New hybrids. XVIII Congress: New International Realities and New Approaches to Problem Solving
Condominium (joint ownership) of Great Britain and France in central Melanesia. In addition to the islands of the New Hebrides, the condominium also includes the islands of Banks and Torres located to the north of this archipelago.
Administratively, the New Hebrides are divided into four districts: Northern (Islands of Banks, Torres, Espiritu Santo, Aoba, Maevo), Second Central (Malekula, Pentecost, Ambrym, Epi), First Central (Islands of Shepherd, Efate), Southern (Eromanga , Mystery, Aneityom). Administrative center condominium - Port Vila (or Vila) on the island of Fate.
The geographical coordinates of the New Hebrides are 13 - 21 ° S. sh. and 166 - 171 ° E. d. Area - 14,763 sq. km, including Espiritu Santo - 3.9 thousand, Malekula - 1.2 thousand, Eromanga - 0.9 thousand, Efate - 0.8 thousand. The population of the condominium, according to mid-1964, - 66 thousand people.
The large islands of the archipelago are mountainous. The strips of coastal lowlands on all the islands, with the exception of Espiritu Santo, are very narrow. On the New Hebrides, lying in a seismically active zone, earthquakes are not uncommon.
The climate of the islands is equatorial. hottest and wet season falls in November - April. The season, which runs from May to October, is cooler and drier. During this period, trade winds prevail among the winds. The average annual temperature on Espiritu Santo is 26°, on the island of Tanna 22°. Annual rainfall ranges from 2000 - 3000 mm.
The hydrographic network on the islands is quite well developed, but the length of the rivers is small.
Humid tropical vegetation dominates the New Hebrides. In some places, in drier places, forests give way to savannahs. Red soils predominate among the soils.
The basis of the economy of the New Hebrides is agriculture, primarily agriculture. The most important cash crop is the coconut palm. Recently, cocoa, coffee, banana, citrus, pineapple, and vanilla crops have been introduced, but their significance is small. Among consumer crops, yams, taro and cassava are the most important; Breadfruit, sago palm, papaya, mango, sweet potato, corn, millet play some role in the food ration.
Of the branches of animal husbandry, the breeding of beef cattle, which has developed on the islands of Efate and Espiritu Santo, is of commercial importance. Sheep breeding, goat breeding, pig breeding and poultry breeding are developed on a smaller scale.
In recent years, fishing has also acquired significant proportions, which is associated with the organization of a large fishing enterprise in the New Hebrides with a significant participation of Japanese capital.
The industry is only in its infancy. In some places, logging is being carried out, but its scale due to the predatory felling of large arrays of valuable species is currently insignificant. Manganese ore is mined in small quantities.
New Hebrides connected with outside world flights sea vessels and aircraft. Communication between individual islands is maintained with the help of small ships. Good highways are available only on the largest islands.
The main export item is copra, manganese ore and frozen fish are also of some importance in export. Exports go mainly to France, while Australia ranks first in imports.
It can be assumed that at first some Papuan-speaking peoples lived in the New Hebrides, who were then assimilated by the Melanesian population. The complexity of the ethnic and anthropological picture of the New Hebrides was reinforced by the relatively late migrations of the Polynesians, who can still be found on individual small islands of the archipelago.
When Europeans penetrated the New Hebrides, they found the primitive communal system on the archipelago, which was at the stage of decomposition. In the northern part of the New Hebrides, matriarchal orders still dominated, in the central and southern parts, matriarchy was already replaced by patriarchy. On the islands of the southern group, whose population has reached the highest high level socio-economic development, a fairly significant stratum of the tribal nobility stood out from the mass of ordinary community members.
The first European to visit the New Hebrides was the navigator Kyros, who was in the service of Spain. However, more than 200 years have passed since the discovery of the archipelago (1606) before the contacts of the local population with Europeans acquired a relatively regular character. More or less strong contacts were established in the 30s of the 19th century. whalers, as well as traders engaged in the harvesting of sandalwood, which at that time was abundant in the New Hebrides. Since 1864, slave traders appeared on the archipelago, supplying labor to the plantations of Queensland and Fiji. As a result of the activities of these adventurers, the population of the New Hebrides suffered huge losses: big number captured islanders died while being transported or during overwork on the plantations.
