Encyclopedia of Transbaikalia. Help!!!geography of the Irkutsk region

1) does the subject belonging to the eastern Siberian region occupy a large area? 1) Trans-Baikal Territory 2) Krasnoyarsk Territory 3) Irkutsk Region 2) Republic

Buryatia
3) what subject was formed on the basis of the merger of the Chita region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Region? 1) Irkutsk region 2) Krasnoyarsk region 3) Buryatia 4) Transbaikal region

1) Which subject has the lowest population density? Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Sverdlovsk Region Omsk

Novosibirsk region

2) The highest population density is typical for:

Kemerovo region

Krasnoyarsk Territory

Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Taimyr Autonomous Okrug

3) The indigenous peoples of the Far East include:

4) Which of the following cities is the largest in terms of the number of inhabitants

Novosibirsk

5) Which of the following cities is a major port center?

Vladivostok

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

6) Which of the economic regions is the leader in terms of population

Far East

Eastern Siberia

Western Siberia

7) The nature of Western Siberia is characterized by:

the predominance of a temperate monsoon climate

swamp spreader

the presence of a large number of karst landforms

the predominance of significant altitudes above sea level

8) The branch of industrial specialization of Eastern Siberia is:

ferrous metallurgy

non-ferrous metallurgy

fuel industry

chemical industry

9) The fuel industry is a branch of specialization:

Eastern Siberia

Far East

Western Siberia

10) Which of the industries occupies a large share in the sectoral structure of the industry of the Far East?

fuel

ferrous metallurgy

11) Select the type of industrial product that the Far East specializes in

tin concentrate

cars

chemical fibers

aluminum

12) Select the type of industrial product that Western Siberia specializes in

cars

coking coal

combine harvesters

13) Select the type of industrial product that Eastern Siberia specializes in

cellulose

tractors

textile products

aluminum

14) Establish a correspondence between the subjects of the Russian Federation and its capital.

1) Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Region a) Kyzyl

2) Republic of Tyva b) Barnaul

3) Altai Territory c) Salekhard

d) Gorno-Altaisk

15) Establish a correspondence between the subject of the Russian Federation and its capital.

1) Taimyr Autonomous Okrug a) Ulan-De

2) Republic of Khakassia b) Dudinka

3) Republic of Buryatia c) Abakan

d) Barnaul

16) Establish a correspondence between the subject of the Russian Federation and its capital.

1) Amur region a) Anadyr

2) Primorsky Krai b) Vladivostok

3) Chukotka Ao c) Blagoveshchensk

d) Khabarovsk

Help me please!!!

Write the characteristics of the Atlas Mountains (Africa) according to the plan:
1. Determine which cards are needed for the description;
2. In what part of the mainland is the landform located;
3. Which direction is it stretching;
4. What are the approximate dimensions;
5. What is the highest height, the prevailing heights;
6. If possible, find out what is the origin of the landform.
Thanks in advance :3

Expedition routes: Ridge Kodar (mountainous)

In the north of the Chita region, where the territories of Yakutia and Buryatia, the Irkutsk and Amur regions closely converge, there is a country of contrasts and surprises - the Chara hollow with the Kodar and Udokan ranges surrounding it. More recently, only a specialist geographer knew about these places, and the word “tourist” was not in the dictionary at all. local residents. Now books are written about Kodar, Udokan and Char, and their beauties are shown in films. Many people dream of coming here. The popularity of this region of Transbaikalia is explained by the fact that it has several strong “magnets” that attract a restless tribe of travelers from all over Russia. First of all, this is the Kodar Range, which stands out sharply among the surrounding Siberian plateaus and middle mountains with a clearly defined alpine relief. Here it is highest point Transbaikalia, here the mountain dissection reaches a two-kilometer span, here menacingly rise "towers", "pyramids" and "fangs" of rocky peaks. amateur mountain travel in Kodar, in one hike, he can go through five or six passes, half of which, according to the tourist scale, will be rated at least 2 A of the complexity category. In other words, Kodar is the “Transbaikal Alps”. In addition, Kodar is the only range in Transbaikalia that has modern glaciation. Three dozen Kodar glaciers in size (length up to 2 km or more) and in total area surpass the known Ural glaciation. Discovered only in the 50s, the glaciers immediately became the “highlight” of the area.

The most powerful uplift of the Kodar, which carries almost all the glaciation of the region, is located in the Central Kodar region, which stretches from the Leprinda Lakes to the northeast along the Apsat pass for almost 100 km, reaching its highest height in the region of the Upper and Middle Sakukan rivers. In the upper reaches of the Upper Sakukan is the highest point of the Kodar Range and the entire Transbaikalia - the BAM peak (3073m). In the vicinity of the BAM peak, most of the Kodar objects of interest from a tourist point of view are concentrated: Leningradets (2780m), Glaciologist (2773m), Chara (2815m), Glacier (2807m), Snezhny, Gelfgata, Vodopadny, UPI, Ptichy, Spartak peaks. On this site Kodar is impassable. The passes are difficult and rocky. The slopes are rocky, often there are walls and cliffs, glaciers of a large area. Majority tourist routes on Kodar pass through this interesting area, intersecting in the area of the HMS base in the upper reaches of the Middle Sakukan.

