The largest lifeboats. Modern rescue equipment

There are a number of requirements for hull design, some of which are listed below:

1) All lifeboats must be of sufficient strength to:

• they could be safely launched when loaded with their full complement of men and equipment; And
• they could be launched and towed forward at 5 knots in calm water.

2) The hull of the lifeboat must be rigid, of non-combustible or non-combustible material.

3) The boat must have a closure on top that protects people from the effects of the external environment:

• If the closure is completely rigid, then such a boat is a closed type boat.

• If part of the closure is a soft canopy, then such a boat is a boat of a partially closed type. At the same time, the bow and stern ends must be protected by at least 20% of the length with rigid closing elements. The awning is usually made of two layers of waterproof fabric with an air gap. In the open state, the awning is twisted and fixed over the entrance.

Passenger ships can be completed with boats of both types, and cargo ships - only with closed type boats (SOLAS-74 Chapter III rules 21 and 31).

Placement of boats of partially closed type on passenger ships gives a great advantage in the speed of boarding passengers during evacuation.

4) Lifeboats must have a reserve of buoyancy that allows a fully flooded lifeboat with supplies and people in it to be kept afloat.

This additional buoyancy is provided by lightweight buoyancy materials that are resistant to sea water and oil products. These buoyancy elements are usually located along the inner perimeter of the boat under the seats.

5) Lifeboats must be stable when they are filled with 50% of the number of people allowed to be accommodated, sitting in a normal position on one side of its centreline.

6) Enclosed lifeboats must be self-recovering when capsized.

Capsizing can occur, for example, under the impact of a collapsing wave crest, which is most likely when the boat enters the zone of wave deformation in shallow water.

Boat equipment

Scheme of the device of a fireproof lifeboat launched on the falls

Seating places.

Seats are equipped on transverse and longitudinal banks or fixed seats. The way the seats are equipped is usually related to the type of boat.

	Scheme of seating in a boat launched on falls In a boat launched on falls, most of the seats are equipped on banks located along the sides (back to side). On boats of large capacity, when the width allows, additional places can be equipped on the longitudinal banks in the middle (facing the side), or on the transverse banks.
	Layout of seats in a free-fall boat In free-fall boats, seats with backs and head restraints are installed. They are installed in transverse rows so that people sit facing the stern, which ensures that the inertia of a person is accepted by the back when the boat enters the water.

For fully closed boats Seats are required to be equipped with seat belts.

Engine

Every lifeboat must be equipped with an internal combustion engine. Lifeboats shall be equipped with compression ignition engines meeting the following requirements:

1) The engine is capable of running for at least 5 minutes from the moment of cold start, when the boat is out of the water.

This allows you to start the engine for periodic checks out of the water, and in the event of leaving the vessel, lower the boat into the water with the engine already running and immediately move away from the vessel.

2) The speed of the boat in calm water with a full complement of people and equipment must be at least 6 knots, and not less than 2 knots when towing the largest capacity liferaft installed on this vessel, loaded with a full complement of people and equipment.

3) The fuel supply must be sufficient to run the engine at full speed for 24 hours.

To ensure that the boat can be used by unqualified people (for example, passengers), instructions for starting and operating the engine should be provided in a clearly visible place near the engine controls, and the controls should be appropriately marked.

dehumidification

1) The boat must either be self-draining or have a hand pump to remove water.

2) The lifeboat must be equipped with a bleed valve.

A drain valve (one or two depending on the size of the boat) is installed at the bottom of the bottom of the boat to release water. The valve automatically opens when the boat is out of the water and closes automatically when the boat is afloat. Usually this task is performed by a float type valve.

Each bleed valve is provided with a cap or stopper attached by a pin or chain next to the valve to close it.

When the boat is stored on board, the drain valve must be open to allow any water that has entered the boat to drain.

When preparing the boat for launching, the valve must be closed with a cap or plug.

Boat access

Entrances to the lifeboat are made from both sides and are of such dimensions and position that it is possible to lift people in a helpless state on board the lifeboats, both from the water and on a stretcher.

The lifeboat is designed and located in such a way that all people assigned to the lifeboat can board it:

• on a passenger ship - within no more than 10 minutes after the command to board is given;
• on cargo ship- within no more than 3 minutes after the command to land.

The lifeboat must have a boarding ladder that allows people to climb into the lifeboat from the water. As a rule, the gangway is made removable and stored inside the boat.

From the outside, along the sides of the boat above the waterline (within reach for a person in the water), a handrail or lifeline is installed.

If the boat is not self-recovering, then the same handrails should be installed in the lower part of the hull so that people can hold on to the capsized boat.

If a ship has partially enclosed lifeboats, their davits shall be fitted with a hatchet with at least two life buoys attached to it.

Toprik - a cable stretched between the ends of the davits.

Rescue pendant - a vegetable or synthetic rope with musings (knots) used as an emergency tool for launching from a ship into a boat or into the water.

signal fire

A signal light with a manual switch is installed on the upper part of the closure, giving a constant or flashing (50-70 flashes per minute) white light. The battery charge ensures operation for at least 12 hours.

Emergency lighting

Inside the boat, a light source is installed in the upper part, providing sufficient illumination for reading instructions. The battery charge ensures operation for at least 12 hours.

Device for fastening the towing line

It is located at the bow of the boat. This device must be able to release under load (during towing) from inside the lifeboat.

Autonomous air supply system

Lifeboats with a self-contained air supply system must be designed so as to ensure normal operation of the engine with closed inlets and openings. at least 10 min. At the same time, the air must remain safe and breathable.

Such boats are usually installed on ships where an accident could make the atmosphere around the ship unbreathable.

An autonomous air supply system is usually based on the use of compressed air cylinders equipped with indicators that allow you to adjust the pressure of the supplied air.

Marking of the device for starting the air supply system

fire resistance

Fireproof boats are usually installed on ships, an accident on which can lead to a spill and fire around the ship of oil or oil products. Since the atmosphere outside the boat is not suitable for breathing when on fire, such boats have an autonomous air supply system.

Fire Tests

Fireproof lifeboats must ensure the safety of the people in them for at least 8 minutes, being on the water in the zone of fire covering it from all sides, and the air temperature at the level of the head of a sitting person should not exceed 60 ° C. It should be remembered that the permissible time spent in the fire zone is limited and strive to leave the danger zone as soon as possible. If the edge of the fire zone is not visible, then you should exit across the direction of the wind, where the probability of an early exit from the danger zone is higher, since the oil slick will stretch along the wind line.

Typically, such boats are equipped with a water spray system to increase fire resistance. Used for irrigation outboard water.

The water intake device of the system is located in the lower part of the boat in such a way as to prevent flammable liquids from entering the system from the surface of the water. Further, water under pressure is supplied through the outer tubes, in which sprayers are installed at certain intervals.

Irrigation starter marking

emergency supply

According to the LSA Code, a lifeboat must always have a certain set of equipment necessary for the survival of people if they leave the ship:

1) Means for the operation of boats:

• floating oars (with the exception of free-fall boats) in sufficient quantity to ensure propulsion;
• 2 rebate hooks;
• 2 painters;
• 2 axes (one at each end);
• drogue;
• drainage means: floating scoop and 2 buckets;
• tools for making minor adjustments to the engine and related devices;
• fire extinguisher;
• compass.

2) Signaling means

• 4 red parachute rockets;
• 6 red flares;
• 2 floating smoke bombs;
• electric waterproof flashlight suitable for signaling in Morse code;
• searchlight with power supply for at least 3 hours;
• signal whistle or horn;
• rescue signal table;
• radar reflector or radar transponder;
• signal mirror ("heliograph");
• at least one lifeboat on each side must have a portable radio.

3) Water and food

• canned drinking water at the rate of 3 liters per person.

The boat can be equipped with a manual watermaker. These can be chemical reagents for binding salts or a vacuum desalinator. In any case, the operation of the desalination plant should not depend either on solar energy or on chemical elements other than in sea water.
In this case, the water supply can be reduced by 1 l/person if the watermaker is able to produce the total amount of water within two days.

• food ration at the rate of 10,000 kJ per person;
• fishing equipment.

4) Medicines and medical supplies

• first aid kit;
• seasickness tablets with a duration of action of at least 48 hours per person;
• one hygiene bag per person.

5) Fishing accessories

The list of fishing accessories is not established by the LSA Code. Usually the kit includes: fishing line, hooks, spinners, synthetic lures.

6) Other supplies:

• heat protective equipment in the amount of 10% of the estimated number of people, but not less than 2 units;
• stainless steel bucket;
• stainless steel graduated vessel for drinking;
• jackknife;
• 3 can openers;
• 2 life rings with a floating line at least 30 m long;
• Lifeboat life instructions

Locations of emergency equipment in different models of lifeboats may vary. However, these differences are minor, as the pursuit of optimal placement yields similar results. The following figure can serve as an example of the location of emergency supplies:

Scheme of the device and the location of the emergency equipment of the free-fall lifeboat:

1) 1 floating scoop 2) 2 buckets 3) 2 axes 4) 1 container with signaling means: 6 flares; 4 parachute rockets; 2 floating smoke bombs, orange; 1 signal mirror; 1 folding knife with can opener and carving blade; 1 electric lantern with 1 spare lamp and 2 spare batteries 5) 2 can openers 6) 1 fire extinguisher 7) 1 set of fishing tackle 8) 1 whistle 9) 5 liter containers of drinking water (3 liters per person) 10) food ration (one pack per person) 11) 2 drinking cups 12) floating anchor 13) 2 painters, length 15 m, diameter 14 mm 14) 2 life rings with floating lines 30 m long, diameter 8 mm 15) 1 lifeboat first aid kit with anti-seasickness drug (6 doses per person)

16) 1 compass 17) 1 manual bilge pump 18) 1 radar reflector 19) diesel fuel 20) 2 haul hooks 21) 1 search light 22) heat protectors 23) 1 survival/distress instructions 24) 1 landing ladder Loose equipment: 25) 1 seat/fuel tank wrench 26) 1 set of lifting straps 27) 1 emergency tiller 28) 2 stretcher straps Spare parts for engine: 29) 1 x V-belt 30) 1 x fuel filter 31) 1 x pump impeller 32) 1 x oil filter 33) 1 x tool kit 34) 1 x oil drain pump

1.Fiberglass body, flame retardant, durable to withstand:

hitting the side of the ship at a descent speed of at least 3.5 m/s and dropping into the water from a height of at least 3 m, load without deformation by 2 times when it is fully loaded with people and supplies, buoyancy compartments filled with foam with a buoyancy of 28 kg per person, seats with belts and clear markings.