Gradually, plantations begin to organize in the New Hebrides themselves. The export of labor from the archipelago was replaced by its import. The plantation owners were both English and French, and soon there was competition between Britain and France for "special rights" in the islands. Fight for the New Hebrides between these two colonial powers ended with the conclusion of agreements (the last of which was signed in 1906), as a result of which the islands were placed under the joint control of France and Great Britain.
The establishment of the Anglo-French administration caused opposition from the natives. On the different islands of the New Hebrides, liberation movements began to unfold, among which the movement of John Frum had the most organized and purposeful character. It arose in 1940 on Tanna, one of the most populated and socio-economically developed islands of the New Hebrides, and subsequently also spread to the islands of Malekula and Ambrym. The leaders of the John Frum movement put forward the slogan of liberating the country from the colonialists and began preparing an armed uprising. The Anglo-French authorities used severe repressions against the participants in the movement. Nevertheless, the colonial powers failed to completely suppress the liberation struggle.
In the meantime, the New Hebrides continue to be one of the most backward colonies in Oceania. The standard of living in the archipelago is lower than on other islands of Melanesia. Both administering Powers are unwilling to carry out in the condominium even the meager reforms that they were forced to carry out in their "sole" possessions.
The hostility of the colonialists caused a sharp depopulation of the New Hebrides. Although the information on the population of the New Hebrides, cited by various researchers, is very approximate, there is no doubt that in the archipelago at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. there was a much larger population than now. So, in 1774 the population of the New Hebrides was estimated at 200 thousand. However, the slave trade, as well as introduced diseases, led to the fact that the population of the islands began to decline rapidly. In 1874, there were already only 106 - 113 thousand natives, in 1890 - 75 - 80 thousand, in 1910 - 65 thousand, in 1920 - 59 thousand. According to the wife of 1936, in only 42,000 people lived in the condominium.
On a number of islands in the New Hebrides, the depopulation assumed even greater proportions. Thus, the population of one of the main islands of the archipelago - Efate - decreased over 60 years (1848 - 1910) by more than 10 times, and the population of Aneityum Island decreased by 27 times over a 100-year period (1839 - 1939). It was only after the Second World War that a more or less stable population growth began to be observed. However, it was not until 1962 that the population of the New Hebrides reached the level of 1910.
It should be noted that all the figures given are very approximate, since there has never been a general census of the population in the New Hebrides.
The country has not established a regular record of the indigenous population, as a result of which the birth rate, mortality and natural increase unknown.
Immigration to the New Hebrides- this is primarily the importation of workers to the archipelago for plantations owned by Europeans. Previously, Vietnamese were mainly imported as contracted workers, but in recent years the main flow of immigrants came from the Wallis Islands, Futuna and Tahiti. In turn, small groups of New Hebrides leave their native islands from time to time, heading to work in New Caledonia.
Internal migration in the New Hebrides is also primarily associated with the plantation economy: there is a constant influx of local labor into the plantation areas.
The average population density of the New Hebrides in 1964 was 4.5 people per 1 sq. km. km. The most densely populated islands are Paama and Tongoa and a number of small islands located near Efate and Malekula. The island of Eromanga in the southern part of the New Hebrides and the island of Vanua Lava in the Banks group have the lowest population density. On these islands, per 1 sq. km does not account for even one person. It should be noted that on the large islands (Espiritu Santo, Malekula, Efate, etc.), significant inland regions are completely devoid of population.
Almost the entire population of the New Hebrides lives in villages, which vary in size, but in most cases do not exceed 200 people. Two "urban" settlements - Port Vila (Efate Island) and Luganville (Espiritu Santo Island) are actually large villages. The population of Port Vila is only about 4 thousand people.
In the New Hebrides, there is a sharp disproportion in the sex composition. Men make up, according to very rough estimates, 55% of the population, women - 45%. There are no data on the age composition of the population.
The vast majority of the condominium population is engaged in agriculture. The recently developed fishing and mining industries employ only a small percentage of the population.
The colonial authorities allocate extremely meager funds for education, and most of the New Hebrides are illiterate.
The overwhelming majority of the group of aborigines distinguished by statistics consists of Melanesians, who in the New Hebrides do not represent a single ethnic community, but form a number of small tribal and ethno-territorial groups. All these groups can be summarized in two very different ethnic territorial complexes: the Melanesians of the northern New Hebrides and the Melanesians of the southern New Hebrides.
