple,” the author of the publication emphasizes.
Nyugdi got lost 35 kilometers south of Derbent. A dusty primer leads there from the nearest large settlement of Belij. Here are the first Nyugda houses, vegetable gardens, geese, chickens, turkeys, and not a single living human soul to ask if my comrade and I are going the right way. Armams Danilov, an Armenian from Derbent, agreed to go with me to Nyugdi to show me everything and tell about the temple. But he, who had been here more than once, almost missed the street leading to the temple. Here we are at the local mosque. And in the distance, the dome of the temple peeps out from behind the trees.
It was built on the site of the chapel 98 years ago. And the chapel itself was rebuilt twice by prosperous Armenians only in the 19th century. It is surprising that they themselves have not lived in Nyugdi for more than 200 years. Under Tsar Paul I, the village temporarily went to Persia, and the Armenians were forced to move deep into the Russian Empire. Representatives of the Iranian-speaking peoples and Mountain Jews moved in their place. In the 90s of the last century, the bulk of the Jews emigrated to Israel. Now Azerbaijanis and Lezgins live in Nyugdi. But the Armenians continued to monitor the state of the chapel of the first bishop of Caucasian Albania, St. Grigoris, and from afar. They make a pilgrimage here. “Derbent Armenians, as well as their compatriots from other cities of Russia, once a year came to Nyugdi to worship,” wrote Yevgeny Kozubsky in the “History of Derbent”, published in 1906.
Well, here we are approaching the place where there was the most ancient Christian religious building. Derbent historical monuments are under the protection of UNESCO. And the temple of St. Grigoris is guarded, as it turned out, by an ordinary Azerbaijani family. We went to the owners for the keys, and they treated us to strong tea. In 1962, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the temple was recognized as a historical monument. However, during the years of Soviet atheism, the pilgrimage here stopped, the church was empty. And in the 90s of the last century, it was completely abandoned and began to collapse. Leafing through the monograph, I came across a photograph, which shows how trees grew on the roof of the temple. It seems that the Derbent shell rock is the most fertile of stones. The walls, the dome, the roof of the temple are built from this same Derbent shell stone. Near the temple, a large oak showers the temple with acorns. Armams Danilov shows nearby two-meter oak bushes and says that the same ones grew on the roof of the temple.
Armenians, natives of the Derbent region, decided to restore the tradition. At the beginning of the 2000s, the first pilgrims of a new generation appeared here. Now, on the day of St. Grigoris, which is celebrated on the last Sunday of August, from 400 to 800 Armenians come to Nyugdi. Many of them contribute to the restoration of the temple and the improvement of the area around it. Among them is media tycoon Aram Gabrelyanov.
The territory of the temple is fenced and gradually put in order. Inside, a major overhaul was made, trees were removed from the roof. The stone roof and dome were cleaned of their roots with a special solution and covered with Italian mastic. A large chandelier will soon be raised to the ceiling. On the walls are icons of St. Grigoris and other holy martyrs who spread the faith on this earth. We recently ordered a lift from Pyatigorsk to install a cross on the dome.
“The temple in the village of Nyugdi in southern Dagestan keeps the memory of the first Christians who entered the territory of the Russian Federation in the first century AD. Written sources of the apostolic period report that already in the year 62 of our era, the apostle Elisha began preaching the faith of Christ in Chol and Toprakh-Kale, ”Veli Mirzoev, deputy director of the Derbent Museum-Reserve, told us.
From the tradition of the church it is known that the apostles of Christ Bartholomew, Fadey, Elisha preached in southern Dagestan. One of the twelve disciples of Christ, the holy Apostle Bartholomew, after preaching the Word of God in Asia Minor and India, went to Caucasian Albania. The country waged constant wars with the Persians, Huns, Muskuts. When the Derbent region came under the protectorate of Persia, Christians were persecuted.
According to Veli Mehdiyev, Saint Elisha was martyred in the Zergun valley, presumably on the territory of modern Azerbaijan, “in the land of the Muskuts”. His body was thrown into the pit. According to one version, in the second half of the 5th century, King Vachagan III acquired the relics of the saint, and built a chapel over the place of his death.
According to historical information, in the year 313 King Urnair (from the Arshakid dynasty), together with his army, was baptized by St. Gregory on the Euphrates River. Since that time, Christianity has been proclaimed the state religion of Caucasian Albania. With the help of the new religion, Urnair hopes, firstly, to unite the heterogeneous state, and secondly, to resist the Zoroastrian Persia. The grandson of Gregory the Illuminator Grigoris, at the request of Urnair, was ordained bishop of Albania and Iberia.
The story about St. Grigoris of the Republic of Poland was told by the head of the Armenian community in Derbent, local historian Viktor Danilyan. “Arriving in Albania from Armenia, Bishop Grigoris ordained priests and urged them to serve the saints. Then he went to preach in the camp of the nomadic state of the Muskuts, Danilyan says. - But the Christian values “do not kill”, “do not steal” contradicted the foundations of the Muskut state. The state existed due to raids and robberies. The Maskut king Sanesan mistook Grigoris for a specially sent spy and ordered his execution. Grigoris was tied to a wild horse, which was set free along the seashore.”
The historian of the 7th century, Moses Kalankatuatsi, in his work “The History of the Country of Aluank” wrote: St. Grigoris was martyred in a field called Vatnean, on the shores of the great sea. The tragic event took place in 337, 30 kilometers south of Derbent. The disciples brought the body of the saint to the monastery of Amaras and buried him there. Modern scientists suggest that the tomb of St. Grigoris is located on Mount Dzhalgan, not far from the village of the same name. This mountain rises above Derbent.
At the site of the death of Grigoris, where the village of Nyugdi is now located, the disciples erected a chapel. Over the course of 1700 years, it was repeatedly restored. Armenian written sources say that the chapel was rebuilt twice in the 19th century. And in 1916, a temple was erected on the site of the chapel.
The translation of the Armenian inscription above one of the entrances indicates the date of construction of the current building: “The temple was built on the site of the martyrdom of St. Grigoris, the grandson of our father Gregory the Illuminator, was built at the expense of the brothers Vanatsents, Grigor and Lazar Petrosovich, in the year of the Lord 1916. It is known that large Astrakhan merchants who had real estate in the Dagestan region belonged to the Vanatsyants family.
There is evidence of Artur Papovyan, now living in Europe, whose family archive contains a photograph of the chapel dated 1899: in the foreground is a group of pilgrims, including his maternal grandfather Airapet-bek Nersesov, who lived in Derbent.
In the chapel of St. Grigoris in the village of Nyugdi there is a stone with an inscription in Armenian. It was kept at home by one of the local residents and bequeathed to his son to give it to the "owners" when the time comes. The son did the will of the father.
The inscription on the stone reads: “I, Mrs. Elizoveta Kochkachyants, built a church in memory of myself and my family in 1879.” The written sources of 1850 say that Archbishop Sargis Jalalyants visited the chapel: “... A small chapel was built, inside of which there is a square grave...”