2. Body elements.

access hatches for boarding people, including those on stretchers, ventilation heads, portholes (holes for oars), air pipes of fuel tanks, gas outlet pipe of the battery box, receiver for connecting a hose from the ship’s fire water system, a kingston hole with a valve.

3. Mechanical installation.

Mechanical installation - diesel "Lister" with reverse gear 3:1 36 hp. with., mounted equipment supporting systems and two couplings (for shafting on the screw and on the water spray pump). The diesel engine is controlled remotely from the helmsman's station. ICE 3-cylinder, single-row, 4-stroke.

4. ICE systems and boats.

Fuel system - 2 tanks of 130 liters for 24 hours of ICE operation. ICE cooling system - 2-circuit (antifreeze and water). ICE gas outlet pipeline - metal hose, silencer, exhaust pipe. Drainage system - hand pump, drain hose, nozzle and float valve. Natural ventilation system

through hatches and ventilation drain valves.

5. Boat device:

lifting and launching device - hooks, their control cables and the control handle of the device in the wheelhouse, steering gear - steering wheel, column for transmitting rotation to the steering wheel with a nozzle, mooring and towing device - for painters and two tugs (at the bow and stern), handrail device - handrails, hanging ladders, handrails, anchor device - floating anchor with a drekt and a niral.

6. Boat equipment.

1). Electrical equipment - a network of 12 volts.

a) Sources - generator and battery.

b) Consumers - lamps, starter, searchlight.

Note:

A 12 V DC onboard power cable is connected to the boat.

2). Reflectors - strips of reflective material.

3). Navigation equipment - magnetic compass with backlight.

1.4. Closed lifeboat project 02340. (not tanker).

1. Boat hull arrangement.

1). Fiberglass outer shell 8 mm thick, filler (rigid polyurethane foam) and inner 4 mm thick.

2). Two onboard hatches for boarding / disembarking the crew and passengers and receiving people from the water.

2. Coxswain:

Swivel chair with seat belts

Diesel control station on the left side (handle: forward - neutral, forward, backward - reverse)

Nozzle steering wheel with rudder

Hook control handle

Boat Electrical Switch - Left

magnetic compass

Dashboard of instrumentation and signaling devices of diesel engine.

3. Helm hatch cover:

Headfire lantern

spotlight

Bushing for cable entry of remote control winch.

4. The left side of the wheelhouse has a connector for the input of the onboard network cable, the aft wall of the wheelhouse has a bracket for the radar reflector.

5. 15 seats for crew and passengers.

7. Engine compartment and shafting - in the stern of the boat.

8. Manual bilge pump - on the aft wall of the boat.

9. Boxes for storing property - in the bow of the boat.

10. Side collars for collecting rainwater.

11. On the side walls of the slide, and inside the mechanisms of their return (handles).

Rescue equipment is a set of tools for rescuing people from a sinking ship or if they fall overboard. It includes life-saving appliances and devices for their installation, attachment to the vessel and launching. It can be collective (boats, rafts, life tables) and individual (life buoys, bibs, vests) use.

A davit is a device for launching a boat from a ship into the water and lifting it aboard. Each boat is served by two davits. The combination of a boat, a keel block, as well as deck lifting mechanisms for lifting and lowering the boat into the water constitutes a boat device.

Each davit consists of a boom, a supporting structure, a boat hoist (davit) and a mechanism that provides movement, such as a winch.

Davits can be: horizontal, overturning and rotary.

Davits are divided into 3 types: horizontal, overturning and rotary.

Horizontal(tilting, gravitational, rolling or articulated) davits fall out under the influence of the mass of their own and the boat, after the return of the lashings, the travel stop and the winch band brake. The advantage of this design is that the boats can be stored on high decks and far from the side; the disadvantage is that in winter, due to freezing of the guide beds, before launching the boat into the water, it may be necessary to chip off ice from them.

Design collapsing(folding) of the davit provides for falling out and filling up with special screw and gear devices. Often davits of this design are used on small ships and ships. The disadvantage of all, except for the sickle-shaped, falling davits, is that the distance between their pair must exceed the length of the boat they serve, which inevitably leads to irrational use of the boat deck area.

Collective ship's life-saving appliances (CSS) are the means that can be used by a group of people.

Collective SSS and their launching devices must ensure reliable and safe operation so that they can be launched at the smallest draft of the vessel with a list of 20 ° on any side and a trim of 10 °.

The boarding of people in life-saving appliances and the launching of the latter in calm conditions should not exceed in time: 10 minutes - for cargo ships; 30 minutes - for passenger and fishing vessels of an unlimited navigation area.

Lifeboats and liferafts should normally be stowed on the same deck, with liferafts allowed one deck above or below the deck on which the lifeboats are installed.

LIFEBOATS.

Lifeboat - this is a lifeboat capable of saving the lives of people in distress from the moment they leave the ship. It is this appointment that determines all the requirements for the design and supply of lifeboats.

According to the method of delivery to the water, lifeboats are divided into launchable by mechanical means and free-fall.

The number of lifeboats on board a vessel is determined by the navigation area, type, vessel and the number of people on board. Cargo ships of an unlimited navigation area are equipped with boats that provide the entire crew from each side (100% + 100% = 200%). Passenger ships are equipped with lifeboats with a capacity of 50% of passengers and crew on each side (50% + 50% = 100%).

Regardless of design differences, all lifeboats must: have good stability and buoyancy even when filled with water, high maneuverability; ensure reliable self-healing on an even keel when capsizing; have a mechanical engine with remote control from the deckhouse, ensuring the speed of the boat in calm water with a full complement of people of at least 6 knots and a propeller protected from accidental impacts; be dyed orange.

Along the perimeter of the boat, under the fender and on the deck, strips of reflective material are glued. In the bow and stern parts, crosses made of reflective material are applied on the upper part of the closure.

Fig.73. Lifeboat closed type.

Lifeboats for oil tankers have a fireproof design, equipped with systems: irrigation, providing passage through continuously burning oil for 8 minutes; compressed air, ensuring the safety of people and the operation of engines for 10 minutes. Boat hulls are made double, they must have high strength; the cabin should provide all-round visibility, portholes are made of fire-resistant glass.

The lifeboat must be equipped with a compression-ignition internal combustion engine: the engine must run for at least 5 minutes from the moment of cold start, when the lifeboat is out of the water;

The speed of the boat in calm water with a full complement of people and equipment must be at least 6 knots; the fuel supply must be sufficient to run the engine at full speed for 24 hours.

Fig.74. Lifeboat open type.

To ensure that the boat can be used by unqualified people (for example, passengers), in a clearly visible place near the engine controls, instructions for starting and operating the engine should be provided, the controls should be appropriately marked.

If a ship has partially enclosed lifeboats, their davits shall be fitted with a hatchet with at least two life buoys attached to it.

Toprik - a cable stretched between the ends of the davits.

Rescue pendant - a vegetable or synthetic rope with musings (knots) used as an emergency means for launching from a vessel into a boat or into the water.

Information about the capacity of the boat, as well as its main dimensions, are applied to its sides in the bow with indelible paint; the name of the ship, the port of registry (in Latin letters) and the ship's boat number are also indicated there. The marking by which it is possible to establish the vessel to which the boat belongs, and its number must be visible from above.

Fig.75. Lifeboat marking.

The boat must either be self-draining or have a hand pump to remove the water.

The lifeboat must be equipped drain valve. A drain valve (one or two depending on the size of the boat) is installed at the bottom of the bottom of the boat to release water. The valve automatically opens when the boat is out of the water and closes automatically when the boat is afloat. Usually this task is performed by a float type valve. When the boat is stored on board, the drain valve must be open to allow any water that has entered the boat to drain. When preparing the boat for launching, the valve must be closed with a cap or plug.

Boats lowered on hoists are equipped with a release mechanism, which is designed in such a way that both hooks are released simultaneously. In this case, the uncoupling mechanism provides for two ways of uncoupling: normal - uncoupling occurs after the boat is launched into the water, when the load on the hooks disappears; under load - when disengagement can be carried out both on the water and on weight in the presence of a load on the hooks.

A signal light with a manual switch is installed on the upper part of the closure, giving a constant or flashing (50-70 flashes per minute) white light. The battery charge ensures operation for at least 12 hours.

Lifeboats with an independent air supply system must be designed so as to ensure normal engine operation for at least 10 minutes with closed entrances and openings. At the same time, the air must remain safe and breathable.

Fig.76. Disconnect devices.

Fireproof lifeboats must ensure the safety of the people in them for at least 8 minutes, being on the water in the zone of fire covering it from all sides, and the air temperature at the level of the head of a sitting person should not exceed 60 ° C. Typically, such boats are equipped with a water spray system to increase fire resistance. Outboard water is used for irrigation. The water intake device of the system is located in the lower part of the boat in such a way as to prevent flammable liquids from entering the system from the surface of the water.