The first complex, in addition to the natives of the northern part of the archipelago, also includes the population of the Banks Islands and the Torres Islands. The population of the Torres Islands, which is currently very small, speaks a single language. In fact, it already represents one group. The population of the Banks Islands is more significant in number, and there are more dialectal differences in the language. However, for a relatively long time, the island dialects have been gradually being replaced by Motha (the language of the island of a similar name), and the population of the Banks Islands is now relatively homogeneous in linguistic and ethnic terms.
Ethnically, the population of the largest island, Espiritu Santo, is much more fragmented. True, most of its languages (except for the language of the Sakau tribe living in the northeastern part of the island) are quite close to each other, but the ethnic consolidation of various territorial groups is still far away. In the coastal regions of the island, the function of "lingua franca" is performed by "pidgin English".
The ethnic composition of the population of the island of Malekula is very complex. Here you can find very different languages, there are between individual groups of the population of this island and significant cultural differences. The most famous among the tribal and territorial groups are the Malekuly "big nambas", settled in the northern part of the island.
The population of the islands located east of Espiritu Santo and Malekula is much more homogeneous. On the island of Aoba (Omba), the entire population speaks the same language (subdivided into a number of dialects - Valurigi, etc.) and actually forms a single territorial group. In the northern part of the island of Maewo, the small population also speaks the same language (tanoriki), which has almost completely replaced the previously common dialects here. In the south of this island, people from neighboring Pentecost live. Ethnic composition the population of Pentecost itself, or Raga, is somewhat more complicated. Three territorial groups are distinguished here: northern, central and southern. The northern group (part of which moved to Maewo) who speak the Lamalanga language are linguistically close to the population of Aoba, Maewo, the Banks and Torres Islands. The central and especially the southern (ponorwol) groups are linguistically and ethnically related to the population of Ambrym. The population of Ambrym is very homogeneous, except for the extreme south-east of the island, whose inhabitants (taviak) are closer to the inhabitants of the island of Paama than to the inhabitants of the rest of Ambrym.
A separate territorial group (paama) is formed by the population neighboring islands Paama and Lopevi.
The ethnic and linguistic picture is more complex on the island of Epi, where there are seven languages. However, 80% of the population of Epi speaks one language (left); there is a tendency for the transition to this language and foreign language groups.
The most homogeneous area in linguistic and cultural terms is the central part of the New Hebrides (Shepherd Islands, Efate Island and adjacent islets). In most of this territory, the Nguna-Tongoa language and dialects close to it are spoken. Only on the islands of Makura, Tongoa, the islands of Tongariki and Booking, a slightly different language (makuru) is common.
There are significant differences between the Melanesians of the northern and southern New Hebrides, which are not limited to the linguistic side only, but can be traced in culture and social organization.
Of the three major islands In the southern New Hebrides, the island of Aneityum is the most ethnically and linguistically homogeneous island, where there is a single ethnic group and one language (aneityum). A certain unity in linguistic and cultural relations is also represented by the population of the island of Eromanga. True, there is one somewhat isolated group in terms of language, but its numbers are insignificant. Much more significant are the linguistic differences on the island of Tanna. However, during the movement of John Frum, the population of the island rallied so closely that now all the islanders consider themselves to be a single entity.
Emphasizing the differences between the territorial groups of each ethno-territorial complex, one cannot at the same time ignore the commonality that unites the entire complex into a single whole. This is especially true of the ethnic complex of the northern New Hebrides and the Banks Islands. It has already been pointed out above that neighboring territorial groups are often very close to each other. This "transition" from group to group facilitates ethnic rapprochement. The process of consolidation is facilitated by the cultural closeness of all the territorial groups of the northern New Hebrides and the commonality of goals in the fight against the colonial regime.
Much slower is the process of convergence in the south of the archipelago. All southern territorial groups differ not only from the population of the northern part of the archipelago, but also from each other. As a result, the ethnic complex of the southern New Hebrides looms with much less clarity.
