Dolmens history of origin. N. Koltova

“Ordinary houses of ancient people, only made of stone,” skeptics say in spite of them. “Beautiful monuments of architecture,” scientists and archaeologists speak of dolmens.

Surprisingly, despite the difference in perception and characteristics, they are all right in their own way. Because the true purpose of the dolmens, as well as when and by whom they were built, no one knows for sure.

"Bogatyr huts" Adygs call "the house of the dwarf"

The word "dolmen" comes from the combination of two words of the Breton language, namely "toal" - "table" and "men" - "stone", which literally means "stone table".

There are other interpretations of the word "dolmen" - "changing share", and the Circassians, for example, call dolmens "sypun" or "ispui", which means "dwarf's house". For the Cossacks, these mysterious stone buildings are “heroic huts”.

Dolmens belong to the group of ancient megaliths (translated from Greek, the word "megalith" means "a huge stone") and are man-made structures of a certain shape, built of massive stone slabs or stone blocks.

Evgenii Shabanov / Russian Look

These ancient mystical structures, according to some scientists, they were built 7-8 thousand years (sometimes even the number ten thousand years is called!) distributed throughout the world. In the most different countries and cultures.

By age, dolmens are much older than other stone structures - Egyptian pyramids.

Among all the versions about the origin of dolmens, the most interesting is the Adyghe one. According to Adyghe legends, dolmens are dwellings of dwarfs. In ancient times, tribes of dwarfs and giants lived in the mountains. Physically weak dwarfs were not able to build their own houses to shelter from the weather.

Looking at their homeless life, the giants decided to build houses. After all, any of the tribe of giants without much effort could break a stone slab in the mountains and, having put it on their shoulders, carry it to the place of construction. By the way, the weight of dolmens is from 5 to 20 or more tons.

The simplest version of the dolmen is a stone structure, composed of several large stone blocks, which form a certain architectural form in the form of the letter "P" (the simplest dolmens are made up of three stone blocks). There are dolmens made from a single piece of stone, but this is much less common.

Of greatest interest are the dolmens of the Caucasus, which have a complete architectural form and usually consist of five or six massive stone slabs - four slabs stand vertically, the fifth one lies on them, and the sixth slab acts as a bottom. Thus, the dolmen forms a kind of stone box.

Usually in the front transverse plate of such dolmens there is a hole, most often of a round shape. But sometimes there are holes and square or triangular shape. Although scientists do not exclude that they originally had a round shape.

Sometimes there are even dolmens that do not have holes at all. The dolmen hole can be closed with a mushroom-shaped stone plug carefully fitted to the size of the hole. The weight of such a cork can reach up to 100 kilograms.

The average size of the Caucasian dolmens: three meters long, two wide and two high. The diameter of the round hole is about 40 cm. The average weight of each stone slab varies from 3 to 8 tons. Stone blocks, as a rule, are connected in a groove and have a very a high degree fit.

If you want to see a dolmen, go to the sea

Dolmens are found almost all over the world. In France, England, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Spain, Bulgaria and Turkey, on the coast mediterranean sea, on the islands of Corsica and Malta, in Spain and Portugal, in Africa and the Middle East.

Photo: Gary Cook /globallookpress.com

However, one of the largest concentrations of dolmens is located along the Black Sea coast, especially in the Caucasus, where they are found in the coastal strip and stretch along the coast for 400 km from Anapa and Novorossiysk to Abkhazia.

The width of this strip towards Novorossiysk is 75 km and in this territory, at the moment, archaeologists have found about 3,000 dolmens (out of 9000 known worldwide!).

Archaeological excavations in the Caucasus continue - 100 dolmens have been found in the Gelendzhik region alone. More than 40 of them are located in the area of ​​Pshada - Mikhailovsky Pass. The walls of the largest Krasnodar Territory The Pshad dolmen reaches a length of up to 4 meters.

The material from which the dolmens were made was different, depending on the area: in Denmark and Britain - granite blocks; in central and southern France, in Holland and Spain - limestone.

Photo: Sheila Terry / globallookpress.com

But, do you know what unites all the dolmens in the world? Absolutely all stone monoliths are located near the coast of the sea or ocean.

Dolmens “tell” people where it is safe

Scientists who have studied many ancient dolmens note that the multi-ton slabs from which the monoliths were folded are almost unprocessed from the outside. Only sometimes the plates are decorated with ornaments. But on the inner side, which forms the walls of the chamber, they are almost always carefully aligned, sometimes almost polished.

In 2006, St. Petersburg researchers made a sensational discovery during excavations of a dolmen in the village of Dzhubga.

On a stone block, scientists discovered a petroglyph with images of animals and humans. Such a find was made for the first time in Russian archeology. Most likely, the images are an illustration of an ancient mythological story, the heroes of which were a man, a deer, a dog and other animals.

What is interesting - around the places where dolmens stand - singly or in a group, sometimes strange things happen.

For example, soils float around the monolith, landslides break, mudflows rush through, but researchers have never recorded any violations from these “heroic huts”. Even if the edge of the collapse of the landslide is located just a dozen meters from the dolmen.

In addition, on the sites of ancient landslides, the destroyed parts of dolmens have never been found. This fantastic forecast for millennia ahead is truly amazing!

Scientists and ordinary travelers who have visited places of mass accumulation of dolmens (for example, in the Gelendzhik region), celebrate a special state of mind, being close to ancient buildings.

Instead of worries, peace comes in the heart, some people suddenly come up with the right solutions to problems that have long tormented them. Someone claims that the dolmen "cured" him of a long-standing illness.

Source youtube.com / user loki4145

The ubiquity and commonality of the architectural compositions of megaliths around the world causes scientists and researchers to have an amazing guess that they were built by the progenitors of mankind, when there was a single people on earth.

Most of the dolmens are found in deserted and barren places, along the seashores. At one time there was a hypothesis that these monuments were left by a people spreading from Asia, through northern Africa, to the Iberian Peninsula and further to France, Germany and Denmark, but this hypothesis is contradicted by the fact that the northern dolmens (Danish or British) belong in all respects to more ancient era than the southern ones.

According to another hypothesis, dolmens are direct evidence of the existence of the legendary Atlantis. Atlantis is sought either in the Mediterranean Sea, or in the Atlantic, or in the Black Sea. But always these points somehow coincide with the areas of distribution of dolmens.

Dolmens change the properties of objects

The first studies of dolmens concerned X-ray radiation around dolmens. The results of the research showed that the radiation background of the dolmens themselves does not differ much from the background of the area itself. Since more than 75 percent of megaliths are located at the sites of faults in the earth's crust, then, as a result, the radiation background is somewhat increased.

As for the radiation by the dolmens themselves - here the scientists came to a consensus - everything is clean, the devices did not register anything.

However, times are changing, technology is developing, recent studies have shown that when a person enters the dolmen field, wave characteristics are still recorded.

