2 Voyage of Columbus. Four expeditions of Columbus or how Europeans began to colonize America? Long working time

Chapter 9. THE SECOND AMERICAN EXPEDITION On July 5, 1875, the Supreme Review of the ships of the Baltic Fleet was appointed. The ships of Sweden, England and the United States were invited to participate in the review. And on the morning of July 2, an American squadron appeared on the roadstead of Kronstadt, consisting of

Updated "Columbus" with an E Ink Carta display, Moon Light, Android and a good delivery kit - the screen is not touch, but the book costs 8,990 rubles, it is quite affordable these days ...

Design, construction

Every time I have to write about the design of e-books, my hands freeze over the keyboard. What to say? What is another black device in front of us? Immediately I ask myself another question - well, what can designers do? Here is electronic paper with or without a touch layer, here is the usual set of buttons, here is the charging connector, and here, most importantly, the price of the output. Naturally, e-book producers have to earn. And therefore, looking at the books in the window, you sometimes cannot distinguish Onyx from Pocketbook or Amazon from Nook. This is a difficult task. And if a perfectionist came to the store to choose a mega-book, the most beautiful, the best - let's say he was looking for a thin aluminum case, a minimalist design, buttons with a special touch feeling - he would not find anything.

Modern books are similar to each other. And this is a given. Maybe some company will dare to do something described above - but only it turns out that design in such devices is needed by a few. A good tip for these people is to buy the first generation iPad Mini and don't make it up. Well, if it burns your eyes at night, put up with it and look at ordinary modern e-books.

Moreover, one should not look at the body, but read these very books.

The book in question is a continuation of the popular Columbus, aka C67SML. The book turned out to be popular due to the price-quality ratio, but users also liked the capabilities of Android - it is this OS that is used in the first and second Columbus, and in other modern Onyx books. Software updates come out constantly, you can check. I’ll tell you right away about the library, if you have a lot of books and you want to somehow work more meaningfully with the catalog, do not hesitate to go to the “File Manager” next to the “Library”, using Explorer you can quickly find and open the book you need. For some, this is a wild problem, I personally do not think so.

But back to design. The book is in a case, if you try to remove it, a gap may appear in the halves of the book, do everything carefully. The case looks great, the cover is with magnets, they work fine. In principle, it’s better not to take it off, the main breakdown of modern e-books is a broken screen, but it turns out that this is because users do not use covers. And it should. The characteristics of the book are as follows:

• Display: 6", E Ink Carta, 16 grayscale, 14:1 contrast ratio, 758 x 1024 dots
• Processor: Rockchip RK3026, 2-core, 1 GHz
• Backlight: MOON Light
• RAM: 512 MB
• Built-in memory: 8 GB
• Expansion slot: For microSD / microSDHC memory cards
• Wired interface: USB 2.0
• Supported file formats; text: TXT, HTML, RTF, FB2, FB2.zip, MOBI, CHM, PDB, DOC, DOCX, PRC, EPUB
• Graphic: JPG, PNG, GIF, BMP
• Others: PDF, DjVu
• Battery: Lithium-ion, capacity 1700 mAh
• Operating system: Android 4.2
• Dimensions: 170 x 117 x 8.7mm
• Color: Black, gray
• Weight: 169g

The familiar "joystick" under the display, the buttons on the sides, you need to get used to the controls - the screen is not touch-sensitive here, at first you try to poke at the screen, then it goes away. The power button is located separately, the process itself takes quite a long time - sometimes it seems that the book is frozen, but no, it turns on and works. I understand that Onyx wanted to create a budget line for hard times in our market, but how strange it is without a touch screen, I can’t put it into words. The size of the book is such that in winter it can fit in a jacket pocket or inside pocket, but in general it is better to carry it in a bag. Especially in public transport, someone will press hard or poke their elbow - that's it, welcome to the service. The screens are very delicate.

Please note that in addition to the case, there is also a power supply in the kit, this speeds up charging.

In general, there are no questions regarding design, control, or packaging – well, except that you must clearly understand that you will do without a sensor.

The book is available in two colors, black and grey, I prefer gray.