The aboriginal population of the condominium also includes small groups of Polynesians - "outliers", settled on different islands of the archipelago. These are related groups of futuna (western) and aniva, occupying the islands of Erronan and Aniva in the southern part of the New Hebrides, very close groups of fila and mele - the population of two islets of the same name in the harbor of Vila on south coast Efate (the meles were recently relocated to Efate due to the overpopulation of the island) and, finally, the Mahe group living in the eastern part of the island of Emae, or Three Hills (one of the islands of the Shepherd group). Note that mae are quite different in language from other New Hebridean "outliers". To date, the Fila, Mele and Mae groups have already undergone partial linguistic assimilation: along with their native language, they use the Melanesian language of the Efate Island and the Shepherd Islands.
In addition to the aboriginal Polynesians, the New Hebrides have an alien Polynesian population. These are Uveans, Futunans, Tahitians, who ended up in the archipelago as contracted workers. The number of Uveans is constantly increasing, since every year a significant group of them comes to the New Hebrides.
Of the other Oceanians in the New Hebrides, there is still a small group of Gilbertese Micronesians brought in as contracted laborers and employed in the fisheries organized by the Japanese on the island of Espiritu Santo.
As recruited workers, the Vietnamese and Chinese also appeared in the New Hebrides. There were more than 2,000 Vietnamese back in the early 1960s, but now there are very few left, since in 1963 the bulk of them repatriated to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The remaining Vietnamese are engaged in crafts or trade. The vast majority of New Hebridean Chinese are also engaged in trade.
In recent years, in connection with the organization of a fishing enterprise in the New Hebrides, a small group of Japanese has appeared.
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New Hebrides- Condominium (joint ownership) of Great Britain and France in central Melanesia. In addition to the islands of the New Hebrides, the condominium also includes the islands of Banks and Torres located to the north of this archipelago.
Administratively, the New Hebrides are divided into four districts: Northern (Islands of Banks, Torres, Espiritu Santo, Aoba, Maevo), Second Central (Malekula, Pentecost, Ambrym, Epi), First Central (Islands of Shepherd, Efate), Southern (Eromanga , Mystery, Aneityom). The administrative center of the condominium is Port Vila (or Vila) on Fate Island.
The geographical coordinates of the New Hebrides are 13 - 21 ° S. sh. and 166 - 171 ° E. d. Area - 14,763 sq. km, including Espiritu Santo - 3.9 thousand, Malekula - 1.2 thousand, Eromanga - 0.9 thousand, Efate - 0.8 thousand. The population of the condominium, according to mid-1964, - 66 thousand people.
The large islands of the archipelago are mountainous. The strips of coastal lowlands on all the islands, with the exception of Espiritu Santo, are very narrow. On the New Hebrides, lying in a seismically active zone, earthquakes are not uncommon.
The climate of the islands is equatorial. The hottest and wettest season is November - April. The season, which runs from May to October, is cooler and drier. During this period, trade winds prevail among the winds. The average annual temperature on Espiritu Santo is 26°, on the island of Tanna 22°. Annual rainfall ranges from 2000 - 3000 mm.
The hydrographic network on the islands is quite well developed, but the length of the rivers is small.
Humid tropical vegetation dominates the New Hebrides. In some places, in drier places, forests give way to savannahs. Red soils predominate among the soils.
The basis of the economy of the New Hebrides is agriculture, primarily agriculture. The most important cash crop is the coconut palm. Recently, cocoa, coffee, banana, citrus, pineapple, and vanilla crops have been introduced, but their significance is small. Among consumer crops, yams, taro and cassava are the most important; Breadfruit, sago palm, papaya, mango, sweet potato, corn, millet play some role in the food ration.
Of the branches of animal husbandry, the breeding of beef cattle, which has developed on the islands of Efate and Espiritu Santo, is of commercial importance. Sheep breeding, goat breeding, pig breeding and poultry breeding are developed on a smaller scale.
In recent years, fishing has also acquired significant proportions, which is associated with the organization of a large fishing enterprise in the New Hebrides with a significant participation of Japanese capital.
The industry is only in its infancy. In some places, logging is being carried out, but its scale due to the predatory felling of large arrays of valuable species is currently insignificant. Manganese ore is mined in small quantities.
New Hebrides are connected with the outside world by flights of ships and aircraft. Communication between individual islands is maintained with the help of small ships. Good highways are available only on the largest islands.
The main export item is copra, manganese ore and frozen fish are also of some importance in export. Exports go mainly to France, while Australia ranks first in imports.