In addition, the experiments with products showed that after being in dolmens, or nearby, their organoleptic properties change. The water in the ampoule, which had been in the dolmen's chamber, was different from its counterparts in the box, which did not approach the dolmen. The yeast that had been in the dolmen was not suitable for baking bread, while the products changed their taste properties.

If dolmens affect water, it is logical to assume that the changes also affect humans.

By analogy, scientists cite as an example the strange "properties" of a cave in Eastern Europe, where scientists conducted research in the 80s. At local residents she had a bad reputation. At first, scientists, having installed equipment in the cave, recorded absolutely nothing.

But as soon as a man entered the cave, the instruments went off scale. Most likely, dolmens somehow "respond" to the presence of a person nearby.

From the point of view of physics, a dolmen most of all resembles a model of an emitter, the material of a dolmen is quartz sandstone, a mineral that has very interesting properties, in particular, the ability to generate an electric current under the influence of compression (piezoelectric effect), as well as maintain the constancy of vibrations (frequency stabilization).

This is the basis for its application in radio engineering. Under the influence of an electric current, quartz crystals generate ultrasound (reverse piezoelectric effect). It has also been established that, under mechanical deformations, quartz is capable of generating radio waves.

Faults in the earth's crust, near which dolmens are located, under certain conditions, can play the role of waveguides, then the dolmens themselves can then perform the function of both receivers and emitters.

Some specialists - scientists led by academician of archeology V. I. Morkovin, agree that dolmens are not burial grounds, but technical devices of an ancient, previous earthly civilization.

The construction sites of dolmens turned out to be in line with the recently discovered energy grid of our planet.

The quartz components of the sandstones of the slabs have piezoelectric properties, the shape of the dolmens meets the requirements of the wave box; it has been established that even now dolmens are capable of generating ultrasound.

Dolmen affects people, but does not succumb to their will

Doubting scientists conducted research on changes in blood composition in people who were in the dolmen field. It turned out that for a short period of time a person's blood glucose level rises. And the pressure measurement showed that it normalizes in the dolmen field.

Moreover, some quite modern and educated people are sure that dolmens have healing properties.

To gain health, they say, you can rub its wall with your palm. And you can climb on the roof of the building. IN Gelendzhik region there is a legend about a certain St. Petersburg doctor who is sure that even a photograph of a dolmen can cure a person’s bodily health.

However, what is more here - real facts or fantasies about the omnipotence of ancient megaliths, each person decides for himself.

Speaking about the mysterious properties of dolmens, it is impossible not to mention interesting story that took place during the Soviet era.

In 1960, a dolmen from Esheri was transported to the courtyard of the Sukhumi museum, archaeologist Alexander Alexandrovich Formozov told it in his book “Monuments of Primitive Art on the Territory of the USSR”.

They decided to move the dolmen, apparently so that the tourists would not have to go somewhere far to look at the unique Caucasian megaliths.

For transportation, they chose the smallest and lightest megalith and brought a crane to it. However, all efforts to raise the dolmen were in vain.

“No matter how they fixed the loops of the steel cable to the cover plate,” says Formozov, “she did not move.

A second crane was called. Two cranes removed a multi-ton monolith, but they were unable to lift it onto a truck. Exactly a year the roof lay in Esheri, waiting for a more powerful mechanism to arrive in Sukhumi.”

In 1961, with the help of this mechanism, all the stones were finally loaded onto cars.

But the main thing was ahead - assemble the house again. The roof was released on four walls, but they could not turn it so that their edges fit into the grooves on the inner surface of the roof.

The fact is that dolmens are not just four walls, a floor and a ceiling. These are a kind of "puzzles": in their side walls there are special grooves, which perfectly fit the ledges made in the back and front walls; the same grooves are in the roof, which is “put on” from above on the walls.

“In ancient times, the plates were fitted to each other so much that the blade could not fit between them. Now there is a big gap,” recalled the archaeologist.

The film was created by the participants of the "Atlas of Culture" project.Source youtube.com

Riddles without answers

Despite many years of research and an abundance of hypotheses, the mystery of dolmens still remains unsolved. Many theories, both scientific and alternative, often contradict each other and do not reveal the mysterious origin of these ancient giants. Will we ever be able to unravel this thousand-year-old mystery and understand the purpose of dolmens?

1. Who built the dolmens? According to archeology, the standard of living of the inhabitants of the area where dolmens were found 8-10 thousand years ago was very primitive. They were not yet familiar with the plow and the potter's wheel; hoe farming and the manufacture of copper products were born among them. So how could they manually build these "heroic huts" without the help of complex mechanisms?

2. What is the purpose of dolmens? Archaeologists have found that during the Bronze Age and later they were often used for burial. At a later time, they began to bury in the ground in stone boxes made of thinner slabs and pour mounds of earth on top. Were these people the builders of the dolmens themselves?

One of the versions is described in V. Megre's book "Anastasia": the best representatives of civilization went to die in dolmens, meditating, in order to stay on Earth forever in spirit and preserve the knowledge they needed for posterity.

3. How people, being many thousands of kilometers apart, without having Vehicle and communications, could build similar structures almost simultaneously?

Information sources:

Anatoly Veremiev "Mysteries of Dolmens"

"Our planet"

"Journey to the Dolmens"

On the territory of the North-Western Caucasus, presumably in the 4th-2nd millennium BC, there was an unknown civilization, from which megalithic structures have come down to us (megalith - from Greek mega - huge, lithos - stone.), later called dolmens.

Outwardly they similar to stone houses, where each wall can weigh tens of tons. From the people who created these places of worship we are separated by about 4-6 millennia. The oral tradition of an ethnos exists on average for about 2000 years. Then his traces disappear in the great whirlpool of the displacement of peoples.

Only ancient Adyghe legends about a dwarf people who use hares for riding, with which the giants built houses of stones, have come down to us.

The study of the dolmens of the Caucasus began at the end of the 16th century. Academician Peter Simon Pallas, an employee of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in 1803 published notes about his journey through the outskirts of the Russian state and did not fail to mention the dolmens he discovered on the Taman Peninsula.

In 1818, the geographer K. Tausha and the Frenchman Tebu de Marigny, who served in the Russian army, discovered and described a group of dolmens in the Pshada River basin. Somewhat later more detailed description Pshad dolmens were given by the director of the Kerch Museum, Russified Serb Anton Baltazarovich Ashik.

Interest in dolmens among scientists increased. Already by the middle of the 19th century, in scientific works, the word "dolmen" was assigned to the megalithic buildings of the Caucasus. The Cossacks called dolmens "heroic huts".

The indigenous population, the Adyghes and Abkhazians called dolmens - "ispun" and "spyun" (houses of dwarfs, caves), Abkhazians - "keuezh" and "adamra" (ancient grave houses). Mingrelians called them "mdishkude", "ozvale", "sadavale" (houses of giants, receptacle of bones).