The route along the Central Kodar is designed for tourists who are not making their first trip to the mountains. Basic skills in mountainous terrain and rope handling are required to participate. The route includes several passes of 2 A category of difficulty. The group's path runs through rocky areas, glaciers and impassable river valleys. Several overnight stays are organized in the alpine zone above the forest line, including on the glacier. It should be noted the extreme abundance of midges in the area. The route ends on the Chara Sands, which are located 5 km west of the village. Chara and 8 km northeast of Novaya Chara, between the Upper and Middle Sakukan rivers. The Chara Sands (their area is rather big - 45 sq. km) is an unusual place. Everything here is like in a real desert. But there is something that you will not see anywhere except for Transbaikalia: next to the warm yellow sand blue cold ice adjoins; among the sandy ridges you suddenly come across an oasis, but not with palm trees, but with northern larches. Around the sands are mountains covered with snow even in summer; dunes break off into swamps, then into lakes. In the southwest of the sands there is Lake Taiga, and in the northeast - Alyonushka. Here you can relax, wash away the tiredness of the march, just lie on the shore. You can go on an excursion to the desert or drink mineral water from a spring near Lake Alyonushka.

the duration of the active part of the route is 9 days; route length - 90 km.

In the article I will post a list of equipment for a summer trip to the Kodar ridge, with detailed explanations of why and why. At the end of the article, I will post a link where a short list can be downloaded in RTF format, since it will be useful in general for any summer hikes in the mountains, with minor changes.

I will make a reservation right away that in the list I do not bring special mountain equipment for overcoming difficult passes and peaks. Such equipment is selected based on the complexity of the planned obstacles. In the summer, passes and peaks up to 1B inclusive, with the proper accuracy of rope guarding, and therefore the use of "iron" do not require. As for the crossings, then the question is quite debatable. Of my 6 summer trips along the Kodar, the railings at the crossings were carried out twice. Once it was a railing when crossing a log, the second time a full-fledged crossing through the Middle Sakukan in the flood. Basically, the whole problem is that if the conditions really require a crossing, then for the one going first, this undertaking is somewhat suicidal in most cases. It becomes easier to lose a day by rising higher, or wait (usually until morning) for the water level to drop significantly. Another question is that there is not much choice in rescue work, but the likelihood of such with good planning and execution is low. Hence the debatable issue for groups walking simple routes - whether to take "extra" weight with them. In subsequent articles, I will definitely touch on this issue, but in this material I will only outline the position on personal equipment of a non-special nature.

Backpack.

With him, everything is more or less clear. It should be appropriate for the planning of the trip and be comfortable. The same requirements apply to the volume, which will depend on your approach to food, the quantity and quality of equipment, and in general what lies from the backpacks in your pantry. Personally, if I'm not testing outdoor products, I usually prefer a regular 125 liter backpack with a valve left at home. In principle, in 2015, on a three-week summer hike along Kodar, four of our six participants walked with backpacks of less than 75 liters. That is, it all depends on planning and willingness to give up a certain sybaritism. Well, how much you are willing to eat so as not to carry excess weight.

Rain cover for backpack.

Unfortunately, there is a lot of rain in Kodar in summer. And sometimes even a lot. No, droughts also happen, but rarely. Basically, I can promise that you will walk a lot in the rain. Accordingly, it is better to have a cape on a backpack that is waterproof, and not waterproof. Another question is that many modern backpacks already have waterproof fabric, which means that you can save on the weight of the cape.

Sleeping bag.

There is absolutely no difference whether it will be downy or synthetic, the main thing is that the lower limit of comfort should not be higher than +4 ... +3 degrees. When spending the night above the forest zone, temperatures of 0 ... -3 degrees are not uncommon, but the real cold usually breaks through the passes and on the glaciers. I would not recommend spending the night on wide plateau-like passes and under the very glaciers, it is better to leave them a little lower and set up camp behind moraine ramparts. Otherwise, you can "grab" up to minus 10 degrees with "half a meter of variable cloudiness on the tent", although this is a rarity. On the plateaus characteristic of the eastern part of Kodar, rains at a temperature of +2 ... +3 degrees can easily freeze the group, and this temperature is quite normal for altitudes above 2200. For example, the Khadatkanda pass is located at an altitude of 2260 meters above sea level and very idyllic... good weather. For groups passing through it (once every couple of years someone passes there), it is considered quite normal to spend the night on the pass, since the fabulous views and the presence of water completely allow this. When planning these options, consider the need for a wind-resistant tent with a skirt to ensure a normal temperature difference between inside and outside the tent.

As a rule, in a normal tent, the temperature difference allows a slight minus from the outside to fit into the comfort range. sleeping bag+4...+3 degrees, that's why I consider it the lower limit.

Rug.

Standard 8 mm foam in August is enough everywhere. I will say more - if you do not stand base camp on rocks, a thinner one, 5-6 mm, is enough. I generally use 3 mm, but everyone tells me that this is not good. Apparently, like a leopard, I’m just not supposed to freeze 🙂

Hermetic bag or bag for sleeping bag and dry clothes.