It can be assumed that at first some Papuan-speaking peoples lived in the New Hebrides, who were then assimilated by the Melanesian population. The complexity of the ethnic and anthropological picture of the New Hebrides was reinforced by the relatively late migrations of the Polynesians, who can still be found on individual small islands of the archipelago.
When the Europeans penetrated the New Hebrides, they found the primitive communal system on the archipelago, which was at the stage of decomposition. In the northern part of the New Hebrides, matriarchal orders still dominated, in the central and southern parts, matriarchy was already replaced by patriarchy. On the islands of the southern group, whose population has reached the highest level of socio-economic development, a rather significant stratum of the tribal nobility stood out from the mass of ordinary community members.
The first European to visit the New Hebrides was the navigator Kyros, who was in the service of Spain. However, more than 200 years have passed since the discovery of the archipelago (1606) before the contacts of the local population with Europeans acquired a relatively regular character. More or less strong contacts were established in the 30s of the 19th century. whalers, as well as traders engaged in the harvesting of sandalwood, which at that time was abundant in the New Hebrides. Since 1864, slave traders appeared on the archipelago, supplying labor to the plantations of Queensland and Fiji. As a result of the activities of these adventurers, the population of the New Hebrides suffered huge losses: a large number of captured islanders died during transportation or during overwork on the plantations.
Gradually, plantations begin to organize in the New Hebrides themselves. The export of labor from the archipelago was replaced by its import. The plantation owners were both English and French, and soon there was competition between Britain and France for "special rights" in the islands. Fight for the New Hebrides between these two colonial powers ended with the conclusion of agreements (the last of which was signed in 1906), as a result of which the islands were placed under the joint control of France and Great Britain.
The establishment of the Anglo-French administration caused opposition from the natives. On the different islands of the New Hebrides, liberation movements began to unfold, among which the movement of John Frum had the most organized and purposeful character. It arose in 1940 on Tanna, one of the most populated and socio-economically developed islands of the New Hebrides, and subsequently also spread to the islands of Malekula and Ambrym. The leaders of the John Frum movement put forward the slogan of liberating the country from the colonialists and began preparing an armed uprising. The Anglo-French authorities used severe repressions against the participants in the movement. Nevertheless, the colonial powers failed to completely suppress the liberation struggle.
In the meantime, the New Hebrides continue to be one of the most backward colonies in Oceania. The standard of living in the archipelago is lower than on other islands of Melanesia. Both administering Powers are unwilling to carry out in the condominium even the meager reforms that they were forced to carry out in their "sole" possessions.
The hostility of the colonialists caused a sharp depopulation of the New Hebrides. Although the information on the population of the New Hebrides, cited by various researchers, is very approximate, there is no doubt that in the archipelago at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. there was a much larger population than now. So, in 1774 the population of the New Hebrides was estimated at 200 thousand. However, the slave trade, as well as introduced diseases, led to the fact that the population of the islands began to decline rapidly. In 1874, there were already only 106 - 113 thousand natives, in 1890 - 75 - 80 thousand, in 1910 - 65 thousand, in 1920 - 59 thousand. According to the wife of 1936, in only 42,000 people lived in the condominium.
On a number of islands in the New Hebrides, the depopulation assumed even greater proportions. Thus, the population of one of the main islands of the archipelago - Efate - decreased over 60 years (1848 - 1910) by more than 10 times, and the population of Aneityum Island decreased by 27 times over a 100-year period (1839 - 1939). It was only after the Second World War that a more or less stable population growth began to be observed. However, it was not until 1962 that the population of the New Hebrides reached the level of 1910.
It should be noted that all the figures given are very approximate, since there has never been a general census of the population in the New Hebrides.
The country has not established a regular record of the indigenous population, as a result of which the birth rate, death rate and natural increase are unknown.
Immigration to the New Hebrides- this is primarily the importation of workers to the archipelago for plantations owned by Europeans. Previously, Vietnamese were mainly imported as contracted workers, but in recent years the main flow of immigrants came from the Wallis Islands, Futuna and Tahiti. In turn, small groups of New Hebrides leave their native islands from time to time, heading to work in New Caledonia.
Internal migration in the New Hebrides is also primarily associated with the plantation economy: there is a constant influx of local labor into the plantation areas.