In the second half of the 19th century, F.S. Bayern, N.L. Kamenev, A.S. Uvarov and P.S. Uvarova, E.D. Felitsyna, G.N. Sorokhtin, A.Ya. Kolosov and many others. In the pre-war period, L.I. Lavrov, V.I. Strazhev, A.A. Jessen. The first systematization of the dolmens of the Caucasus was made by L.I. Lavrov.

He collected all the data on the location of dolmens that have ever been in the Caucasus. His work described information about 1139 dolmens known since the journey of P.S. Pallas and until 1960.

It was L.I. Lavrov who proposed the classification of dolmens, which scientists still use. Dolmens are classified according to construction technology and on this basis four types of dolmens are distinguished:

1). Tiled - was built from 6 multi-ton slabs - one foundation or heel stone, two side slabs, a portal slab, a rear slab and a floor slab (according to V.I. Markovin, 92% of all dolmens are tiled.).

2). composite - made up of several large blocks.

3). A semi-monolithic or trough-shaped dolmen - hollowed out entirely in a rock block and covered with a slab on top.

4). monolithic - completely carved into the rock through a hole.

One of the largest, modern researchers of dolmen culture is V.I. Markovin. In his monograph "Dolmens of the Western Caucasus", V.I. Markovin determined the distribution of dolmens in the Caucasus region, studied them in detail and described them based on the study of archival materials and the results of expeditions of 2308 dolmens.

But, most likely, the history of the study of dolmens is just beginning. Every year brings new finds and discoveries.

Dolmen - (Celtic) "tol" - table, "men" - stone. those. "Stone table". They belong to the culture of "megaliths" - (from Greek) "huge stones". The bearers of this amazing culture are not precisely defined, but the monuments left by them are truly grandiose. The European name is not accidental, dolmens are quite widespread. An interesting sequence of their distribution can be traced. Early dolmens are found on the western coast of the Black Sea, then the band of their distribution extends to Asia Minor, then the Middle East.

Palestine - North Africa - Spain - Portugal - France - Holland - northern Germany - along the Danube to the Balkans - West Bank Black Sea. Thus, a closed loop is traced. Apparently, the carriers of the "Dolmen" culture migrated along this route. True, there are separate dolmens in Central Africa, and India, and even in Japan. But still, the dolmens of the North-Western Caucasus became the most interesting for researchers. The name Stone Table was given for a reason - the presence of a massive lid, which crowns almost every dolmen, makes it look like a table. Almost all of the Caucasian dolmens are individual, although for decades archaeologists have not abandoned their attempts to find some mathematical regularity in their structure. But in the words of the famous Soviet archaeologist Markovin, a researcher of dolmens who devoted several decades of his life to them, this is an idea with the systematization of these stone monuments “art for the sake of art”, like medieval scholasticism. It is unlikely that the ancient builders suspected some of the mathematical patterns under which their researchers tried to bring the dolmens. Rather, it is important to understand what their creators tried to show by building dolmens.

Scientific studies of the Caucasian dolmens begin at the end of the 17th century, when the famous Russian naturalist and geographer Pallas first made detailed descriptions of these buildings found by him on the Taman Peninsula. True, he somewhat underestimated their age. Pallas discovered in one of the dolmens several objects of a later time than the burial structures themselves. Therefore, he dated them to the time of Greek colonization. Later, such scientists as Tebu de Marigny, Frederic Dubois de Montpere, Felitsyn, Veselovsky and others were engaged in the study of dolmens. Since the middle of the 20th century, archaeologists Teshev, Kondryakov, Autlev, Markovin have been dealing with this problem. Thanks to their work, many questions regarding dolmens have now been revealed.
The distribution band of the Caucasian dolmens extends from Taman Peninsula to Abkhazia at a length of 480 km. Its width varies from 30 to 75 km. Dolmens are not located haphazardly, they can usually be found along river basins and near passes. A map of the distribution of dolmens, when combined with a map of the strike of the main rocks, showed that these buildings were always located where there was material suitable for their construction. In total, according to archaeologists, there are about 2,500 dolmens in the Kuban. Local buildings, despite their certain resemblance to European dolmens, also have their own characteristics, for example, almost all Caucasian dolmens have a hole made on the front side, as a rule, a round shape, the diameter of which ranges from 37 to 43 cm. Apparently Caucasian dolmens are later than European ones. and this is seen in their more regular form. According to Jessen, they date back to about 2500 BC. AD the period of construction of dolmens lasted about 900 years, after which the traces of their builders disappear.
The nature of the finds made in the dolmens allows us to draw two conclusions - these were burial structures. remains of human burials (usually bones sprinkled with red ocher) and grave goods were found in untouched dolmens. - the second conclusion is undoubtedly cult buildings, as evidenced by their monumentality, astronomical orientation (some researchers conclude that the dolmen openings are directed to the place of sunset on certain days).
Despite the fact that Vladimir Ivanovich Markovin rejected attempts at mathematical systematization, he himself and his colleague Pshemaf Ulagaevich Autlev systematized dolmens into five main groups.

1. Tiled - the most common type of dolmens, about 90% of the total number of known ones. The name comes from the form and principle of construction. It was built from five massive stone slabs (hence the name), Four slabs made up the walls, the fifth - the ceiling. The thickness of the walls is from 30 to 60 cm in the form of a truncated pyramid. With great care, V. I. Markovin, after carefully measuring, deduced the proportion of the ratio of the front, rear and equal side plates. It turned out that the builders of dolmens had a certain architectural module, i. a unit of measure, by which the entire structure was repaired. This module is equal to 1/10 of the front plate. The general proportion of most of the tiled dolmens was 10 x 12 x 8 (the ratio of the front, side, and rear sides, respectively, of the inner chamber of the dolmen).

The slabs are massive, hewn and are not inferior in thickness to modern artificial panels. We must not forget that there were no cranes and tractors in the era of the construction of ancient structures.
Dolmens in the full sense of the word are the creation of human hands. Historians unanimously regard them as ancient monuments architecture. It is with the description of megaliths that almost all educational courses in the history of architecture begin, because works of architecture inextricably combine solutions to practically necessary utilitarian tasks, with purely artistic creativity. Each epoch has its own architecture, the images of which actively influence the consciousness of a person's feelings. It should be added that architecture is not only a building business or purely artistic creativity; it is a synthesis of both.
Famous art historian Mikhail Vladimirovich. Alpatov, studying ancient megalithic monuments as architectural structures, wrote: "One can imagine with what sense of dignity and creative satisfaction people looked at these monuments, who with their efforts defeated the physical resistance of the stone." When building a dolmen, a person, in his words, “limits space by piling up material; for the first time here, the bearing and resting parts are clearly contrasted; this opposition became the basis of architecture” From the internal space of the dolmen “the interior had to develop” - “The beginning of order, first of all rhythm, is manifested in dolmens, the beginning of which in one form or another became the basis of the artistic language of architecture.” Proportionality and scale can be added to these qualities, because they create a feeling of strength and grandiosity. As a rule, sandstones and quartzites were the material for the construction of dolmens. And the softer the stone was, the more correct the shape of the dolmens themselves and the slabs that made them up. Archaeologists have restored the construction technology of these tombs with great certainty. First, a massive block of approximately the right thickness broke off from the formation. A thin gutter about 1 cm deep was knocked out along the contour of the future slab. After 20-30 cm, along the perimeter of the future slab (along the gutter), through holes were drilled into which wooden wedges were tightly driven. After that, the gutter was poured with water, and after a while the tree swelled, and the stone cracked. It turned out a blank for the future dolmen slab.