In Dagestan, an ancient Armenian chapel has been preserved, which local Armenians, together with the local residents of a mountain village, are restoring at their own expense. Once a year, Dagestan Armenians gather here for the feast of St. Grigoris. According to the latest population census, more than 5,000 Armenians live in Dagestan. Many of them are families that have lived here for over 100 years.

The chapel of St. Grigoris is located in the village of Nyugdi, Derbensky district of Dagestan, in the south of the republic. A large Armenian community lived in this area until the 18th century. However, later people were forced to move. According to historical sources, the church was built on the site where the educator and missionary Saint Grigoris was martyred in the 3rd century.

For a long time, even in the center of the spiritual life of Armenia, in Etchmiadzin, they did not know about the chapel. However, thanks to the efforts of enthusiasts, the church is known and remembered. Now the chapel is officially considered inactive, and most of the time it is empty. But despite this, services are held here from time to time. The spiritual mentor of the Armenians of the North Caucasus, ter Sargis, comes here from Kislovodsk especially for the worship. He himself was born in Dagestan, but has not lived here for a long time. The Armenians of Dagestan cherish the shrine very much, they carry out the reconstruction of the temple at their own expense, arrange subbotniks here, ennoble the territory of the church in every possible way.

At the origins of the restoration of the chapel of St. Grigoris stands the chairman of the Armenian community of Derbent, Viktor Danilyan. With the support of local authorities and a group of like-minded people, since 2004, Viktor Mikhailovich managed to strengthen the walls, chapels, put the dome and roof in order, restore and partially replace windows and doors. Fruit and coniferous trees now grow in the church yard. The territory of the church itself is surrounded by a fence. All this is done at the personal expense of Danilyan and donations from Armenians living in the republic. Not only Armenians provide all possible assistance in the reconstruction of the church of St. Grigoris. The inhabitants of the village of Nyugdi and its environs are very respectful of the Armenian shrine. So, for example, when the active reconstruction of the temple began, they pointed out the place where the flooded gates of the church lay in the river. Parts of the altar and some other stone elements of the interior decoration of the church were also found there.

Above one of the entrances to the chapel, a stone with an inscription in Armenian has been preserved. For many years, this slab was kept in the house of one of the local residents of the village, before his death, he bequeathed to his son to give "this stone to the owners when the time comes."

As soon as the church was slightly restored, the old Armenian tradition was revived to come here on the penultimate Sunday of August. This is the day of commemoration of St. Grigoris, whose name is the ancient chapel.