The average population density of the New Hebrides in 1964 was 4.5 people per 1 sq. km. km. The most densely populated islands are Paama and Tongoa and a number of small islands located near Efate and Malekula. The island of Eromanga in the southern part of the New Hebrides and the island of Vanua Lava in the Banks group have the lowest population density. On these islands, per 1 sq. km does not account for even one person. It should be noted that on the large islands (Espiritu Santo, Malekula, Efate, etc.), significant inland regions are completely devoid of population.
Almost the entire population of the New Hebrides lives in villages, which vary in size, but in most cases do not exceed 200 people. Two "urban" settlements - Port Vila (Efate Island) and Luganville (Espiritu Santo Island) are actually large villages. The population of Port Vila is only about 4 thousand people.
In the New Hebrides, there is a sharp disproportion in the sex composition. Men make up, according to very rough estimates, 55% of the population, women - 45%. There are no data on the age composition of the population.
The vast majority of the condominium's population is engaged in agriculture. The recently developed fishing and mining industries employ only a small percentage of the population.
The colonial authorities allocate extremely meager funds for education, and most of the New Hebrides are illiterate.
The overwhelming majority of the group of aborigines distinguished by statistics consists of Melanesians, who in the New Hebrides do not represent a single ethnic community, but form a number of small tribal and ethno-territorial groups. All these groups can be summarized in two very different ethnic territorial complexes: the Melanesians of the northern New Hebrides and the Melanesians of the southern New Hebrides.
The first complex, in addition to the natives of the northern part of the archipelago, also includes the population of the Banks Islands and the Torres Islands. The population of the Torres Islands, which is currently very small, speaks a single language. In fact, it already represents one group. The population of the Banks Islands is more significant in number, and there are more dialectal differences in the language. However, for a relatively long time, the island dialects have been gradually being replaced by Motha (the language of the island of a similar name), and the population of the Banks Islands is now relatively homogeneous in linguistic and ethnic terms.
Ethnically, the population of the largest island, Espiritu Santo, is much more fragmented. True, most of its languages (except for the language of the Sakau tribe living in the northeastern part of the island) are quite close to each other, but the ethnic consolidation of various territorial groups is still far away. In the coastal regions of the island, the function of "lingua franca" is performed by "pidgin English".
The ethnic composition of the population of the island of Malekula is very complex. Here you can find very different languages, there are significant cultural differences between the individual groups of the population of this island. The most famous among the tribal and territorial groups are the Malekuly "big nambas", settled in the northern part of the island.
The population of the islands located east of Espiritu Santo and Malekula is much more homogeneous. On the island of Aoba (Omba), the entire population speaks the same language (subdivided into a number of dialects - Valurigi, etc.) and actually forms a single territorial group. In the northern part of the island of Maewo, the small population also speaks the same language (tanoriki), which has almost completely replaced the previously common dialects here. In the south of this island, people from neighboring Pentecost live. The ethnic composition of the population of Pentecost itself, or Raga, is somewhat more complicated. Three territorial groups are distinguished here: northern, central and southern. The northern group (part of which moved to Maewo) who speak the Lamalanga language are linguistically close to the population of Aoba, Maewo, the Banks and Torres Islands. The central and especially the southern (ponorwol) groups are linguistically and ethnically related to the population of Ambrym. The population of Ambrym is very homogeneous, except for the extreme south-east of the island, whose inhabitants (taviak) are closer to the inhabitants of the island of Paama than to the inhabitants of the rest of Ambrym.
A separate territorial group (paama) is formed by the population of the neighboring islands of Paama and Lopevi.
The ethnic and linguistic picture is more complex on the island of Epi, where there are seven languages. However, 80% of the population of Epi speaks one language (left); there is a tendency for the transition to this language and foreign language groups.
The most homogeneous area in linguistic and cultural terms is the central part of the New Hebrides (Shepherd Islands, Efate Island and adjacent islets). In most of this territory, the Nguna-Tongoa language and dialects close to it are spoken. Only on the islands of Makura, Tongoa, the islands of Tongariki and Booking, a slightly different language (makuru) is common.
There are significant differences between the Melanesians of the northern and southern New Hebrides, which are not limited to the linguistic side only, but can be traced in culture and social organization.