archaeologists have found both unused blanks of future slabs and the tools with which these slabs were processed. A hole was punched in the front plate. After careful cutting and fitting, the slabs were transported to the place of assembly (sometimes several kilometers away, given the mountainous and wooded area). Transportation took place apparently with the help of both human traction and oxen traction. The slabs were transported on log-skating rinks, alternately placing them under the movable slab (the famous Thunder-Stone was transported in a similar way, for the monument to Peter in St. Petersburg). The place for the construction was not chosen by chance, not far from the water (usually along the banks of rivers), and on a hill, or on the slopes of mountains (usually, these are places where the sunset is clearly visible). A powerful stone foundation was laid out from two or three large stones, less often from one. For tiled dolmens, grooves were knocked out at the joints of the plates and their installation began. First, the front and rear plates were installed using props, and then the side plates were attached to them from the sides. The joints were so tightly fitted that the surviving dolmens could not even fit a sheet of paper into them. Sometimes a temple was built around the dolmen, most likely intended for ritual sacrifices. After that, an earth embankment was made on one of the sides of the building, and the top cover-slab was rolled over it. The hole was closed with a mushroom-shaped stone plug. Based on the fact that a dolmen usually weighs several tons, according to the calculations of archaeologists, approximately 50-70 people took part in its construction. The dolmen did not immediately become a tomb. There are dolmens in which there have never been burials, this fact suggests that most likely the dolmen was not built for a specific person, but the burial was carried out in it, after a certain period, after its construction. All tiled dolmens have a "portal" i.e. the front and side plates protrude 30-40 cm beyond the junction. Some scientists attribute the presence of the portal to the fact that the dolmen personified the transition to the other world. And the portal thus could represent the gate. Like it or not, some dolmens have such a massive portal that they had to make additional props for it. All dolmen slabs had a trapezoid shape in plan, and in general the tiled dolmen has the shape of a truncated pyramid, which ensures the overall strength of the structure.

Thus, the building expands to the base and to the "portal".

2. The next type of dolmens - systematized by Markovin - is a composite dolmen, which is built not from five huge slabs, but from more smaller stones. An analysis of the study of these buildings showed that at first it was a necessary measure, because. there might not be enough large stones and they were replaced with smaller parts.
Dolmens have been found, which have three monoliths at the base and one of the walls is made up of several stone blocks. Later, the composite dolmen becomes an end in itself for its builders, and due to the greater plasticity of the architecture of these buildings, dolmens of the most unusual form begin to appear.
Even round in plan, although it should be noted that composite dolmens are relatively rare. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, due to their structural features, they are less durable and less resistant to the elements and human barbarity. Secondly, due to the greater complexity of the technology, fewer of them were built.

3. No less interest was caused by the so-called. “Trough-shaped” dolmens are the third type of dolmens identified by V.I. Markovin. In the very name of their clue to their features.
A dolmen chamber was hollowed out in a large stone block, the outer part of the stone was cut. A hole was punched in the front plate. Then a lid was mounted on the resulting "trough". These dolmens, due to the more complex construction technology, are also rare.

4. Even less often "trough-shaped" and "composite" monolithic dolmens are found, which are much smaller than all the others. The name itself speaks of their structure - they are hollowed out in a large block. At the same time, a “portal” is necessarily imitated, which indicates their later origin than the tiled dolmens. They are extremely rare.

5. Finally, the fifth group can be divided into "false portal" dolmens. Their name comes from strange feature designs. If in all dolmens with a portal, the hole is located on the vertical axis of symmetry, then in the “false portal” dolmens, the hole is either absent altogether, or is located in the rear or side slabs. What explains this feature of their construction, scientists have not yet undertaken to answer reliably. These dolmens are also very few, we can say only a few. The closest one to Anapa is located in the valley of the river. Jane.

Findings of primary objects placed in dolmens by their builders help archaeologists answer some historical questions about the bearers of this material culture. For example, that, despite the later period of the existence of the dolmen culture. Pottery and metallurgical production was a level lower than that of the bearers of the "Maikop" culture. Also, archaeologists have not been able to find the remains of the settlements of the dolmen builders, which is not yet clear. Apparently, this bygone civilization embodied all its achievements in these grandiose structures, paying less attention to the domestic side of life. To this day, dolmens, their history, despite the huge interest in them both from science and from the inhabitants, remain the greatest mystery humanity.

Purpose

The purpose of megaliths cannot always be established. For the most part, according to some scientists, they served for burials or were associated with a funeral cult. There are other opinions as well. Apparently, megaliths are communal structures (the function is socializing). Their construction was a most difficult task for primitive technology and required the unification of large masses of people.

Some megalithic structures, such as the complex of more than 3,000 stones in French Carnac (Brittany), were important ceremonial centers associated with the cult of the dead. Other megalithic complexes have been used to determine the timing of astronomical events such as the solstice and equinox.

In the area of ​​Nabta Playa in the Nubian desert, a megalithic structure was found that served for astronomical purposes. This building is 1000 years older than Stonehenge, which is also considered a kind of prehistoric observatory.

ALLEYS OF MENGIRS

On the territory of the megalithic monument Karnak there are 3 large groups of alleys of menhirs:

• Le Menech(Menek alley of menhirs),
• Kermario(alley of menhirs of Kermario and Magno),
• Kerlescan(alley of menhirs Kerleskan and small Menek).

Once they were a single group, but split when some of the stones were lost, stolen or used for other purposes.

1.1 Les Menec (Les alignements du Menec)

Alley of menhirs Le Menech

Eleven converging rows of menhirs stretched over a distance of 1165 meters, the width of the composition is 100 meters. On each side there are the remains of structures that Alexander Tom considered as stone circles. According to the tourist office, there is a "cromlech containing 71 stone blocks" on the western end and a badly damaged cromlech on the east. The largest of the stones, about 4 meters high, are at the wider, western end. To the east, the stones become lower, up to 60 centimeters, then their height grows, and on the eastern edge they are again high.