Boat supplies.

Each lifeboat must be equipped in accordance with the requirements of the SOLAS-74 International Convention, including: on rowing boats, one floating oar per rower plus two spare and one helmsman, on motor boats - four oars with oarlocks attached to the boat hull with pins (chains); two rebate hooks; floating anchor with a cable length equal to three lengths of the boat, and a guy attached to the top of the anchor cone; two painters with a length of at least 15 meters; two axes, one at each end of the boat for cutting painters when leaving the ship; food ration and supply of drinking water 3 liters for each; fishing equipment; signal means: four red parachute rockets, six red flares, two smoke bombs, an electric lamp with a device for signaling Morse code in a waterproof design (with a set of spare batteries and a spare bulb), one signal mirror - heliograph - with instructions for its use, a signal whistle or an equivalent signal device, tables of rescue signals;

Fig.77. Parachute rocket.

Floodlight capable of continuous operation for 3 hours; first aid kit, 6 seasickness tablets and one hygiene bag per person; a folding knife attached to the lifeboat with a pin and three can openers; hand drain pump, two buckets and scoop; fire extinguisher for extinguishing burning oil; a set of spare parts and tools for the engine (on motor boats); radar reflector; binnacle with compass; individual heat-protective means in the amount of 10% of the passenger capacity of the boat (but not less than two).

Once a month, boat equipment should be checked, ventilated and dried.

Fig.78. Boat supplies.

Launching the boat.

Boats launched by mechanical means are installed horizontally on both sides of the vessel. Davits are a device designed to store a boat, having beams that tilt overboard, used when lowering and raising the boat.

The descent of the boat is carried out on the falls along the side of the vessel until the boat is on the water.

Lopari - steel cables attached to the boat at its ends and carried to the winch, designed to lower and raise the boat.

The launch of the boat occurs only under the action of gravity or accumulated mechanical energy and does not depend on the ship's energy sources.

The launching of a hoisted boat can be controlled both from the deck of the vessel and from the boat. This allows, under favorable weather conditions do not leave a descent team on board.

A feature of the most common gravity davits is the falling out of the boat under the action of gravity after the recoil of the stoppers. They are distinguished by the speed of falling out - no more than 2 minutes, reliable operation with a roll of up to 20 °.

Fig.79. Lifeboat anchorage on board.

Gravity davits are divided into rolling (sliding) ones, in which the boom with the lifeboat suspended from it moves along the bed rails on rollers, while dumping the lifeboat, and articulated ones, which force the lifeboat out by turning around the hinge located at the lower end of the davit.

Each pair of davits is served by one boat winch with a manual or mechanical drive.

Each boat in the area of ​​its installation has a landing ladder, the bowstrings of which are made of a manila cable with a thickness of at least 65 mm, and the balusters are made of hardwood with a size of 480x115x25 mm.

The upper end of the ladder should be fixed in its regular place (under the boat), and the ladder itself should be rolled up, always ready for use.

Fig.80. Boat winch.

Fig.81. Stormtrap.

Before launching the boat into the water, you must perform a number of actions:

1) Delivery to the boat of equipment and supplies necessary for survival after leaving the ship:

Portable VHF radio and radar transponder beacon (SART);

Fig.82. Radar beacon transponder (SART) and portable VHF radios.

Warm clothes (blankets);

Additional supply of food and water;

Additional supply of pyrotechnic signaling means.

2) Before launching, it is necessary to close the drain valve with a plug (located at the lower point of the hull and has the appropriate marking).

3) If necessary, prepare for the use of painters from emergency supplies, which are attached to the ends of the boat and carried along the side. A boat lowered on falls along the side in stormy conditions must be kept from swinging and beating against the side of the vessel. If the boat is launched when the vessel is moving through the water, then in this case it is also necessary to use a painter to hold the boat at the side.

When lowering the boat, the painters are etched into tight through ducks or other suitable structural elements. If the length of the painter allows, then it is preferable to wind it with a duline (wiring around any structural element and returning the running end to the boat) so as not to leave people on board the vessel who would then have to go down into the boat along the ladder.

4) Removing the railing of the landing deck.

5) Preparation of the ladder.

6) Return of lashings.

7) Recoil of the davit stopper.

Fig.83. Boarding the crew and launching the boat.

Boarding of people in a hoisted boat can be carried out: on passenger ships - either at the place of its installation, or from the landing deck; on cargo ships - at the place of installation.

Further control of the descent is carried out using the hand brake of the trigger winch. The brake is released, and the boat, under the influence of its own gravity, begins to dump the davit overboard and sink. When boarding passengers from the landing deck, the descent is slowed down by bringing the boat inlet to the level of the landing deck.

After landing people in the boat, the hand brake is released, and the boat is lowered into the water.

Disengagement from the falls should be done at the moment when the boat is at the bottom of the wave: after passing this position, the boat will begin to rise to the crest, and there will be no load on the hooks.

Falini are attached in such a way that the boat is at the side under the ladder. After the last person moves from the ship to the boat, the painters are released (in extreme cases, they are cut with axes located at the ends of the boat), and the boat moves away from the ship. It is recommended to keep the fallini, because they may be needed for towing, for combining with other life-saving appliances, for pulling the boat ashore, etc.

Fig.84. Return of sluptals.

IN last years began to use rescue free fall boats. The hull of the boat has a stronger structure and well-streamlined smooth lines that prevent a strong impact when the boat enters the water. Since overloads occur when hitting water, special chairs with shock-absorbing pads are installed in the boat.

Fig.85. Free fall boat.

Before leaving the boat ramp, all people in the boat must securely fasten themselves with safety belts with a quick-release buckle and a special head lock. Of great importance for the safe perception of dynamic loads is the correct position of the body in the chair, which should be practiced in training - during training boat alarms.

Free fall boats guarantee the safety of people at a distance of 20 m from the landing platform to the water surface.

Free-fall boats are considered the most reliable life-saving equipment that ensures the evacuation of people from a sinking ship in all weather conditions.

LIFEBOATS

What are the requirements for lifeboats under the LSA Code?

All lifeboats must be of proper construction and of such shape and proportion of main dimensions as to have sufficient sea stability and sufficient freeboard when loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment. All lifeboats must be rigidly hulled and maintain positive stability in a straight position in calm water when loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment and pierced at any one point below the waterline, assuming no loss of buoyant material or other damage has occurred.

Each lifeboat must carry, certified by the Administration, at least:

Manufacturer's name and address;

Boat model and serial number, month and year of manufacture;

The number of people approved to be placed in the boat;

All lifeboats must be of sufficient strength to:

They could be safely launched when loaded with their full complement of men and supplies;

They could be launched and towed forward at 5 knots in calm water.

Enclosures and rigid closures must be non-flammable or non-combustible.

Seats for people should: be equipped on transverse and longitudinal banks or fixed seats and, be so designed as to withstand:

For a lifeboat intended to be hoisted, a load of 100 kg at any landing place when it is dropped into the water from a height of at least 3 m;

For a lifeboat intended to be launched by free fall, a load of 100 kg at any landing place when it is dropped from a height at least 1.3 times greater than that approved on the certificate.

Each lifeboat shall be of sufficient strength to withstand the following load without permanent deformation after removal:

For metal-hulled lifeboats, a load of 1.25 times the total mass of such lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment; or

For other lifeboats, a load of 2 times the total mass of such lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment.

Every lifeboat, other than those intended to be launched in free fall, when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment and equipped, where applicable, with skids or external rubbing rails, shall be of sufficient strength to withstand a blow against the ship's side of the lifeboat in a direction perpendicular to the ship's side, at speed at least3.5 m/s, as well as dropping into the water from a height Notless than 3m.

The number of persons permitted to be placed in a lifeboat to be launched on a hoist must be the lesser of the following numbers:

The number of persons, with an average mass of 75 kg, who can sit in a normal position in lifejackets without interfering with the operation of the lifeboat's propulsion means and the operation of any of its equipment;

The number of seats that can be equipped on banks and seats. The seating areas may overlap, provided that there is sufficient legroom and footrests, and the vertical distance between the upper and lower seat is at least 350mm.

No lifeboats allowed togethermore than 150 people,

Each seating position must be clearly marked in the lifeboat.

Each lifeboat of a passenger ship must be arranged and located in such a way that all people assigned to the lifeboat
could make a quick landing into her. It should also be possible to quickly disembark people from the lifeboat.

Each lifeboat of a cargo ship must be so arranged and positioned that all persons assigned to the lifeboat can land in it for no more than 3 minutes, from the moment the command to land was given. It should also be possible to quickly disembark people from the lifeboat.

Lifeboats must have a boarding ladder that allows persons in the water to climb into the lifeboat and which can be used for any of its boarding entrances. The bottom step of this ladder shall be at least 0.4m below the lifeboat's waterline.
empty.

All surfaces that people can walk on must be non-slip.

All lifeboats must be self-floating or be equipped with seawater, oil or oil resistant buoyancy material sufficient to keep the lifeboat and all its equipment afloat when flooded and exposed to the sea.

In addition, additional buoyancy must be provided in an amount sufficient to provide a buoyancy force of 280 N for each person allowed to be placed on the lifeboat. No buoyant material shall be placed outside the lifeboat's hull, except for material provided in excess of the quantity required above.

All lifeboats must be stable and positive. metacentric height(GM) in the case when they are loaded with 50% of the number of people allowed to be placed on lifeboat, sitting in a normal position on one side of its centreline.