Of the three large islands of the southern New Hebrides, Aneityum is the most ethnically and linguistically homogeneous island, where there is a single ethnic group and one language (aneityum). A certain unity in linguistic and cultural relations is also represented by the population of the island of Eromanga. True, there is one somewhat isolated group in terms of language, but its numbers are insignificant. Much more significant are the linguistic differences on the island of Tanna. However, during the movement of John Frum, the population of the island rallied so closely that now all the islanders consider themselves to be a single entity.
Emphasizing the differences between the territorial groups of each ethno-territorial complex, one cannot at the same time ignore the commonality that unites the entire complex into a single whole. This is especially true of the ethnic complex of the northern New Hebrides and the Banks Islands. It has already been pointed out above that neighboring territorial groups are often very close to each other. This "transition" from group to group facilitates ethnic rapprochement. The process of consolidation is facilitated by the cultural closeness of all the territorial groups of the northern New Hebrides and the commonality of goals in the fight against the colonial regime.
Much slower is the process of convergence in the south of the archipelago. All southern territorial groups differ not only from the population of the northern part of the archipelago, but also from each other. As a result, the ethnic complex of the southern New Hebrides looms with much less clarity.
The aboriginal population of the condominium also includes small groups of Polynesians - "outliers", settled on different islands of the archipelago. These are related groups of futuna (western) and aniva, occupying the islands of Erronan and Aniva in the southern part of the New Hebrides, very close groups of fila and mele - the population of two islets of the same name in the harbor of Vila on the south coast of Efate (mele due to overpopulation of the island were recently resettled on Efate) and, finally, the Mahe group living in the eastern part of the island of Emae, or Three Hills (one of the islands of the Shepherd group). Note that mae are quite different in language from other New Hebridean "outliers". To date, the Fila, Mele and Mae groups have already undergone partial linguistic assimilation: along with their native language, they use the Melanesian language of the Efate Island and the Shepherd Islands.
In addition to the aboriginal Polynesians, the New Hebrides have an alien Polynesian population. These are Uveans, Futunans, Tahitians, who ended up in the archipelago as contracted workers. The number of Uveans is constantly increasing, since every year a significant group of them comes to the New Hebrides.
Of the other Oceanians in the New Hebrides, there is still a small group of Gilbertese Micronesians brought in as contracted laborers and employed in the fisheries organized by the Japanese on the island of Espiritu Santo.
As recruited workers, the Vietnamese and Chinese also appeared in the New Hebrides. There were more than 2,000 Vietnamese back in the early 1960s, but now there are very few left, since in 1963 the bulk of them repatriated to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The remaining Vietnamese are engaged in crafts or trade. The vast majority of New Hebridean Chinese are also engaged in trade.
In recent years, in connection with the organization of a fishing enterprise in the New Hebrides, a small group of Japanese has appeared.
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(French Nouvelles Hebrides, English New Hebrides)
an archipelago of 80 islands (of which 12 are large, including Espiritu Santo, Ambrim, Efate) in the southwestern part Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia (See Melanesia). Joint ownership (condominium) of Great Britain and France. Area 14.8 thousand sq. km 2. Population 90 thousand people. (1972). About 93% of the population are local peoples who speak the languages of various branches of the Austronesian family. Anthropologically b. including them refers to the Melanesians, a small group - to the Polynesians. There is also a newcomer population - the French, Anglo-Australians, Tahitians, Uvea, Futuna, etc. By religion, the majority of the population are Christians (mostly Prosbyterians). The administrative center and port is Vila (Efate Island). The islands are mountainous (height before 1810 m), are composed of volcanic rocks, have about 60 volcanoes, of which 10 are active, there are many solfataras, fumaroles, hot springs. Deposits of sulfur, manganese (under development). The climate is tropical humid. Average monthly temperatures are from 20 to 27 °С. Precipitation up to 1000 mm in year. On the windward eastern slopes - tropical rainforests, on the western - light forests. Plantations of coconut palm, cocoa, sugar cane, coffee, and cotton are also cultivated. Breeding cattle. Harvesting of valuable species of trees (agatis, etc.). Discovered in 1606 by the Portuguese navigator P. Quiros. In 1774, the islands were explored by J. Cook and named by him N. G. for the mountainous appearance of the coast, reminiscent of Hebrides in Europe. The condominium was finally formalized in 1906. The management is carried out by a joint administration, which includes the British and French high commissioners on equal terms. In 1957, a Consultative Council of 30 members (12 Melanesians, the rest British and French) was established as a local self-government body.