1.2. Alley of menhirs Kermario

This fan-shaped pattern is repeated to the east, in the alley of menhirs. Kermario. Kermario consists of 1029 stones arranged in 10 rows about 1300 meters long.

Towards the eastern edge, where the stones are smaller, a stone ring was found in aerial photography.

1.3. Kerlescan(alley of menhirs Kerleskan and small Menek)

Alley of menhirs Kerleskan

A smaller group of 555 stones is located further east of the compositions mentioned above. It consists of 13 rows with a total length of about 800 meters. The height of the stones ranges from 80 cm to 4 meters. In the very west, where the highest stones are located, there is a stone ring of 39 stones. To the north there may be another stone ring.

alley Small Menek(fr. Petit Menec)

A significantly smaller group is located east of Kerleskan. She enters the territory of the commune of La Trinite-sur-Mer. This place is overgrown with forest, and the stones, for the most part, are overgrown with moss and ivy.

Alley of Menhirs Kermario

Alley of menhirs Menek

Alley of Menhirs Kermario

Alley of menhirs Kerleskan

DELMEN

In the territory Krasnodar Territory thousands of monuments are scattered, which, in terms of historical and cultural significance, are on a par with the famous Stonehenge and are the same age as the Egyptian pyramids. These are dolmens. For several years now, they have attracted the attention of hundreds of people. Most of them are followers of one of the modern religious and mystical movements, which has chosen dolmens as an object of worship. To see with their own eyes the ancient buildings and touch the secret of antiquity, pilgrims travel thousands of kilometers, reaching from the most remote corners of Russia and neighboring countries. The origin of these monuments is still a mystery. But thanks to archaeological research recent years, we are learning more and more about those who left behind these tombs competing with nature and time. In the same way that archaeologists extract ancient artifacts bit by bit from the earth, the daily life of ancient builders, their technical capabilities and scientific knowledge, their beliefs and customs are revealed to us step by step.

Monuments of the past

Dolmens are megalithic tombs, unique monuments of the past, left to us by the peoples of the Caucasus. Their construction began at the turn of the 4th-3rd millennium BC. Dolmens, like guardians, stand between the past, present and future, admiring us with their grandeur, which reflects the history of millennia.

Giant stone tombs got their name from the Breton (Celtic) tol - table, men - stone, stone table.

Dolmen culture played a significant role in the formation of the Abkhaz-Adyghe ethnic group at its early stage. Megalithic mausoleums were included in the vocabulary of the languages ​​of the peoples of the western tip of the Caucasus and in their legend. Mingrelians called dolmens "ozvale", "sadzvale" (repositories of bones), as well as "mdishkude" (houses of giants), Abkhazians - "adamra" (ancient grave houses). The Circassians originally used the word "keu-nezh", which has the same meaning as the Abkhazian "adamra", and in later times the term "ispyun" ("ispun", "spyun"), which translates as the house of a dwarf ("sleep "dwarf, "une" house). According to Adyghe legends, dolmens are dwellings built by giants ("nart", "enzh") for the neighboring tribe of dwarfs ("sleep", "tsan", "tsanna") out of generosity and pity for defenseless creatures (however, there is an option legend, claiming that cunning dwarfs forced the simple-minded giants to do this work by cunning). Later Adyghe tales claim that the gnomes, like dashing horsemen, overcame the round opening of the dolmen entrance, jumping out of the spout and jumping inside it on horseback. The Russian-speaking population, which appeared in the North-Western Caucasus in the 19th century, called dolmens "heroic huts", "didov" or even "devil's huts".

Dolmen culture is widespread in the Western Caucasus, from the Taman Peninsula to Abkhazia. It stretches 480 km long and 30-75 km wide. By the end of 1976, 2308 dolmens had been discovered. There are 268 on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, of which about 100 are in the Gelendzhik region, and more than 40 are in the area of ​​the villages of Pshady and Mikhailovsky Pass.

Analyzing the written sources of the 19th-20th centuries, it can be noted that in the Novorossiysk-Gelendzhik region, more than half of the megalithic tombs, which are the property of not only Russian, but also world culture, have been destroyed. The process of their loss continues. Hundreds of dolmens were destroyed during the construction of roads, quarries, housing, during logging, planning hayfields, gardens, destroyed by treasure hunters...

Research and classification of dolmens

The areas of distribution of dolmens in the world gravitate towards the World Ocean. Initially, European science became aware of the dolmens of India, Palestine and a number of European countries- France (Brittany), Italy, Greece, Denmark and the Scandinavian countries. Dolmens are considered to belong to the Indo-European race. There is a hypothesis according to which the builders of dolmens belonged to a single people of seafarers. According to another hypothesis, dolmen culture is inherent in various peoples who had contacts with each other. The well-known Soviet researcher of dolmens L. I. Lavrov believes that, starting from the second hypothesis, it is possible to investigate the issue of sea voyages of the ancient Caucasian highlanders, who, although they borrowed, improved the technique of building dolmens. Moreover, since it is now customary to attribute the time of construction of the dolmens of the mountainous Trans-Kuban region to 2300-2000 BC, that is, to consider them the same age as the Egyptian pyramids, Lavrov considers it undeniable that there were contacts between dolmen builders and pyramid builders in this era. In favor of this, in his opinion, is evidenced by the same exclusive concern for the afterlife in both cases.

For the first time, dolmens in the Western Caucasus were discovered by the Russian academician P.S. Pallas in 1793. Driving along the North Spit on the Taman Peninsula (near the village of Fontalovskaya), he came across the ruins of the Tatar village of Chokrak-Koy, “... and a little further,” he adds in his report, “on a flat hill there are many graves ... with large flat limestone and sandstone-slate slabs, placed on edge in oblong quadrangular boxes. Their origin is not Tatar, but, perhaps, Circassian."

In 1818, the French archaeologist Thebu de Marigny discovered a group of dolmens in the gorge of the Pshada River. In the early 30s of the 19th century, his compatriot Dubois de Montpere and the Englishman J. Bell discovered several more dolmens between Gelendzhik and Dzhubga, as well as large dolmen groups in the upper reaches of the Abin River; about ten years later, these researchers were the first to publish sketches of the mysterious mausoleums. In the second half 19th century expeditions to the dolmens were undertaken by F. S. Bumper (1865-1870), K. D. Felitsyn (1878), who entered the history of science as the greatest connoisseur of dolmens and the discoverer of many dolmen groups in the Kuban region, V. I. Sizov (1888). The pioneer of Kuban local history, teacher of the Yekaterinodar gymnasium V. M. Sysoev traveled on behalf of the Moscow Archaeological Society in 1892, the distribution area of ​​​​the Kuban dolmens, having made one of the first attempts to determine their total number. They wrote about dolmens famous researchers P. S. Uvarov (1891) and L. Ya Apostolov (1897). In Soviet times, many scientists were engaged in them, among which V. I. Markovin, who dedicated 25 scientific publications to dolmens in 1960-1975, his doctoral dissertation, monograph, and also a popular book, should be noted first of all; L. I. Lavrov, who published in 1960 the most complete catalog of the dolmens of the North-Western Caucasus, and the famous Krasnodar archaeologist Professor N. V. Anfimov - his 1957 expedition to the dolmens of the Russian Black Sea region obtained a lot of new information about stone "birdhouses".