Display

Unlike the first version, it uses a six-inch E Ink Carta screen (16 shades of gray, 14:1 contrast ratio, resolution 758x1024 pixels). In life, the display is contrasting, it is pleasant to read. The backlight is in place, the level can be adjusted. I didn’t understand how to change the font in the default “reader”, in the sense of how to choose another one. The size can be increased by calling the additional menu. Most often used it to quickly change the backlight level. Reading in the dark is very good, my eyes do not get tired, they do not hurt, there are no tears - I read a lot on the iPhone 6S Plus, that's where it's a real problem. The turnaround is fast, you don't have to wait. Of course, this is no ordinary book on sensations, but if you are going to give Onyx Boox Columbus 2 to your parents, then they will definitely be happy. Memory (8 GB) is enough for hundreds of books, the screen is just the way it should be - and not an album, and not a "pocketbook", just like a book - you can adjust the font size, activate or turn off the bold font. I mean, you can build a library, customize the view with mom or dad, and leave the book to your parents. A good gift, checked many times. The main problem in the case of Columbus 2 can appear when using the buttons, but even here fifty-fifty - for example, my father gets along better with buttons than with screens.

In short, the display is good, although when compared with the first Columbus, the difference will be difficult to notice. Just know that E Ink Carta is here and it's great.

Peculiarities

The characteristics indicate all supported formats, there are many of them - I especially advise the book to students, there is no need to convert textbooks, Columbus will open them anyway. And students will be able to play enough with Android, experimenting with installing other readers. There are built-in dictionaries, Russian-English and English-Russian, in the application menu, in addition to the good old OReader, there are "Gallery", "Calculator", "Settings" (everything is familiar there) and "Dictionaries". There are no complaints about the work of books during use, I did not notice any bugs - after turning it off, a menu opens, but it is also possible to go to the last open document. I know a lot of people care about this aspect of the job. Well, I remind you, stay tuned for software updates.

conclusions

In retail, the book costs 8,990 rubles, now there is a promotion in the company store, they give a 16 GB card. A six-inch "Map" screen, a complete set (case and power supply), backlight, Android, support for all possible formats - it turned out to be another hit. The disadvantages include a non-touch screen, but you can live with it. For older people, this is a great gift, but for students, a book is a good designer, a “reader” can be customized according to your own understanding.

What is E Ink Carta?

E Ink Carta is the latest development of E Ink. This is a display made using "electronic paper" technology. Reading from such a screen is as comfortable as reading from a regular paper page. Compared to the displays of the previous series, it has a lighter substrate and a higher contrast ratio.

E Ink Carta Screen

The latest generation E Ink Carta 6-inch screen has a lighter backing and higher contrast than other screens in its class. It allows you to read in bright sunlight and has a high redraw speed. The absence of flickering backlight and the principle of image formation using the "electronic ink" method make reading comfortable for the eyes.

Screen backlight

MOON Light technology allows you to use the device in dark or poor lighting conditions without harming your eyesight. When using this function, a soft glow of the screen is created, which is optimal for dark rooms.

What is MOON Light?

The MOON Light system uses a reflective light distribution method. The light guide layer is located above the display. Light travels through this layer, reflects towards the screen, is absorbed by the dark elements of the image and reflects off the light elements, then enters the eyes. Feels like light in this case is similar to the reflected light from an external source. Such a backlight is much more comfortable for perception than the backlight of LCD displays.

Format support

The BOOX software allows you to open files in many different text and image formats. While reading, you can change the font style and size, page layout, as well as bookmark and arbitrarily scale documents.

Built-in dictionaries

Columbus 2 comes preinstalled with English-Russian and Russian-English dictionaries. To view the translation of a word, just select it in the text.

The book comes with a "smart" cover that not only provides reliable screen protection, but also automatically puts the device into sleep mode when closed.

Possibility of reprogramming

The device provides users with the ability to write their own software for this device using the capabilities of the Android 4.2 platform.

Long working time

Low power consumption of the E Ink display and a capacious battery ensure long battery life.

Language support

ONYX BOOX COLUMBUS 2 is an e-book reader that is part of a series dedicated to great travelers and discoverers. The model has the latest generation E Ink Carta screen and built-in MOON Light backlight system. Suitable for those who plan to use the device primarily for reading and do not need various additional functions. Thanks to the "smart" cover, it can become an ideal travel companion.

Note. Due to the fact that part of the Flash memory is occupied by the system software, the memory available to the user is less than the total memory of the microcircuit.

Portable tablet computer ONYX BOOX Columbus 2 is a personal computer and belongs to the class of technically complex goods in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 10, 2011 No. 924 Moscow "On approval of the list of technically complex goods".

The device is intended mainly for reading e-books, however, it has a number of additional functions that are determined by the installed software. For example, the current firmware has a file manager as well as other programs.
The device is freely reprogrammable at the request of the user, who can install, remove and create programs.
The device has a battery that provides long battery life.

User guide

System software updates

• Version: 1.8.2-mc 2017-11-20_11-18 8d55b1a
• MD5 checksum:
• Download: software update file (214.447 MB, ZIP file)

Changes

1. Fixed errors in the library when creating collections.
2. Added display of folders in the library.
3. Fixed a bug with changing screensavers.
4. Improved work with files with long names.