By what means is the lifeboat propelled?

Each lifeboat must be equipped with a compression-ignition internal combustion engine. The use of engines powered by fuel is not allowed. flash point43˚С or lower (when tested in a closed crucible).

The engine must be equipped with either a manual starting device or a starting device driven by two independent rechargeable sources. Any devices necessary for starting the engine must also be provided. Starting devices and devices must ensure engine start at an ambient temperature of - 15˚С within 2 minutes from the start of the launch.

The engine must be able to run Notless than 5 min from cold start when the boat is out of the water.

The engine must be able to operate when the lifeboat is flooded along the axis of the crankshaft.

The propeller shafting must be designed so that the propeller can be disengaged from the engine. Provision should be made for the lifeboat to move forward and astern.

All lifeboats must be designed to ensure the safety of occupants and to prevent damage to the propeller from floating debris.

The forward speed of a lifeboat in calm water when loaded with a full complement of persons and equipment and when its engine-powered auxiliaries are in operation should be at least 6 knots And at least2 knots when towing a life raft with a capacity of 25 people, loaded with a full complement of people and supplies. Sufficient fuel, suitable for use in the temperatures expected in the area of ​​operation of the ship, must be provided to ensure the movement of a fully loaded lifeboat. at a speed of 6 knots for at least 24 hours.

The lifeboat's engine, transmission and engine-related devices shall be protected by a flame-retardant casing. At the same time, it must also protect people from accidentally touching hot or moving parts and protect the engine from bad weather and the effects of the sea. Adequate means shall be provided to reduce engine noise so that a loudly given command can be heard. Starter batteries shall be provided with shrouds forming a waterproof seal around the base and sides of the batteries. Battery casings should have a tight-fitting lid to provide adequate gas venting.

The lifeboat engine and related devices must be designed to limit electromagnetic emissions so that the operation of the engine does not interfere with the operation of the radio equipment used on the lifeboat.

Means shall be provided for recharging all starter batteries, radio equipment and searchlight. Batteries of radio equipment must not be used as a source of energy to start the engine. A means shall be provided for recharging the batteries installed in the lifeboat either from the ship's electrical network with a voltage not exceeding 50 volts, disconnected from the place of embarkation into the lifeboats or by means of a solar battery.

A water-resistant instruction manual for starting and operating the engine should be provided, which should be located in a clearly visible place near the engine start controls.

What equipment should lifeboats have?

All lifeboats other than free-fall lifeboats shall be equipped with at least one release valve located near the lowest point of the hull. The valve should automatically open to drain the lifeboat when it is out of the water and close automatically to prevent water from entering the lifeboat when it is afloat. Each bleed valve shall be provided with a cap or plug to close it, which shall be attached to the lifeboat by a chain or other suitable means. Bleed valves must be easily accessible from inside the lifeboat and their location must be clearly marked.

All lifeboats must have a rudder and tiller. If there is also a steering wheel or other means of remote control of the steering wheel, then in the event of failure of such a means, it must be possible to control the steering wheel using the tiller.

From the outside around the lifeboat above the waterline and within reach of a person in the water, with the exception of the area near the location of the rudder and propeller, a suitable handrail or a buoyant lifeline must be secured with sags.

The lifeboat shall be provided with means to collect rainwater and, if required by the Administration, in addition a manual watermaker.

Every lifeboat, other than free-fall lifeboats, intended to be launched on a single point or by hoists, shall be equipped with uncoupling furnism, which should be arranged so that all hooks are given at the same time. The release mechanism must operate automatically when there is no load on the hooks and under load. The controls of the uncoupling mechanism must be clearly marked with a color that contrasts with the color of the surrounding objects;

Structural elements the attachment of the release mechanism to the lifeboat must be designed six timesnym margin of safety relative to the tensile strength of the materials used, assuming that the mass of the lifeboat is evenly distributed between the hoists;

The use of a single point suspension device for launching a lifeboat or rescue boat in combination with an appropriate painter does not require release under load. In this case, it is sufficient to release the lifeboat or rescue boat only when they are fully afloat.

Every lifeboat must be equipped with a painter fastening device in the bow of the hull. This arrangement must be such that the lifeboat can be safely towed by the vessel at a speed of up to 5 knots in calm water without affecting its stability characteristics. With the exception of free-fall lifeboats, the painter attachment device must include a mechanism to release the painter from inside the lifeboat when the boat is towing at speeds up to 5 knots in calm water.

Every lifeboat equipped with permanently installed VHF equipment with a separate antenna must be equipped with provisions for mounting and securely fastening the antenna in its working position. The boat is equipped with a place to install a radar transponder (SAR).

Lifeboats intended to be launched on board a vessel shall have skids and external fenders necessary to facilitate the launching of the boat and prevent damage to it.

A light with a manual switch must be installed on top of the boat. The fire must be white with a continuous duration of at least 12 hours and intensity not less than 4.3 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere. If the light is flashing, it must give at least 50 but not more than 70 flashes per minute for 12 hours of intensity equivalent to a constant light.

A light bulb or other source of light shall be installed inside the lifeboat to provide at least 12 hours of illumination sufficient to read life saving instructions and operating instructions. However, the use of kerosene lamps for these purposes should not be allowed. Each lifeboat must be so arranged that from the helm station there is a sufficient view of the bow, stern and both sides of it in order to ensure safe launching and maneuvering.

What supplies are provided for the lifeboats?

The equipment of each lifeboat must include:

With the exception of free-fall boats, a sufficient number of floating oars to ensure the movement of the boat in calm water. Each oar must be provided with a kochet type oarlock, a swivel oarlock or other equivalent device. Oarlocks must be fastened to the boat with pins or chains;

Two rebound hooks;

Floating scoop and two buckets;

Instructions for saving life;

Luminous or appropriately illuminated compass. On fully enclosed lifeboats, the compass must be permanently installed in the helm station; in all other lifeboats, the compass must be in a binnacle if weather protection is required and must be fitted with appropriate attachments;

A buoyant anchor of sufficient size with a dreck capable of withstanding jerks, which provides a firm grip when wet. The strength of the floating anchor, drektov and niral, if provided, should be sufficient under all sea conditions;

Two secure painters with a length not less than twice the distance from the lifeboat's stowage site to the waterline at the vessel's lightest operational draft, or 15m, whichever is greater. On free-fall lifeboats, both painters shall be in the bow of the boat in a ready-to-use condition, on all other lifeboats, one painter shall be attached to the release device in accordance with paragraph 2.3.3.8, and the other firmly to the stem.

Two axes - one at each end of the lifeboat;

Waterproof receptacles containing a total quantity of fresh water at the rate of 3 liters per person of the number of persons allowed to be placed on the lifeboat, of which 1 liter of this quantity per person may be replaced by water obtained from a desalination machine capable of producing a total amount of fresh water for two days, or 2 liters of this quantity per person may be replaced by water obtained from a manual watermaker.

Stainless steel bucket;

Stainless steel graduated drinking vessel;

Food ration, caloric content at the rate of at least 10,000 kJ for each person from among the people allowed to be placed on a lifeboat; this food ration should be in breathable packaging and stored in a waterproof container;

Four parachute rockets

Six flares

Two floating smoke bombs

One waterproof electric flashlight suitable for Morse code signaling, with one spare set of batteries and one spare bulb in waterproof packaging;

One daytime signaling mirror with instructions for using it to signal marine and aircraft;

One copy of the table of life-saving signals referred to in regulation V/16 of the Convention, waterproof or in waterproof packaging;

One whistle or other equivalent sound signal;

A first aid kit in waterproof packaging, which can be tightly closed again after opening;

Sufficient seasickness medication for at least 48 hours and one Hygiene Pack per person;

Folding knife attached to the boat with a string;

Three can openers;

Two buoyant life rings attached to a buoyant line at least 30m long;

A hand pump of adequate capacity, if the boat is not of a self-draining type;

One set of fishing accessories;

a sufficient number of tools to make minor adjustments to the engine and related devices; Portable fire extinguisher, searchlight, radar reflector, 2 heat shields.

What are design features partially enclosed lifeboats?

Partially enclosed lifeboats must meet
the requirements of section 3.1. and, in addition, the requirements of this
section.

Partially enclosed lifeboats must be equipped with
fixed rigid covers extending not less than 20% of the length of the lifeboat from its stem and not less than 20% of the length of the lifeboat from its aft end. The lifeboat must be equipped with a permanently fixed folding canopy which, together with rigid covers, completely covers the occupants of the lifeboat, sheltering them from the weather and protecting them from the effects of the external environment. The lifeboat must have entrances in the bow and stern on each side. The entrances of hard closures must be watertight when they are closed. The awning must be so arranged that it meets the following provisions:

1. it must be equipped with suitable rigid sections or supports for its installation;

2. it must be easily installed by no more than two persons;

3. it must provide thermal insulation of the under-tent space in order to protect the occupants of the lifeboat from heat and cold by at least two layers of material separated by an air gap or by other means of equivalent effectiveness. Means must be provided to prevent the accumulation of water in the air gap;

4. its outer surface must be of a highly visible color, and its inner surface of a color that does not cause discomfort to people on the lifeboat;

5. its entrances must be equipped with effective adjustable closures that can be easily and quickly opened and closed from inside or outside, providing ventilation, but preventing sea water, wind and cold from entering the lifeboat; reliable means must be provided to keep the entrances open and closed;

6. when the entrances are closed, it must constantly pass a sufficient amount of air for the people on the lifeboat;

7. it must have a device for collecting rainwater;

8. in the event of a capsizing of the lifeboat, the people on it must be able to leave it.

The interior of the lifeboat must be of a highly visible color.