The first most complete catalog of dolmens was compiled by 1960 by L.I. Lavrov (1139 dolmens). He also proposed a classification of dolmens in the Western Caucasus, which exists with some changes even today. L.I. Lavrov divided the whole variety of dolmens into four main types.

1. "Normal" (tiled dolmen), i.e. the most common type of dolmens. It is "a quadrangular box, each side of which, as well as the roof and often the bottom, is a separate monolithic slab."

2. Composite dolmens - with one or more walls made of smaller slabs.

3. Trough-shaped dolmens.

4. Dolmens are monoliths.

IN AND. Markovin by 1978 compiled a catalog of dolmens in the Western Caucasus, numbering about 2308 monuments. He also compiled and published the monograph "Dolmens of the Western Caucasus", which even today is a kind of "bible" for researchers of the megaliths of the Western Caucasus. Classification of dolmens according to V.I. Markovin is an extended version of the above classification by L.I. Lavrov.

I. Tiled dolmens:

1. Structures of a quadrangular plan:

Buildings without openings;

Dolmens with portals;

Dolmens with wide portal ledges;

Dolmens are sharply trapezoidal in plan.

2. Structures of a polygonal plan.

II. Composite dolmens:

1. dolmens, imitating the forms of tiled buildings and transitional to multifaceted structures;

2. dolmens of multifaceted and round plan;

3. dolmens of complex design;

III. Trough-shaped dolmens:

1. dolmens without manhole;

2. trapezoidal dolmens;

3. dolmens carved into the rocks, with chambers of various shapes, decorated with portal protrusions or niches;

4. false portal dolmens;

5. dolmens close to monoliths.

IV. Dolmens are monoliths.

In the monograph by V.I. Markovin presents a preliminary scheme for the development of dolmen types and changes in the burial rite.

A. The oldest type of dolmen structures are tiled structures, in which the holes are manholes, and individual walls are made of dry cobblestones. The appearance of such dolmens can be approximately attributed to 2400 BC. (as amended in 1997 - by 2700 BC).

Following them, dolmens of the Novosvobodnensky type appear - structures of the portal type (with attached slabs near the facade). They are characterized by: an elongated chamber, rectangular and round holes, and the absence of heel stones. Dolmens are often covered with stone-earth embankment. The time of their construction is determined around 2300 BC. (as amended in 1997 - 2600 BC).

At the same time and somewhat later, dolmens with an almost square chamber appear, made of rectangular slabs. The holes are mostly round. By 2100 B.C. (according to the edition for 1997 - by 2500 BC), in the opinion of scientists, there are monuments of a clearer trapezoid plan with powerful portal ledges, at the same time the mound of Psynako I was erected.

Almost simultaneously with the earliest tiled dolmens, trough-shaped structures without holes appeared, covered with a large slab. Somewhat later, the first composite dolmens appear. These buildings, with their proportions and external design of the portal part, imitate the forms and decor of tiled dolmens.

The described monuments were intended mainly for individual burials, less often - 2-3 dead, laid crouched, with a strong powder of ocher.

lonely among early monuments there is a multifaceted dolmen (R. Fars), which, we can assume, is almost synchronous with the Novosvobodnensky tombs.

B. The heyday of dolmen culture falls on the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. (as amended in 1997 - at the end of the III - the first half of the II millennium BC). At this time, tiled buildings of a trapezoidal plan and profiles with clear proportions were widely used. The trapezoid shape gave the dolmens greater stability, facilitated the assembly of walls and the laying of ceilings. Holes take on various shapes (from round to arched). Carefully made heel stones appear under the dolmen slabs. Many buildings are leaning against the slopes, there is no embankment above them (sometimes they are slightly let into the slopes and hills).

In addition to tiled dolmens, composite and trough-shaped structures are relatively widespread. Their shape and external design are directly dependent on the tiled buildings. Trough-shaped dolmens are carved in huge rocks, giving them the appearance of a dolmen only from the facade, and in rock fragments, processing them from all sides. Probably, by the end of this period, dolmens close to monoliths appear.

The rite of burial is changing. Already in some of the latest portal dolmens, "sitting" skeletons were found. Now this method of burial - to seat the dead in the corners and in the center of the dolmen chambers - is becoming the most frequent. The amount of ocher on the bones is reduced to a minimum.

C. The late period of dolmen culture falls on the middle and beginning of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC. (as amended in 1997 - in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC). Tiled dolmens lose their clarity of proportions. Probably, at this time, trough-shaped dolmens with round-shaped chambers and in the form of a jug, as well as false portal structures, appeared. Among the composite dolmens, there are buildings with overhanging blocks (with a false vault), of a round plan and with a facade made of individual polished stones. By the end of this period, dolmens - monoliths - appear. Many of the dolmens at that time are used (according to the 1997 edition - by 1400 BC) for secondary burials as a kind of ossuary. By this time, they are no longer being built, and the construction of dolmens stops earlier on the territory of modern Abkhazia, and then in the Kuban region.

In the location of dolmens on the ground, some patterns can be identified. As a rule, they were built only in the forest (the only known exceptions are the dolmens found on the capes of the Taman Peninsula Tuzla and Fontalovsky, as well as dolmens in the vicinity of the village of Ulyap). The height of the location of most dolmens ranges from 250-400 m above sea level. A sharp single exception is the dolmen on the Mezetsu ridge (1029 m above sea level).

Dolmens were erected on flat areas of forest slopes, on watershed ridges, on the flat tops of low mountains (for example, the well-known dolmens on the top of Mount Neksis near Gelendzhik). With their facades (portals), they are turned towards the lowering of the slope, towards the river, and always towards the sunny side (very few dolmens are known that face their facade to the north, but even in these cases there is reason to think that they are turned towards more illuminated glades).

Some researchers who tried to determine the direction of the world, to which the facades of dolmens mainly face, came to the conclusion that the builders of these structures were guided, first of all, by the idea of ​​the best "fitting" the mausoleum into the landscape. But it seems to us that the observance of the above principles (the facade towards the descent, the river, the sun) automatically led to the observance of aesthetic criteria.

Dolmens are always confined to the river basin. Abkhaz scientists (Ts. N. Bzhaniya and others) compared the "scheme of ancient cattle routes with the area of ​​dolmens and came to the conclusion that the carriers of the dolmen culture knew how to use simple passes.