Installation

In connection with the transition to the new 1.8.2 kernel, during the installation of the update, a warning about the damage to the application section may appear in the installation selection confirmation window. Please ignore this warning.

1. Go to Settings > About device > System updates >

• Version: 1.8.2-mc 2017-07-31_19-32 9043885
• MD5 checksum:
• Download: software update file (214.379 MB, ZIP file)

Changes

1. New version of the system kernel 1.8.2.
2. The Neo Reader program has been replaced by the Neo Reader 2 program with improved functionality and interface.
3. Updated library. By popular demand, new features have been added (collections, reading progress, etc.) and the interface has been changed.
4. Changes have been made to the OReader program. Added support for fb3 format.
5. Also, at the request of users, new combinations have been added to the settings of the side keys.
6. Fixed a number of other minor bugs.
7. Made a number of other minor changes.

Installation

1. Download the firmware file to your desktop PC.
2. Charge your device battery to at least 50%.
3. Copy the zip file to the device in the root directory of the internal memory via USB cable. Then unplug the cable.
4. Plug in the mains charger.
5. Go to Settings > About device > System updates > Check for memory updates.
6. There will be a question about confirming the desire to update the system. Click "Update".
7. The firmware will start. Lasts about 5 minutes.
8. If the system menu appears during the process, select Reboot now with the scroll buttons and confirm the selection by pressing the Power button.
9. Wait for the user interface to load.
10. Delete the firmware installation file after downloading the reader.
11. After the firmware, it is recommended to reset the settings in the "Personal data" section.

Initially, the American continent was inhabited by tribes that arrived from Asia. However, in the 13th-15th century, with the active development of culture and industry, civilized Europe set off in search and development of new lands. What happened to America at the end of the 15th century?

Christopher Columbus is a famous Spanish navigator. It was his first expedition that marked the beginning of active travel to the "New World" and the development of this territory. The "New World" then considered the lands that are now called South and North America.

In 1488, Portugal had a monopoly on the waters of the Atlantic coast of Africa. Spain was forced to look for another sea route to trade with India and gain access to gold, silver and spices. This is what prompted the rulers of Spain to agree to the expedition of Columbus.

Columbus is looking for a new route to India

Columbus made only four expeditions to the shores of the so-called "India". However, by the fourth expedition, he knew that he had not found India. So, back to Columbus' first voyage.

Columbus' first voyage to America

The first expedition consisted of only three ships. Columbus had to get two ships himself. The first ship was given by his fellow navigator Pinson. He also gave Columbus a loan so that Christopher could equip a second ship. About a hundred crew members also went on a trip.

The voyage lasted from August 1492 to March 1493. In October, they sailed to the land, which they mistakenly considered the surrounding islands of Asia, that is, it could be the western territories of China, India or Japan. In fact, it was the discovery by Europeans of the Bahamas, Haiti and Cuba. Here, on these islands, local residents presented Columbus with dry leaves, i.e. tobacco, as a gift. Also, the locals walked naked around the island and wore various gold jewelry. Columbus tried to find out from them where they got the gold and only after he took several natives prisoner did he find out the way where they take them. So Columbus made attempts to find gold, but found only more and more new lands. He was happy that he opened a new path to "Western India", but there were no developed cities and untold wealth there. When returning home, Christopher took with him the locals (whom he called Indians) as proof of success.

When did the colonization of America begin?

Shortly after returning to Spain with gifts and "Indians", the Spaniards soon decide to send the sailor on the road again. Thus began the second expedition of Columbus.

Second Voyage of Columbus

September 1493 - June 1496 The purpose of this trip was to organize new colonies, so as many as 17 ships entered the flotilla. Among the sailors there were priests, and nobles, officials and courtiers. They brought pets, raw materials, food with them. As a result of the expedition, Columbus paved a more convenient route to "Western India", the island of Hispaniola (Haiti) was completely conquered, and the extermination of the local population began.

Columbus still believed that he was in Western India. On the second trip, islands were also discovered, including Jamaica and Puerto Rico. On Hispaniola, the Spaniards found gold deposits in the depths of the island and began to mine it, with the help of the enslavement of local residents. There were uprisings of workers, but the unarmed locals were doomed. They died as a result of the suppression of riots, diseases brought from Europe, hunger. The rest of the local population was subjected to tribute and enslaved.
The Spanish rulers were not satisfied with the income that the new lands brought, and therefore they allowed everyone to move to new lands, and they broke the contract with Columbus, that is, they deprived him of the right to manage new lands. As a result, Columbus decides to travel to Spain, where he negotiates with the kings about the return of his privileges, and that prisoners will stay in the new lands, who will work and develop territories, and Spain will be freed from unwanted elements of society.

third journey

On the third expedition, Columbus went with six ships, 600 people also included prisoners from Spanish prisons. Columbus this time decided to pave the way closer to the equator in order to find new lands rich in gold, since the current colonies provided modest incomes, which did not suit the Spanish kings. But due to illness, Columbus was forced to go to Hispaniola (Haiti). There, a rebellion was waiting for him again, Columbus had to allocate land to the local residents in order to suppress the rebellion and give slaves to help each rebel.