If VHF two-way radiotelephony equipment is permanently installed in the lifeboat, it must be installed in a deckhouse of sufficient size to accommodate the radio equipment and the radio operator. A separate deckhouse is not required if the lifeboat is designed to provide sheltered space to the satisfaction of the Administration.

What are the design features of fully enclosed lifeboats?

Fully enclosed lifeboats must meet
the requirements of section 2. 3.1 and, additionally, the requirements of this
section.

Closing.

Every fully enclosed lifeboat must be fitted with a rigid watertight closure that completely encloses the lifeboat. The watertight closure must be designed to meet the following provisions:

1. it must provide shelter for the occupants of the lifeboat;

2. access to the lifeboat must be provided by hatches that can be sealed;

3. Access hatches must be capable of being opened and closed both from inside and outside the lifeboat, and be equipped with reliable means to keep them open;

4. with the exception of free-fall lifeboats, it must be capable of being rowed;

5. it must be capable, with hatches closed and without significant leakage, of keeping afloat the total mass of the lifeboat with its full complement of persons and equipment, including machinery, when the lifeboat is in a capsized position;

lifeboat tender of the Oosterdam; note the "face mask" over the front windows, and the rolled-up tarp that can be brought down over the entry port to make the boat watertight

7. it must have windows or transparent panels allowing sufficient daylight to enter the lifeboat when the hatches are closed to eliminate the need for artificial lighting;

8. the outer surface of the closure must be of a highly visible color, and the inner surface of a color that does not cause discomfort to people on the lifeboat;

9. it must be provided with handrails which can be securely held by persons moving outside the lifeboat and which can be used when boarding and disembarking persons;

10. people should be able to walk from the entrance to their seating areas without climbing over cross banks or other obstacles;

11. With the engine running and the inlets closed, the atmospheric pressure inside the lifeboat must under no circumstances be higher or lower than the outside atmospheric pressure by more than 20 hPa.

Capsizing the lifeboat and returning it to the upright position.

In lifeboats other than free-fall lifeboats, for each designated seat a seat belt must be provided. Seat belts must be designed to securely hold the person in place. weighing 100kg when the lifeboat is in the capsized position. Each set of seat belts must be of a contrasting color compared to the seat belts of adjacent seats. Free-fall lifeboats must be provided with equipment fastening security for a person in each seat; it should also be of a contrasting color and be designed to securely hold the person weighing 100kg both when the lifeboat is launched and when it is capsized.

The stability of the lifeboat must be such that it can, by itself or automatically, return to a straight position when it is loaded with its full or partial complement of persons and equipment, all its entrances and openings are watertightly closed, and people are fastened with safety belts.

In the event of sustaining the damage referred to in paragraph 4.4.1.1, the lifeboat shall keep its full complement of persons and equipment afloat, and its stability shall be such that, in the event of capsizing, it shall automatically assume a position allowing its occupants to leave the lifeboat through an inlet located above the water level. With the lifeboat in a stable submerged condition, the water level inside the lifeboat hull, measured across the back of the seat, must not exceed 500mm above the seat in any sitting position.

Engine exhaust pipes, air ducts and other openings provided for by the design of the lifeboat must be arranged so that when it capsizes and returns to a straight position, the possibility of water entering the engine is excluded.

What are the design features of free-fall lifeboats?

General requirements.

Free-fall lifeboats shall comply with the requirements of section 2.3.6 and, in addition, the requirements of this section.

The capacity of free-fall lifeboats.

The capacity of a free-fall lifeboat is determined by the number of persons who can be provided with seating without interference with the propulsion device and any of its equipment. The width of the seat must be at least 430mm, the free space in front of the seatback must be at least 635mm, and the backrest must rise above the seat surface by at least 1000mm.

Every lifeboat free-falling from a certificated height from a ship trimmed up to 10° and list up to 20° to either side shall, on splashdown, be immediately propelled forward without contact with the ship, provided she is fully equipped and loaded.

1. full set of people;

2. people are located so that the center of gravity of the boat is as close as possible to her bow;

3. people are located so that the center of gravity of the boat is as close as possible to its stern;

4. only by the crew involved in the operation of the boat.

The required free-fall descent height is in no case
must exceed the value specified in the certificate of approval,
issued to the lifeboat.

Design.

Each free-fall lifeboat must be of sufficient strength to withstand a full complement of persons and equipment being dropped into the water from a height of 1.3 times the height specified on the boat's certificate of approval.

Protection against dangerous accelerations.

Every free-fall lifeboat must be so constructed as to protect persons from dangerous accelerations resulting from a fall onto a calm water surface from the height specified on the lifeboat's certificate of approval under adverse conditions of trim up to 10° and heel up to 20° to either side.

Lifeboat equipment.

Every free-fall lifeboat must be equipped with a ship release system which must:

1. have two independent and controlled only from inside the boat devices for activating the system, which must be of a contrasting color with respect to the interior;

2. be so arranged as to ensure separation under all conditions of loading of the lifeboat from empty to at least 200% of normal loading with all equipment and supplies, and the number of persons according to the tonnage for which the lifeboat is to be approved;

3. protected from accidental or premature operation of the release systems;

4. be of such a design that it can be tested without actually launching the lifeboat; And

5. constructively provide a 6-fold margin of safety for the materials used.

Certificate of Approval.

In addition to the requirements of paragraph 2.3.1.2. the free-fall lifeboat approval certificate must also include:

Approved free fall height;

Required length of the launch platform (ramp);

Descending platform (ramp) angle for approved height
free fall descent.

Lifeboats with independent air supply system.

2.3.8.1. In addition to the requirements of sections 2.3.6. or 2.3.7, respectively, a lifeboat with an independent air supply system shall be so arranged that, when it is in motion, the engine runs normally for at least 10 minutes, when all inlets and openings are closed, and that the air inside the lifeboat remains safe and breathable. During this period of time, the air pressure inside the lifeboat must not fall below the outside atmospheric pressure or exceed it by more than 20 GPa. The air supply system must be equipped with indicators that constantly show the pressure of the supplied air.

Fireproof lifeboats.

In addition to the requirements of section 2.3.8, flame retardant
the lifeboat must provide protection for the number of people allowed to be placed on it during at least 8 min when she is on the water in a zone of continuous fire covering her from all sides.

Water irrigation system

A lifeboat with a water spray system for fire protection must comply with the following provisions:

1. Its water spray system must be fed by sea water supplied by a self-priming pump. It shall be possible to switch on and off the water supply for spraying the outer surface of the lifeboat;

2. the water intake of the system must be designed so as to prevent the ingress of flammable liquids from the surface of the water into the system;

3. The system must provide for flushing it with fresh water and complete drying.

How are lifeboats marked?

The number of persons in the lifeboat's approved capacity shall be clearly marked on the lifeboat in indelible ink.

The name of the ship and the port of registry must be marked on each side of her in the bow in block letters of the Latin alphabet.

The means of identification - to which ship the lifeboat belongs and its number - must be marked in such a way that they are visible from above.

How is lifeboat boarding on passenger ships ensured?

(Regulation 23 Chapter 3 of SOLAS-74)

On passenger ships, lifeboat boarding arrangements shall be such that:

All lifeboats could be boarded and launched either directly from their stowage position or from the embarkation deck, but not from both;

2.3.12. How are boats boarded on cargo ships?

(Rule 33 Chapter 3 of SOLAS-74)

1 On cargo ships, devices that provide
lifeboat boarding should be such that the lifeboats can be boarded and launched directly from their stowed position.

2 Cargo ships of 20,000 gross tonnage and upwards shall be capable of launching life-saving
boats using, if necessary, painters in the forward course of the vessel, following at speeds up to 5 knots. on calm water.

How many lifeboats should passenger ships have?

(Rule 21 SOLAS-74)

1. Passenger ships on international voyages other than short international voyages must have:

On each side of the vessel are partially or fully enclosed lifeboats, with a total capacity sufficient to accommodate at least 50% of the total number of people on board. The Administration may authorize the replacement of lifeboats by liferafts of the same gross capacity, provided that in any case there are sufficient lifeboats on each side of the ship to accommodate not less than 37.5 per cent of the total number of persons on board.

2. Passenger ships making short international voyages must have:

Partially or fully enclosed lifeboats of a total capacity sufficient to accommodate at least 30% of the total number of persons on board.

Lifeboats should, as far as practicable, be evenly distributed on both sides of the ship.

3. All lifeboats required to ensure the abandonment of the ship by all persons on board must be capable of being launched with their full complement of persons and equipment for a period of time not exceeding 30 min from the moment of giving the signal to leave the vessel.

How are lifeboats installed on passenger ships?

(Regulation 24 SOLAS-74)

In passenger ships, lifeboats launched by a davit or a davit shall not, as far as practicable, exceed 15m above the waterline at the smallest operational draft of the vessel.

How many lifeboats should be on cargo ships?

(Rule 31 of SOLAS-74)

Cargo ships must have:

1. One or more fully enclosed lifeboats on each side of the vessel, with a total capacity sufficient to accommodate the total number of persons on board

2. Instead of complying with the requirements of paragraph 1, cargo ships may have:

One or more lifeboats capable of being free-fall launched from the stern of the vessel, with a total capacity sufficient to accommodate the total number of persons on board.

How are emergency lifeboats used?

THINK! WHICH ORGANIZATION SHOULD I CHOOSE?

WHAT ARE THE PECULIARITIES OF PREPARING, LANDING, LAUNCHING AND LIFTING ONBOARD LOWERING LIFEBOATS?

Preparation for descent and landing .