All dolmen slabs and blocks were individually fitted and fastened together with grooves. But perhaps most surprisingly, some of the buildings have the most real storm drainage. Material for construction was taken from quarries, usually located somewhere nearby. For example, in the valley of the Zhane River, the stone was taken 600 m from the construction site. But the distances for the builders of the Bronze Age were not such a difficult problem. It is known that for the construction of the world-famous Stonehenge, the stone was delivered several tens of kilometers away. Many believe that ordinary people can not do it. But in practice, it turned out that blocks within 20-30 tons are amenable to human power - both processing and moving. At the end of the 19th century, the French experimented whether a block of 32 tons could be dragged. About 200 people dragged him along the logs with ropes. The builders of megaliths could carry slabs of 320 tons (this is the weight of the largest European menhir - it was cut down in the rock, but for some reason it was never transported). The most difficult thing is to chip off a slab or block of the right size. A very interesting method was used to split the plates. Shallow oval notches were made on the workpiece. Then they took a bronze ribbon 2 times longer than the depth of the notches, bent it in half and placed it with a fold in the hole, and carefully hammered a wooden or metal wedge between the walls (strips) of the tape alternately in each of the notches. Gradually, the stone cracked exactly along the line marked by the notches. And, thus, blocks of the required size were obtained.

The blanks were transported with the help of bulls and wooden drags to the place of future construction. Here the stone was subjected to final processing. They did this with the help of bronze and stone tools. If one of you ever visits dolmens, take a closer look: on the surface of carefully hewn slabs, you can see traces of the work of ancient masters. Long, narrow notches were left by a bronze tool, and "pockmarks" (round) - by a stone one (sledgehammer or stone chipper). The chipping technique is called picketing. The inner and outer surface of the dolmen chamber is usually processed with picketing.

It is possible that during construction they used length measures, such as an elbow, a palm, etc. The building module, most likely, was the diameter of the hole in the facade wall. In that distant era, people were already familiar with mathematics, because the most complex mathematical calculations are needed to create such a structure. Especially for round dolmens. They are made up of small blocks arranged in several tiers, tapering from the base and forming, as it were, a kind of false vault. Each block in such a construction is a segment of a circle. The length of these segments had to be calculated so that in the end, during assembly, it turned out exactly what was intended. And, involuntarily, the thought arises whether we have the right to consider the ancient peoples as primitive, standing at a lower level of mental development than we are.

The walls of the dolmen are made of 18 carefully crafted sandstone blocks laid in three tiers. Their dimensions vary in length from 1.75 to 0.8 m, in height from 065 to 0.45 m, in thickness from 0.45 to 0.25 m. A round hole with a diameter of 0.42 m, oriented to the southeast , i.e. facade towards the descent to the river Zhane. The dolmen is covered with an elongated irregular hexagonal slab with rounded corners. Its maximum length is 2.49 m and a width of 2.42 m and a thickness of 0.40 m. An embankment adjoins the dolmen on all sides, the main elements of which are buttresses (lining of large specially processed stones) and a cobblestone pavement of the yard in front of the facade of the dolmen.

The platform (yard) in front of the dolmen was from 1.8 m wide to 5.5 m at a distance of 4.4 m from the facade. Probably, the embankment covered the entire dolmen up to the ceiling, excluding the front part. During the clearing of the building and the embankment, about 1200 different finds were discovered: fragments of ceramics, several human bones, a small number of animal bones, fragments and whole items made of bronze and iron, two glass beads. By architectural features and construction techniques, round in terms of construction, the Janet groups are closer to false-dome structures of the tholos-like type (tholos - from the Greek "vault", dome).

Between them is a dolmen, almost square in plan, built of four carefully crafted slabs. The facade part is slightly trapezoidal, 1.8 m high, the base is 2.8 m long, the upper edge is 2.6 m long and the maximum thickness is 0.44 m. The slab is given a convex shape. At 0.3 m from the lower edge of the slab there is a round hole with a diameter of 0.4 m. On the outer surface of the slab there is a relief ornament of a U - shaped form - two columns support a two-tier ceiling (the height of the supports is 1 m, the length of the ceiling is 2.1 m).

The side walls have the same dimensions: length - 3.9 m, height of the portal ledges - 1.7 m, height of the opposite portal sides - 1.58 m, thickness - 0.43 m. The ends on the side of the facade are ornamented with three rows of vertical parallel zigzags. The side walls protruding beyond the facade slab by 0.68 m together with the ceiling and. floor slab form a portal. The inner surface of the walls of the chamber is decorated with an embossed ornament in the form of a horizontal row of hanging triangles (side and front plates) and a zigzag (back plate). The ornament forms a continuous border of approximately 60 cm, approximately 16-17 tons. It is oriented to the southeast.

Thanks to the painstaking long-term and hard work of archaeologists of the West Caucasian archaeological expedition of the Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kazakhstan). Saint Petersburg) in 1997 and 1999, under the guidance of V. A. Trifonov, Candidate of Historical Sciences, numerous visitors to the monument today had a rare opportunity to see, instead of the ruins overgrown with forest, the ancient crypts of the Zhane river valley, which have regained their monumentality, have regained their monumentality. The vast (about 300 sq.m) courtyard paved with slabs and boulders, adjacent to the facade of the central dolmen, makes a particularly strong impression. In terms of the originality of monumental architecture, the decorative design of the burial chamber and the degree of preservation of the monument, this dolmen complex has no equal within the entire Western Caucasus.

In the second group there is a small tiled dolmen with a hole not in the front, but in the back wall (with a secret entrance). From the rest of the tiled dolmens, there were just ruins of slabs. Around you can see several hundred medieval burial mounds located on both banks of the river.

Half of all Gelendzhik dolmens are concentrated in the Pshada river valley. They became known as early as the beginning of the 19th century and are mentioned in all publications devoted to Black Sea coast. Now 9 points are known where dolmens have been preserved.

The most popular are dolmens located at the confluence of the Pshada and Doguab rivers. One of the largest dolmens in the Krasnodar Territory, located on the slope of a hill, near the Novorossiysk-Sukhumi highway. It belongs to the trapezoidal tiled structures and has the following dimensions: the front slab is 1.97 m high, 2.10 m long at the top, 2.85 m long at the bottom, and 0.37 m thick; the back plate is 1.76 m high, 1.67 m long at the top, 2.47 m at the bottom and 0.40 m thick; side plates - northern height - 1.75 m, length at the top - 2.0 m, bottom - 4.40 m, thickness 0.40 m, southern - height - 1.75 m, length at the top - 2.0 m, at the bottom - 4.37 m and thickness - 0.35 m; the dimensions of the ceiling are 4.62 m long, 2.90 m wide and 0.40 m thick. It is built from massive sandstone slabs and has changed a lot over the past 100 years. Instead of a round hole in the front wall, an opening was cut through. The slabs reddened and cracked from the bonfires lit inside the chamber and next to the walls. Everything around is trampled down by numerous sightseers and tourists. Going a little lower down the slope, you can see two trapezoid-shaped tiled dolmens, also made of massive sandstone slabs, carefully fitted to each other, and one relatively small one.