Then, unexpectedly, news came - the famous navigator Vasco da Gama opened a real route to India. He arrived from there with treats, spices, and declared Columbus a deceiver. As a result, the Spanish kings ordered the deceiver to be arrested and returned to Spain. But soon, the charges are dropped from him and sent on the last expedition.

Fourth expedition

Columbus believed that there was a path from new lands to a source of spices. And he wanted to find him. As a result of the last expedition, he discovered islands near South America, Costa Rica and others, but never got to the Pacific Ocean, as he learned from local residents that there were already Europeans here. Columbus returned to Spain.

Since Columbus no longer had a monopoly on discovering new lands, other Spaniards traveled on their way to explore and colonize new territories. An era began when the impoverished Spanish or Portuguese knights (conquistadors) traveled away from their native lands in search of adventure and wealth.

Who first colonized America?

The Spanish conquistadors at the beginning tried to develop new lands in North Africa, but the local population put up strong resistance, so the discovery of the New World came in handy. It was thanks to the discovery of new colonies in North and South America that Spain was considered the main super-hard of Europe and the mistress of the seas.

In history and literature, the period of the conquest of American lands is perceived differently. On the one hand, the Spaniards are considered as enlighteners who brought culture, religion, and art with them. On the other hand, it was a gross enslavement and destruction of the local population. Actually, it was both. Modern countries differently assess the contribution of the Spaniards to the history of their country. For example, in Venezuela, in 2004, a monument to Columbus was demolished, as they considered him the ancestor of the extermination of the local indigenous population.

September 25, 1493 17 ships left Cadiz under the command of the legendary traveler and discoverer Christopher Columbus. According to various sources, the second expedition included from 1,500 to 2,500 people, among them were sailors, priests and monks, as well as nobles and courtiers, officials, seduced by the possibility of quick profit on newly discovered lands. The ships carried donkeys and horses, cattle, pigs, crop seeds and vines, which were required to establish a colony.

Unlike the first trip, this time Columbus took a course 10 ° south, caught a tailwind and was able to cross the ocean in a record short time - 20 days. In November, the ships approached the island, which Columbus called the Dominican Republic. The island was discovered on Sunday, and "dominica" is translated from Spanish as "Sunday". The expedition then turned north. Along the way, Columbus discovered and mapped a number of islands, including Santa Cruz, St. Eustatius and St. Kitts, Sabu, Montserrat, Nevis, Guadeloupe, and Antigua. Continuing to keep heading north, he saw a land consisting of forty islands, which were called the Virgin Islands (in the lane from the Spanish "maiden").

At the end of November, the ships moored in Hispaniola (Haiti), where a terrible sight opened up to the eyes of the sailors. The fort, which was built here during the first voyage, was burned down. There were no Europeans left: some were killed by local residents, others drowned while trying to escape by boat. The team built a new fort and went in search of new lands. The expedition rounded Cape Maisi, passed along the southeastern coast of Cuba, reached the island of Jamaica, from where it turned back towards Cuba, reached Cape Cruz, headed west and, having reached 84 ° W, turned back. Having overcome a distance of 1700 km, Columbus did not reach only 100 km to the western tip of Cuba, but was forced to return due to the fact that the sea was pretty shallow, the sailors were dissatisfied, the food was running out. The ships entered the harbor of Cadiz in June 1496.

The result of the second voyage of Columbus was the conquest of Hispaniola and the extermination of local residents, the city of Santo Domingo was founded and appeared on the map, and the optimal sea route to the West Indies was laid. A map of the southern coast of Cuba was drawn up. Among the discoveries are the islands of Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the Lesser Antilles and the Virgin Islands. However, Columbus is confident that his ships are passing through the Western Indies. It is noteworthy that the sea route to India was discovered only in the 16th century. However, the islands that appeared on the map thanks to Columbus, the name "West Indies" stuck.

Despite the fact that the geographical map of that time was significantly enriched with the voyage of Columbus, it was considered unsuccessful. All because little gold was found, and diseases raged in the organized colony of Isabella. In Spain, Columbus was received coldly, he was subsequently deprived of many privileges.

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