At the signal "General alarm", or in case of unbearable circumstances, at the captain's command "Abandon the ship", the lifeboats are prepared for launching together with the launching devices, for which:

• The boat winch is uncovered, the absence of a manual drive handle on the winch shaft is checked.
• The nasal painter spreads.
• The lashings of the boat are given and removed. Why is it necessary to give the verb - hook.
• Disconnect the charger cable (if connected).
• The levers of the mechanical stoppers are retracted.
• Mechanical stoppers of davits are given.
• Make sure the engine fuel valve
• The bottom plug is closed.
• Start the engine and check its operation.
• By visual inspection, make sure that the falls on the winch drums and guide pulleys are in the correct position, that there are no external defects and foreign objects that interfere with the roll-out and launch of the boat.
• Boarding hatches are opened or the canopy is tilted (on partially closed boats).
• The boat crew takes their places in the boat.
• Removed, if provided, the outer railing in the area of ​​the boat.

Giving back is a verb.

Removing the lashing.

If the landing is made at the place of installation of the boat :

• On command, people are boarded in the boat.
• The leader of the descent makes sure that there is no interference overboard the vessel, the stoppers of the davits are given and a report is made on the readiness of the boat
• After tightening the davits, install stoppers on them. By briefly lifting the brake lever, land the boat on the keel blocks, start and tighten the lashings.

If boarding is from the boat deck:

• Davit stoppers are given.
• By lifting the winch brake handle (unless otherwise provided), the davits with the boat fall out overboard.
• On command, passengers board the boat.
• A winch remote release cable is transferred to the boat.
• The head of the descent makes sure that there are no obstacles to the descent overboard and reports on the readiness for descent.

The hoists of the pull-up device pull the boat against the side of the vessel.

Descent and departure from the side of the vessel.

Sequencing:

• The boat engine is started and the serviceability of its operation is checked.
• When boarding the boat, a pull-up device is released from the boat deck.
• The boat is lowered by lifting the winch brake lever or pulling down the remote release cable from inside the boat.
• At the moment the boat touches the water, the lifting hooks are released from the sloops in accordance with the boat's operating instructions.
• The painter is given from inside the boat with the help of a disconnecting device.
• A departure from the sinking vessel to a safe distance (250-300m) is carried out by removing the trigger slide.

Lifting and setting in place :

The lifeboat is lifted only with the launch team in the following sequence:

• Disembark people from the boat.
• Make sure that there is no handle for the manual drive of the winch at the outlet of the gearbox shaft.
• turn on the power supply to the winch motor.
• Having received a report from the boat on fixing the lifting hooks to the davits, start lifting the boat by turning on the electric motor with the "Start" button, while lifting, monitor the correct movement and winding of the falls and the remote descent cable on the corresponding drums.
• If there are any malfunctions, stop the electric motor with the “Stop” button and, if necessary, lower the boat back into the water.
• Install a removable railing.

Disembark the launch team from the boat and make the final preload of the davits to the stop with a manual drive; when opening the cap covering the winch shaft, on which the hand drive handle is put on, the winch power is blocked, however, it is advisable to turn off the power with the local switch as well.

2.3.19. What are the rules for operating a diesel lifeboat engine.

Launch preparation:

• Disconnect the cable of the on-board electrical network for recharging the batteries.
• Perform an external inspection: integrity, completeness, fastening, initial position of the controls.
• Check: the presence of fuel in the tanks, the level of antifreeze (water) in the 1st cooling circuit, the oil level in the diesel engine and gearbox, the air pressure in the starting cylinders and charging the batteries.
• Open the fuel cock (valves on the fuel tanks).
• Turn on the power supply of the boat (batteries) with the ON button.
• Set the reverse handle to neutral (disengage the diesel from the propeller).
• Set the speed control knob to full (MAX).

Diesel electric start:

• Press the "Start" button and hold for no more than 10 seconds (Turn the key on the steering console from the "Stop" position to "Start").
• When the diesel engine starts, set the speed control knob to medium speed (SPH).
• Check the reverse in the positions of the handle "PX", "XX", "ZX". Set the knob to the "XX" position.
• Control the pressure and temperature parameters of the oil and cooling water - they must not exceed the limit values.

Diesel start manually:

• Put the handles (knob) of the valve decompressors in the “open” position.
• Set the speed control knob to maximum speed (MAX).
• Attach the start handle to the diesel shaft and quick movements spin the shaft.
• Close the valve decompressor handles one by one.
• When the diesel starts, set the speed control knob to medium speed (SPH).
• Remove the start handle from the motor shaft.

Changing the diesel operating modes:

• Warm up the engine at idle (XX) - 2 minutes.
• Control the parameters: Pm - oil pressure, Pw - water pressure, Tm - oil temperature, Tv - water temperature.
• The nominal mode (NR) of the diesel engine is unlimited.
• At maximum speed, the operation of a diesel engine should not exceed - 1 hour.

Diesel stop:

• Reduce diesel speed to MIN (XX) and work for 1 min.
• pull the lever STOP ENGINE towards you until the engine stops completely.
• Set the switch on the control panel to position OFF
• Switch off the power supply (batteries) "OFF".
• Connect the cable of the onboard power supply (put the batteries on recharging) ON.

Collective ship life-saving appliances are means that can be used by a group of people and must provide reliable and safe rescue when the ship is listing up to 20 ° on any side and trim 10 °.

The boarding of people in life-saving appliances and the launching of the latter in calm conditions should not exceed in time:

• 10 minutes for cargo ships;
• 30 minutes - for passenger and fishing vessels.

Lifeboats and liferafts, as a rule, should be placed on the same deck, it is allowed to place liferafts one deck above or below the deck on which the lifeboats are installed.

A lifeboat is a boat capable of saving the lives of people in distress from the moment they leave the ship (Fig. 1). It is this appointment that determines all the requirements for the design and supply of lifeboats.

The number of lifeboats on board a vessel is determined by the navigation area, type, vessel and the number of people on board. Cargo ships of an unlimited navigation area are equipped with boats that provide the entire crew from each side (100% + 100% = 200%). Passenger ships are equipped with lifeboats with a capacity of 50% of passengers and crew on each side (50% + 50% = 100%).

Rice. 1 Lifeboats of closed and open types

All lifeboats must:

• have good stability and buoyancy even when filled with water, high maneuverability;
• ensure reliable self-healing on an even keel when capsizing;
• have a mechanical engine with remote control from the wheelhouse;
• be dyed orange.

The lifeboat must be equipped with a compression-ignition internal combustion engine:

• the engine must run for at least 5 minutes from the moment of cold start, when the boat is out of the water;
• the speed of the boat in calm water with a full complement of people and equipment must be at least 6 knots;
• the fuel supply must be sufficient to run the engine at full speed for 24 hours.

If a ship has partially enclosed lifeboats, their davits shall be fitted with a hatchet with at least two life-sustaining pendants attached to it.

The buoyancy of the boat is provided by air boxes - sealed compartments filled with air or foam, the volume of which is determined taking into account that the heads of the people sitting in the boat are above the surface of the water, even if the boat is completely flooded.

Information about the capacity of the boat, as well as its main dimensions, are applied to its sides in the bow with indelible paint (Fig. 2), the name of the vessel, the port of registry (in Latin letters) and the ship number of the boat are also indicated there. The marking by which it is possible to establish the vessel to which the boat belongs, and its number must be visible from above.

Along the perimeter of the boat, under the fender and on the deck, strips of reflective material are glued. In the bow and stern parts, crosses made of reflective material are applied on the upper part of the closure.

Rice. 2 Lifeboat markings

An electric light bulb is installed inside the boat. The battery charge ensures operation for at least 12 hours. A signal light with a manual switch is installed on the upper part of the closure, giving a constant or flashing (50-70 flashes per minute) white light. The battery charge ensures operation for at least 12 hours.

Lifeboats for oil tankers have a fireproof design, equipped with a spray system that provides passage through continuously burning oil for 8 minutes, and compressed air that ensures the safety of people and engines for 10 minutes. The hulls of the boats are made double, they must have high strength, the wheelhouse must provide all-round visibility, the windows are made of fire-resistant glass.

To ensure the use of the boat by unqualified people (for example, passengers), in a clearly visible place near the engine controls, instructions for starting and operating the engine should be provided, and the controls should be appropriately marked.

All lifeboats, liferafts, rescue boats and launching appliances are visually inspected weekly to ensure they are always ready for use. All lifeboats and rescue boats must run for at least 3 minutes. Lifeboats, with the exception of free-fall boats, must be moved out of their stowed positions. The results of the check are recorded in the ship's log.

Every month, all lifeboats, with the exception of free-fall boats, fall out of their installation sites without people in the boat. Supplies are checked to ensure they are complete and in good condition.

Each lifeboat, with the exception of free-fall boats, is launched and then maneuvers on the water with a control command painted on it at least once every 3 months.

In the stowed position, the boats are mounted on davits (Fig. 3). The boat rests on one-sided keel blocks, which, for a tighter fit of the boat to the keel blocks, are equipped with felt cushions covered with canvas. The boat is secured with lashings with verb-hooks, which must be given away before launching.

Rice. 3 Securing the lifeboat on board

Preparing the boat for launch:

• deliver to the boat the equipment and supplies necessary for survival after leaving the ship: a portable VHF radio station and a radar transponder beacon (Fig. 4), warm clothes, an additional supply of food and water, an additional supply of pyrotechnic signaling means;
• spread the boat painters as far as possible in the bow and stern and securely fasten them to ship structures (bollards, ducks, etc.);
• remove the railing of the landing deck;
• prepare a storm ladder;
• give lashings;
• give stopper davits.