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- - arch. in the southwest parts of the Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia; territory of Vanuatu. The discovery of this archipelago took place gradually, from the beginning of the 17th century to the end of the 18th century, and its names changed accordingly...
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Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - an archipelago of 80 islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia. Joint possession of Great Britain and France. The area is 14.8 thousand km2. Population 90 thousand people. ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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- - HEBRIDES See Hybrids...
Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
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Word forms
- - noun, number of synonyms: 1 island ...
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"New Hebrides" in books
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New Hebrides
(French Nouvelles Hebrides, English New Hebrides), an archipelago of 80 islands (of which 12 are large, including Espiritu Santo, Ambrim, Efate) in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia. Joint ownership (condominium) of Great Britain and France. The area is 14.8 thousand km2. Population 90 thousand people. (1972). About 93% of the population are local peoples who speak the languages of various branches of the Austronesian family. Anthropologically b. some of them belong to the Melanesians, a small group - to the Polynesians. There is also a newcomer population - French, Anglo-Australians, Tahitians, Uvea, Futuna, etc. Religiously, the majority of the population is Christians (predominantly Prosbyterians). The administrative center and port is Vila (Is. Efate).
The islands are mountainous (height up to 1810 m), composed of volcanic rocks, have about 60 volcanoes, 10 of which are active, many solfataras, fumaroles, hot springs. Deposits of sulfur, manganese (under development). The climate is tropical humid. Average monthly temperatures are from 20 to 27 ╟С. Precipitation up to 1000 mm per year. On the windward eastern slopes there are humid tropical forests, on the western slopes there are light forests. Plantations of coconut palm, cocoa, sugar cane, coffee, and cotton are also cultivated. Breeding cattle. Harvesting of valuable species of trees (agatis, etc.). Discovered in 1606 by the Portuguese navigator P. Quiros. In 1774, the islands were explored by J. Cook and named by him N. G. for the mountainous appearance of the coast, reminiscent of the Hebrides in Europe. The condominium was finally formalized in 1906. The management is carried out by a joint administration, which includes the British and French high commissioners on equal terms. In 1957, a Consultative Council of 30 members (12 Melanesians, the rest English and French) was established as a local self-government body.
Geographic Encyclopedia
- (English New Hebrides French Nouvelles Hebrides), islands in the southwestern part of the Pacific approx. See Vanuatu… Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (French Nouvelles Hebrides, English New Hebrides) an archipelago of 80 islands (of which 12 are large, including Espiritu Santo, Ambrim, Efate) in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia (See Melanesia). Co-ownership (condominium)… … Big soviet encyclopedia
- (English New Hebrides, French Nouvelles Hébrides), islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. See Vanuatu. * * * NEW HEBRIDES NEW HEBRIDES (English New Hebrides, French Nouvelles Hebrides), islands in the southwestern part of the Pacific approx. See Vanuatu (see ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
New Hebrides- arch. in the southwest parts of the Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia; territory of Vanuatu. The discovery of this archipelago took place gradually, from the beginning of the 17th to the end of the 18th century, and its names changed accordingly. In 1606, the Portuguese. sailor in Spanish service to Pedro ... ... Toponymic Dictionary
- (New Hebrides, Nouvelles Hebrides) arch. in the southwest Pacific, now Republic of Vanuatu b. joint ownership (condominium) of Great Britain and France. 07/30/1980 independence was proclaimed. In 1908 issue. first overprint stamps ... ... Big philatelic dictionary
New Hebrides- (New Hebrides) New Hebrides, ex. (until 1980) name states of Vanuatu (see Vanuatu) ... Countries of the world. Dictionary
See New Hebrides... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Hebrides- Hebrides, arch. V Atlantic Ocean as part of the British Isles, territory of Great Britain. Modern English The Hebrides is sometimes associated with those mentioned by Pliny, 1st c. n. e., about you Hebudae; origin is unclear. The Scandinavians who conquered the islands c. 700 g ... Toponymic Dictionary
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Books
- Meeting with Oceania in the 70s, I. M. Meliksetova. The book is based on the materials of the first Soviet scientific expedition to the islands of Oceania. The author shares his vivid impressions about the life of the peoples and tribes of the islands of New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji, ...