Tables are laid here, people bring with them various dishes of Armenian cuisine. People with whole families spend the whole day here, dancing, singing, sitting together at the table, honoring the elderly and educating the youth.

There is another large Armenian temple in Derbent. Now it is used for classical music concerts organized by the Derbent Musical College. In addition, a priest comes here several times a year and conducts baptismal and wedding ceremonies here. According to Dagestan historians, it is difficult to answer the question of when the first Armenians appeared on the territory of Dagestan and where they mainly lived. Basically, this evidence is ancient archaeological artifacts - tombstones with Armenian inscriptions. In addition, there is the Armenian village of Karabagly in Dagestan, where Armenians have been living for a very long time.

According to the latest population census, more than 5,000 Armenians live in Dagestan. These are families that have been living here for over 100 years, and there are Armenians who came to Dagestan in the 1990s. Mostly they are refugees from Azerbaijan and Armenia.

Church of St. Grigoris - a chapel erected in memory of the events of the 4th century, in the village of Nyugdi, Derbent region of Dagestan, 37 km from Derbent.

At the beginning of the 4th century, Grigoris spread Christianity in two countries close to Armenia in the Caucasus - in Georgia and in Caucasian Albania. Serving there led him to martyrdom. By order of the pagan king of the Caspian regions, St. Grigoris was seized, tied to a horse, and dragged along the rocks along the coast until he died. In the work of Moses Kalankatuatsi "History of the country Aluank", written in the 7th century, it is said that "St. Grigoris was martyred in the field called Vatnean, on the shores of the great sea." His disciples brought the saint's body to the Amaras Monastery and buried him there.

At present, the time of the construction of the church has not been precisely established. The translation of the Armenian inscription above one of the entrances to the chapel reads: "The temple was built on the site of the martyrdom of St. Grigoris, the grandson of our father Gregory the Illuminator, restored at the expense of the brothers Vanetsyants, Grigor and Lazar Petrosovich, in the year of the Lord 1916.".

Probably, the current building of the Church of St. Grigoris in Nygdi replaced the chapel that stood on this site until the beginning of the 20th century.

The length of the chapel is 17 m, the width is 13 m, the height with the dome is about 18 m.

On each wall there are recesses in the form of straight triangular prisms, which are completed at the top with five diverging lines.

From four sides in the walls under the roof there are through holes in the form of a cross.

The earliest known to date mention of the chapel of St. Grigoris in Nyugdi in written sources dates back to 1857, when Rostom-bek Yerzinkyan, a well-known publicist, researcher of the history and life of the peoples of Dagestan, visited it (this is reported in the article by V.G. Gadzhiev and V. Grigoryan "Dagestan in the Armenian pre-revolutionary literature. Rostom-bek Yerzinkyan about the land of mountains"). Yerzinkyan wrote an article "Mount Abasov and the chapel of St. Grigoris", publishing it in the newspaper "Megu Hayastani", published in Tiflis in Armenian.

The chapel of St. Grigoris was one of the most revered among the Armenians of the entire Eastern Caucasus until the 1920s.

In the chapel of St. Grigoris in the village of Nyugdi, there was a stone with an inscription in Armenian. This stone was found already in our time, when it became known that one of the local residents kept a slab with an incomprehensible inscription in Armenian in his house, he bequeathed to his son, our contemporary, to give this stone to the “owners” when the time comes. Today the inscription on the stone has been translated and it is in the chapel. The inscription reads: “I, Mrs. Elizaveta Kochkachyants, restored the church in memory of myself and my family. 1879".

During the Soviet period, the chapel was recognized as a historical monument, but for many decades, desolation reigned inside the church for many decades of state atheism. The walls of the chapel of St. Grigoris in Nyugdi survived, but the interior decoration did not. But, despite this, the villagers revered the monument of religion and architecture located in their area.

The idea of modern restoration arose when people began to return to the faith of their ancestors. Since 2004, the work on the restoration of the shrine was headed by the chairman of the Dagestan regional branch of the "Union of Armenians of Russia" and the leader of the Armenian community of Derbent, Viktor Danilyan, with the support of the Armenian Apostolic Church, as well as local authorities and a group of like-minded people.

The walls, roof and dome of the chapel were strengthened, doors and windows were restored. A piece of land around the temple was fenced, a fence was made. At present, the temple has changed significantly. Inside, the walls are completely finished, a stone floor and an altar elevation are arranged, a domed cross is made, a local artist, Melik-Mamed Agabalayev, painted four temple icons in the Armenian religious style.

The inhabitants of the village assist in the restoration of the temple: they pointed out in what place of the river the gates of the chapel flooded by an unknown person are located. The stone of the altar and other stone attributes of the cathedral were found in the river. Not only Armenians, but also people professing other religions take part in this noble cause, which testifies to peace and good neighborliness in relations between the peoples of Dagestan.