Rice. 4 Radar beacon transponder (SART) and man-portable VHF radios

The lifeboat must be equipped with a drain valve, which is installed at the bottom of the bottom of the boat to release water. The valve automatically opens when the boat is out of the water and closes automatically when the boat is afloat. When preparing the boat for launching, the valve must be closed with a cap or plug.

Boarding the boat. Depending on the design of the ship, boarding in boats is carried out either at the places of their installation, or after they are dumped and when lowered to the landing deck (Fig. 5).

Boarding a lifeboat is carried out only on the order of the commander of the life-saving equipment or other responsible officer. People get into the boat, following the order established by the commander of the boat. First of all, the members of the launch team, assigned to assist in boarding the boat and ensuring the descent, go into the lifeboat. Then people who need help with landing pass: the wounded and sick, children, women, the elderly. The last place is taken by the commander of the rescue vehicle.

For landing, you need to use the bow and stern hatches of the boat. The boat commander directs the placement of people so that their weight is evenly distributed over the entire area of ​​​​the boat. The survivors must take their places in the boat, fasten their seat belts and follow the commander's orders.

To ensure the landing of people with the help of a ladder, each boat in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bits installation has a landing ladder, the bowstrings of which are made of a manila cable with a thickness of at least 65 mm, and the balusters are made of hardwood with a size of 480 x 115 x 25 mm. The upper end of the ladder should be fixed in its regular place (under the boat), and the ladder itself should be folded up, always ready for use.

Rice. 5 Boarding the crew and launching the boat

Launching the boat. The dumping of the boat occurs only under the action of gravity and is carried out with the help of boat hoists (Fig. 6). By command:

• give the folding parts of the rotary keel blocks (if they are provided for the installation of the boat in the stowed position) and the lashings holding the boat;
• release the stoppers of the davits, protecting against accidental descent of the boat;
• acting with the hand brake of the boat winch, they set the davits in motion, take the boat overboard and lower it to the level of the landing deck;
• fix the running ends of the falls of the sloops, start the pull-up device and with its help press the boat to the side;
• choose a tight fallini and fix them.

Uniform etching of the bow and stern hoists is achieved by the fact that both falls are fixed on the drum of one boat winch (Fig. 7). The boat should be lowered so that it sits in the hollow between the waves. When the boat is on the crest of a wave, it is necessary to separate it from the hoists by operating the lifting hook control device.

Lopari - steel cables attached to the boat at its extremities and carried out to the winch, designed to lower and raise the boat. Lopari should be periodically tired.

In order to exclude the possibility of launching the boat until it is completely thrown overboard, there is a horn on the davit, on which the earring of the movable block of davits is hung. The length and shape of the horn is chosen in such a way that the movable block falls off it only at the lower limit position of the davit.

The launching of the boat on hoists can be controlled both from the deck of the vessel and from the boat. This allows, under favorable weather conditions, not to leave the descent support team on board.

Rice. 6 Lifeboat launch: 1 - davit; 2 - Lapp; 3 - sloops; 4 - painter Rice. 7 Boat winch

The lifeboat release mechanism is a device by which the lifeboat is connected to or released from the falls when being launched or taken aboard. It includes a hook block and a drive mechanism (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8 Disconnect devices

The mechanism must provide separation in two ways: normal (without load) and under load:

• normal - the hooks are released only when the boat is completely on the water, or when there is no load on the hooks, and manual separation of the sloop toe and hook toe is not required. To prevent disengagement in the presence of a load on the hooks, a hydrostatic blocking device is used (Fig. 9). When lifting the boat out of the water, the device will automatically return to its original position;
• under load (emergency release) - the hooks are released by repeated, deliberate and prolonged actions, which should include the removal or shunting (bypassing) of the safety interlocks designed to prevent premature or unintentional release of the hooks. This way of overcoming blocking must have special mechanical protection.

Rice. 9 Lifeboat release mechanism with hydrostatic locking device

The crew members remaining on board the vessel descend into the boat with the help of a ladder, pendants with musings or a net. The boat at this time is held at the side of the vessel on the falines.

After landing all people need:

• close all hatches from the inside and open ventilation openings;
• open the fuel cock and start the engine;
• give up the fallini (in extreme cases, they are cut with axes located at the ends of the boat), and the boat moves away from the ship. It is recommended to keep the fall-ni, because they may still be needed.

If it is not possible to launch part of the life-saving equipment, the captains of the boats and rafts will organize the redistribution of people so that the remaining boats and rafts are loaded evenly.

Supply of boats (Fig. 10). Each lifeboat must be equipped in accordance with the requirements of the International Convention SOLAS-74, including:

• on rowing boats, one floating oar per rower plus two spare and one helmsman, on motor boats - four oars with oarlocks attached to the boat hull with pins (chains);
• two rebate hooks;
• floating anchor with a cable length equal to three lengths of the boat, and a guy attached to the top of the anchor cone;
• two painters with a length of at least 15 meters; two axes, one at each end of the boat for cutting painters when leaving the ship;
• food ration and supply of drinking water 3 liters for each;
• stainless ladle with shtert and stainless graduated vessel;
• fishing equipment;
• signal means: four red parachute rockets, six red flares, two smoke bombs, an electric lamp with a device for signaling Morse code in a waterproof design (with a set of spare batteries and a spare light bulb), one signal mirror - heliograph - with instructions for its use, a signal whistle or an equivalent signal device, tables of rescue signals;
• floodlight capable of continuous operation for 3 hours;
• first aid kit, 6 seasickness tablets and one hygiene bag per person;
• a folding knife attached to the lifeboat with a pin and three can openers;
• hand drain pump, two buckets and scoop;
• fire extinguisher for extinguishing burning oil;
• a set of spare parts and tools for the engine;
• radar reflector or ;
• binnacle with compass;
• individual heat-protective means in the amount of 10% of the passenger capacity of the boat (but not less than two).

Rice. 10 Lifeboat inside

Free fall boats (Fig. 11). The hull of the boat has a stronger structure and well-streamlined smooth lines that prevent a strong impact when the boat enters the water. Since overloads occur when hitting water, special seats are installed in the boat with shock-absorbing pads.

Rice. 11 Free fall boat design

Before the boat leaves the ramp, the crew must securely fasten themselves with seat belts and a special head restraint. Free fall boats guarantee the safety of people when falling from a height of up to 20 meters.

Free-fall boats are considered the most reliable life-saving equipment that ensures the evacuation of people from a sinking ship in all weather conditions.

Standby lifeboat (Fig. 12). This is a type of lifeboat designed to rescue people from the water and to collect lifeboats and rafts.

The advantage of a rescue boat is the speed and reliability of launching and recovering on board on the move with little roughness. A powerful stationary or outboard motor provides a speed of at least 8 knots and allows you to quickly examine the area where a person has fallen overboard, pick him up and deliver him to the ship. The rescue boat is capable of performing rescue operations in stormy conditions and with limited visibility. The duty boats are in constant readiness. Preparation and descent of the boat are made in 5 minutes.

The boat provides a place for transporting the rescued person in the supine position. The propeller is protected to prevent injury to people at sea.

Rice. 12 Standby lifeboat

life rafts

A life raft is a raft capable of saving the lives of people in distress from the moment they leave the ship (Fig. 13). Its design must be such as to withstand the influence of the environment afloat for at least 30 days under any hydrometeorological conditions.

Rafts are made with a capacity of at least 6 and usually up to 25 people (rafts with a capacity of up to 150 people can be found on passenger ships). The number of rafts is calculated in such a way that the total capacity of the life rafts on each side is sufficient to accommodate 150% of the total number of people on board.

Rice. 13 Installation of PSN on board ship

On ships where the distance from the bow or stern to the nearest raft exceeds 100 m, an additional raft must be installed. At least 2 vests and 2 wetsuits must be stored nearby, and there must also be landing aids on each side (boarding ladders on high-sided vessels, life-saving pendants with musings on low-sided vessels).

The total mass of the raft, its container and equipment must not exceed 185 kg, unless the raft is intended to be launched by an approved launching device or it is not required to be carried from side to side.

According to the method of delivery to the water, life rafts are divided into those launched by mechanical means (using rafts) and dumped. Launchable rafts are installed mainly on passenger ships, since boarding in them is carried out at deck level, which is a great advantage in rescuing passengers who may find themselves in a wide variety of physical and mental conditions.

The main distribution, due to its compactness, received inflatable rafts (PSN - inflatable life raft).

The main elements of a life raft are (Fig. 14):

• buoyancy chamber (provides buoyancy for the raft);
• the bottom is a waterproof element that provides insulation from cold water;
• An awning is a waterproof element that provides insulation of the under-tent space from heat and cold.

Rice. 14 Inflatable life raft

The buoyancy chamber of an inflatable raft consists of at least two independent compartments, so that if one compartment is damaged, the remaining compartments can provide a positive freeboard and keep the staff and supplies afloat. Usually, the compartments are arranged in rings one above the other, which makes it possible not only to provide sufficient buoyancy, but also to preserve the area for accommodating people if one compartment is damaged.

To ensure that the working pressure is maintained in the compartments, valves are installed for manual pumping with a pump or bellows.

The task of thermal insulation of the under-tent space is usually solved by installing an awning consisting of two layers of waterproof material with an air gap. The outer color of the tent is orange. To install an awning in inflatable rafts, arch-type supports are made, which automatically inflate together with the buoyancy chamber. The height of the tent is made such that a person can be in a sitting position in any part of the tent space.

The tent should have:

• at least one viewing window;
• device for collecting rainwater;
• a device for mounting a radar reflector or SART;
• stripes of white reflective material.

A signal light is installed on the top of the awning, which automatically turns on when the awning is opened. The battery charge ensures operation for at least 12 hours.