Moving along the left bank of the Pshada River to its upper reaches, 4 km from the village of Pshada between the cracks of Panasova and Kalusova, on a small flat hill, overgrown with deciduous trees, dolmens are located. The river Pshada flows from the west, there is a ravine from the north, a small saddle from the south and east, the entire area occupied by buildings is 1000 sq.m. There are nine buildings in this area. Eight dolmens lined up in two rows parallel to the river bank. The ninth dolmen is completely destroyed, the third and fourth - partially.

They belong to tiled buildings, to the first type of dolmens. Their chamber is quadrangular in shape, composed of separate monolithic slabs, covered from above with a powerful slab-overlapping. The floor slabs simultaneously serve as the heel slabs of the structure. The chambers have a trapezoidal shape not only in plan, but in longitudinal and cross sections. The top plates are rectangular. There are round and oval openings in the front walls. The facades of the dolmens are oriented to the west and southwest, towards the riverbed of the Pshada. Their total height varies from 1.60 m to 2.05 m, length from 2.50 to 3.60 m, width in front -1.65 - 1.70 m.

Dolmens are typically portal monuments - the side plates protrude strongly forward. Additional slabs were attached to dolmen No. 6. The front plate of the M> 7 dolmen is decorated with wavy incised lines. Excavations carried out in 1972 inside and around the dolmens made it possible to establish that feasts were arranged in the portal part in front of the facade. Here is an interesting collection of ceramics, typical for the dolmen culture of the Western Caucasus. It is kept in the State Historical Museum.

Of interest is a trough-shaped dolmen located on the northeastern outskirts of the village of Pshada near the sawmill, at the beginning of the Skupkova gap. It was hewn from a large detached block of sandstone (3.80 x 2.57 m). A truncated-oval chamber is carved in it. In longitudinal section it has the shape of a trapezoid. The hole is oval (0.34-0.37 m) and oriented to the north. The facade is decorated with portal ledges located on the sides of a flat trapezoidal wall with a platform in front of it. The ceiling had a sub-rectangular shape (3.70 x 2.70 x 0.45 m). 50 years ago, there were two more trough-shaped and monolithic dolmens nearby, of which nothing remained. There are picturesque rocks nearby.

On the watershed of the rivers Pshada and Tekos, in the mountains, there is a natural boundary Tsygankov aul. Dolmens are built on a rocky ridge, stretched out in a chain. In 1916 G.N. Sorkhin recorded 18 dolmens. Only seven have been fully preserved.

Tsygankov aul is interesting in that it had buildings of various designs - ordinary tiled, block, two trough-shaped. They have stone mounds, to the side walls - retaining slabs. The front and rear plates are square and trapezoidal in shape. Side walls and floor slabs protrude forward, forming a portal. Round holes are cut into the front plates.

Of particular interest are block dolmens. There is a dolmen here, the side walls of which consist of two blocks each. In the other, the side walls consist of 5-6 plates laid flat on top of each other. The front and right walls of the third dolmen are made up of several rows of small blocks. At another building, the slab of the side wall was built on with a narrow block. This is a typical example of the degradation of architecture at the end of dolmen construction.

Similar information.

Brunov Viktor Viktorovich, Vologda.

In 2009 and 2010, scientific studies of these two megaliths were carried out using IGA-1 devices and the dowsing method.

2009-Brunov V.V. On the energy-informational impact on people of sanctuaries located near the city of Sochi. Conf. torsion fields. M. 2009. pp. 652-667.+

2010-Brunov V.V. Kravchenko Yu.P., Brunova N.P. New discoveries of Sochi dolmens / // Higher education science for the region: 8th All-Russian scientific and practical conference. T.1. Vologda: VoGTU, 2010. pp. 378-381.

Zelentsov Sergey Nikolaevich. Candidate of Medical Sciences, Vologda.

Most seids did not affect the frames in any way, but seids around which moss and shrubs do not grow gave a strong counterclockwise rotation of the frame (?!), in addition, the same rotation was recorded in photographs of cracks in the rocks.

Often you can find deep cracks in the rocks, laid with stones. The work of researchers with dowsing frames shows that the stones that close the cracks in this case block the strongest energy flow emanating from them. Also noteworthy is the reaction of the frames to white stones, which were often placed in prominent places. The frames showed that the white stones "neutralized" by their setting some natural forces that caused a strong negative rotation of the frames.

Kudin Mikhail Ivanovich(1965-), local historian, leading researcher ARGI, Sochi.

The movements of the pendulum were recorded in the areas of the portal protrusions of the dolmens, in the area of ​​the hole or fictitious plug, in the back of the monuments in the places of the protrusions of the side plates. For the most part, it turned out that in the places of portal protrusions, as well as in the areas of protrusions of the side plates in the back of the dolmen, the pendulum makes circular movements (both right- and left-handed). In the area of ​​a hole or a fictitious plug, the pendulum makes oscillatory movements along the main axis of the structure.

2010-Kondryakov N.V. Secrets of Sochi dolmens. Maykop, 2010.

Kuznetsov Nikolai, geophysicist, Abakan.

Geopathic zones are areas of the earth's surface that radiate a flow of energy unknown to science so far. As a rule, the width of these zones is insignificant and varies within 10-50 meters, and the length is many hundreds of meters, and in some cases - kilometers. According to the shape and strength of the impact of these fields on the biolocator, we divided geopathogenic zones into two types:

1-high-frequency (negative), when the vector of the measured field is directed “fan-shaped” (in these places there is an “unbalance” of the human biofield, which ultimately leads to pathology),

2-low-frequency (positive), where the sinusoidal shape of the curves of the dowsing effect is manifested, while the direction of the measured field vector in one part of the anomaly is fixed strictly vertically down, in the other - up. In these places, the human biofield is aligned, which contributes to its healing.

2010 Kuznetsov N. The mystery of the menhirs of Khakassia.

Sochevanov Valery Nikolaevich, Saint Petersburg.

Explored Bolshoi Zayatsky (Solovki archipelago). Research methods:

Dowsing shooting of objects (V.N. Sochevanov),

Dowsing diagnostics of people (V.N. Sochevanov),

Determination of changes in the functional activity of the cardiovascular system,

Changing the circulation of energy through energy channels (scanning).

Dowsing diagnostics of people revealed a positive effect of the labyrinth on the psychological, emotional and physical state of the body. The harmonization of the work of the chakras was registered. There is an activation of 2-3 times the upper chakras in men, and the lower chakras in women.

2003-Kodola Oleg Evgenievich. Sochevanov Valery Nikolaevich. Labyrinth path. SPb. 2003. 174p.++ The book presents the results of research in 2002-2003 on the island