An internal light source with a manual switch is installed inside the raft, capable of continuous operation for at least 12 hours.

A lifeline is attached to the outer perimeter of the buoyancy chamber of the raft, helping to get to the entrance. A lifeline is also installed along the inner perimeter to help people stay during a storm.

Entrances to life rafts are equipped with special devices that help people climb out of the water into the raft. At least one of the water level entrances must have a landing pad. Entrances that are not equipped with a landing platform must have boarding ladders, the lower step of which is at least 0.4 meters below the waterline.

Pockets filled with water are installed on the bottom of the inflatable raft around the perimeter. They are hanging down bags with holes in the upper part. The holes are made large enough that within 25 seconds after the raft is in the open state on the water, the pockets are filled to at least 60%.

Pockets perform two functions:

• provide stability, which is especially important during a storm, when the open raft is on the water without people;
• the open raft has a very large surface windage compared to the submerged part, which leads to a strong wind drift. Water-filled pockets significantly reduce the wind drift of the raft.

To inflate the raft, a cylinder with non-toxic gas is attached to its bottom, closed with a special starting valve, which opens when the starting line attached to it is pulled. When the starting valve is opened, the gas fills the compartments within 1 - 3 minutes.

The length of the starting line is at least 15 meters. Launch line:

• used to open a valve on a gas cylinder;
• used to hold the raft at the side of the vessel.

PSN installation. On the ship, the PSN (inflatable life raft) is stored in a plastic container consisting of two halves, hermetically connected and fastened with bandage tapes (Fig. 15).

The strength of the tapes, or links connecting the ends of the tape, is calculated for rupture from the internal gas pressure when the raft is inflated.

The container with the raft is mounted on a special frame, pressed against it by a lashing, brought to the recoil device.

Rice. 15 Scheme of fixing the PSN to the vessel: 1 - lashings; 2 - verb-gak; 3 - starting line; 4 - hydrostat; 5 - weak link; 6 - bandage tape

The launching device of life rafts must ensure safe launching of the raft with a full set of people and equipment with a list of up to 20 ° on any side and a trim of up to 10 °.

The installation of the raft provides for two ways to release from the lashing - manual and automatic.

To manually release the raft from the nayto-wa, it is enough to drop the fixing link from the verb-hook. There are devices in which the lashing is released by turning a special handle, as a result, the pins holding the root ends of the lashing are pulled out. Such a device is used when several rafts are placed on the same frame one after the other. This design provides for both successive release of rafts, and the release of all rafts by turning one handle.

To automatically release the raft when the vessel is submerged, a hydrostat is switched on in the uncoupling device - a device that releases lashings at a depth of no more than 4 meters.

According to the principle of operation, hydrostats are of the uncoupling type and the cutting one.

In a cutting-type hydrostat, the spring-loaded knife is initially held by a locking pin fixed to a spring-loaded membrane (Fig. 16). The space above the membrane is hermetically sealed, so when immersed in water, the pressure begins to rise only under the membrane. The stiffness of the spring holding the membrane is calculated so that at a depth of up to 4 meters, external pressure will press the membrane and release the knife. The compressed spring of the knife, after being released, straightens sharply, and the rope loop holding the lashings is cut with a blow of the knife.

Rice. 16 Cutting type hydrostat

Uncoupling type hydrostat (Fig. 17). The cases of disconnecting type hydrostats are quite diverse, but they all use the mechanical principle of disconnection when a predetermined pressure on the sensitive element is reached. The body of this hydrostat is divided by a membrane into two chambers, one of which is sealed, and the second can receive water when immersed.

The detachable head, to which the lashing is attached, is held from the inside by a locking device mechanically connected to the membrane.

The stiffness of the spring holding the membrane is designed to release the detachable head of the hydrostat under water pressure, which will lead to the release of the raft from the lashing.

Rice. 17 Structure of the decoupling type hydrostat

When the ship is immersed, the container with the PSN floats up, while the launch line is pulled out of the container. The launch line is connected to the vessel through a weak link. The breaking strength of the weak link is sufficient to pull the launch line out of the container and open the launch valve. With further tension, the weak link breaks and the raft is released from attachment to the ship's side.

There are designs where the weak link is part of the root end of the starting line itself. The strength of the weak link is small to keep the raft at the side in conditions strong wind and unrest. Therefore, in case of manual recoil, the first thing to be done before lashing recoil is to select a small section of the launch line from the container and securely tie it above the weak link to the vessel structure (isolate the weak link). If you do not tie the launch line in the area of ​​normal strength, then the raft will be torn off and carried away.

The weak link is visually easy to distinguish: it can be a thinner insert into the starting line or an incision on the line.

Launching and boarding life rafts

Brief instructions for getting the raft operational and boarding are affixed to the raft's container and near the installation site.

Before boarding the inflatable life raft, the raft commander seizes knives, screwdrivers and other piercing and cutting objects from the escaping.

The procedure for launching the PSN on the water and landing in it provides for the following actions:

• release the knights;
• push the raft overboard. For a high-sided vessel, it is not recommended to drop the raft when heeling over 15 ° from the side that has left the water. Jumping to the water without touching the side is unlikely in this case, and slipping on the board that has come out of the water, overgrown with shells, can lead to serious injuries;
• pull the launch line out of the container and pull hard;
• pull the opened raft to the side and fix the line;
• If the raft has opened upside down, then there are special straps on the bottom of the raft, holding which with your hands and resting your feet on the edge of the bottom, you can turn the raft to its normal position. Since the raft has a large windage, before turning it over, it must be turned so as to be on the leeward side. In this case, the wind will help turn the raft over;
• move into the raft, trying to get into it with a su-him;
• you can jump on a raft from a height of up to 4.5 meters, if you are sure that there are no people in it;
• you can go down the ladder;
• you can go down the rescue pendant with musings;
• you can jump into the water next to the raft, and then climb into the raft;
• help other survivors climb into the raft (use a life ring with a line from the raft's emergency supply).

After all the escaping are on a raft or in the water (Fig. 18), but holding on to the lifeline of the raft, it is necessary to move away from the sinking ship to a safe distance, for which you need:

• cut off the launch line. The knife is in a pocket on the canopy of the raft at the place where the line is attached;
• choose a floating anchor;
• pull up the water pockets, for which it is necessary to pull the pin, which is attached to the bottom of the pocket, then squeeze the water out of the pocket, press the pocket to the bottom and fix the pin in this state;
• use emergency oars.

Rice. 18 In a life raft and on the water

Being close to the boat is dangerous for the following reasons:

• the formation of a funnel when the ship is submerged under water;
• the possibility of an explosion in case of fire;
• surfacing from a sinking ship of large floating objects;
• the possibility of boarding the ship.

After moving to a safe distance, all rescue equipment must be united and held at the place of the shipwreck. Combining rescue equipment allows you to:

• evenly distribute people, water, food, etc.;
• more rational use of signaling means;
• more rational distribution of human resources for the performance of work (watch keeping, fishing, etc.).

The organization of the search and rescue operation will begin from the coordinates of the place of the death of the vessel, therefore, in order to reduce wind drift, it is necessary to place floating anchors and lower water pockets.

Life raft supplies:

• 2 floating oars;
• drainage means: floating scoop and 2 sponges;
• 2 floating anchors, one of which is permanently attached to the raft, and the second is a spare. Immediately after opening a drop-type raft, the attached floating anchor opens automatically;
• a special clumsy knife without a piercing part with a floating handle. The knife is in a pocket near the attachment point of the starting line to the raft;
• life ring with a floating line not less than 30 meters long;
• repair kit for sealing punctures: glue, plugs and clips;
• 3 can openers;
• scissors;
• hand pump or bellows for pumping the raft;
• canned drinking water at the rate of 1.5 liters per person;
• food ration at the rate of 10,000 kJ per person;
• first aid kit;
• seasickness tablets with a duration of action of at least 48 hours per person;
• one hygiene bag per person;
• fishing equipment;
• heat protective equipment in the amount of 10% of the estimated number of people, but not less than 2 units;
• instructions for saving life on life rafts.

Signaling means:

• radar beacon - transponder (SART);
• VHF portable radio station;
• 4 red parachute rockets;
• 6 red flares;
• 2 floating smoke bombs;
• electric waterproof flashlight;
• signal mirror (heliograph) and signal whistle.

Auxiliary rescue equipment

Storm ladders. Each descent site or each two adjacent descent sites must have a landing ladder. If a different approved lifeboat or liferaft access device is installed at each launch site for the collective survival craft, there must be at least one ladder on each side.

Marine evacuation system (MES) is a means for quickly moving people from the landing deck of the vessel to lifeboats and rafts on the water (Fig. 19).

The marine evacuation system is stored packed in a container. It must be installed by one person. Bringing it into working condition is similar to actions with PSN - dropping or launching; pulling and jerking the starting line; fastening on the draperies at the side.

The system consists of a guiding device such as an inflatable chute or ramp and an inflatable platform that functions as a floating berth. Going down the slope to the platform, people move to a raft or boat moored to it.

The total number of people for which the system is designed must be evacuated to life rafts from a passenger ship within 30 minutes from the moment the signal to leave the ship is given, and from a cargo ship - within 10 minutes.

In general, the MES is not a mandatory life-saving device.

Rice. 19 Maritime evacuation system

Line throwing devices (Fig. 20). Each vessel must have a line-throwing device capable of throwing the line with sufficient accuracy. The kit includes:

• at least 4 rockets, each of which provides a line throwing at a distance of at least 230 meters in calm weather;
• at least 4 lines with a breaking force of at least 2 kN;
• pistol or other device for launching a rocket.

Rice. 20 Line throwing devices

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