As I mentioned above, there is a lot of rain on Kodar, so I promise that the inside of the backpack will still be wet with any cape. In addition, there is always the option to plop down at the crossing. And there are many crossings on Kodar.

Boots running.

Definitely trekking. You can only walk in berets and mesh sneakers. Kodar is characterized by two phenomena - very sharp stones and an abundance of water. Shoes must be durable and with inserts of fabric such as. A competent design of the bot will allow it to dry easily and embarrass the owner to a minimum. Why I don’t like berets and rubber boots with swamps on hikes, I wrote in.

Gaiters.

The purpose of the gaiters in our case is as follows:

Protection of the upper part of the boot from damage when walking on scree. This is a weak protection for boots, but, nevertheless, it is there. It is usually relevant for shoes with a "mesh" top - various options for lightweight trekking.
Protection of the paws from snow and dirt, as well as from small pebbles and twigs getting into them through the top of the boot. They also serve as short-term protection against pouring water into the boots through the top.
Protection of the bottom of the trousers against abrasion.
Additional protection against hypothermia when passing through fords and deep snow.

Bivy shoes.

Necessary for work at the camp, while the main shoes are drying, and its owner enjoys dry socks - and on a hike, for happiness, a little is needed. Slates are also suitable, but I consider EVA galoshes to be the best option.

Trekking socks, 3-4 pairs.

I wrote in detail about why trekking socks are good.

Thermal underwear of the first layer, moisture-wicking, set.

Having gone deeper into the mountains, most likely you will take off your thermal underwear infrequently. There is a second skin. Especially important Bottom part termukhi, the task of which is primarily to save the owner from hypothermia in numerous fords, the waters of which flow out a couple of kilometers from the glacier.

Details about thermal underwear, its functions and the difference between layers can be found in.

Running pants.

With them, everything is simple. They must breathe and snow must not stick to them. You also need at least some adequate margin of safety. I promise that after the hike, the pants will be completely in resin and it’s not a fact that you will wash it off 🙂

Fliska.

Once upon a time, back in ancient, ancient times, some other strange piece of clothing was used - a sweater. It has sunk into oblivion and now barely looms like a haze of burnt porridge in our memory, overloaded with information about new materials. There are those who stubbornly remain conservative, pretending to be experienced and claiming that wool is much better than Polartec products. However, be aware that if the old-schooler does not knit a sweater himself, then he is not a real true tourist, but only pretends to be one 🙂

I use Polartec Micro fleece, in my size it only weighs 160 grams.

Route jacket.

Let me remind you again that on the Kodar Ridge, in most cases, except for bears, unforgettable rains await you. I sympathize in advance and with all sincerity I advise you to buy a membrane jacket for a hike, at least from inexpensive ones. Yes, and it will also be covered in resin, which you cannot then wash off.

Down jacket.

In principle, a down vest will do. You can take the lightest down jacket, if only it was. This is the first clothing for the camp at near zero temperatures. In addition, lunches, halts and snacks near glaciers and passes, when the wind blows there, without a down jacket are fraught with the most unpleasant colds.

The hat is warm.

It is an essential addition to a down jacket.

Lightweight headwear.

I recommend a cap or panama hat with a wide brim. In general, solar activity in the summer on Kodar is low, no goggles or sunscreen are required, but a hat or cap is good when using a mosquito net.

Mosquito net.

The ultimate means of survival in these harsh lands. I advise you to take one or two spares per group. Frame mosquito nets will be inconvenient in thickets of elfin, it is better to take simple ones. No other means of midges will not help. IN warm years the midge will accompany you everywhere up to the very passes and you can only take a break from it if you are on the three-thousanders of Kodar.

My partner and I once walked without mosquito nets for 18 days. Then the Buryats took us for their kind.

Work gloves, 2 pairs.

I don’t advise you to take expensive sports ones - you’ll still tear and cut them with razor-sharp stones. I even prefer to wear perforated leather without fingers over the workers.

Helmet.

Needed everywhere on the moraines and, moreover, when passing passes from 1A. On Kodar it constantly flies from above, well, it will also be unpleasant to bang your head against a stone. It’s not unpleasant for you yourself, but for the comrades who will pull out the body later. The helmet is also suitable for construction.

Headlight.

Spare batteries are not required, one fresh set is enough. I wrote in detail about choosing a flashlight for a hike.

First aid kit personal.

Everything has been written about her.

Knife.

You don’t need a machete, otherwise everyone has their own felt-tip pen for taste and color. I have not yet written about the choice of knives for a campaign, but I will try to correct this omission in the future.

Wristwatch.

I recommend electronic and definitely waterproof.

Notepad and pencil.

Even if you do not like to keep a diary, then you can write down personal grievances against your comrades there. Actually, one of the problems have a good hike in such an unfavorable climatic zone is that the majority have absolutely no idea what to do at the camp and during breaks due to the weather. Now e-books and storage drives for recharging have become popular. For example, reading aloud the classic tourist work " Evil spirit Yambuya" significantly increases the tone of the team.

Well, there are only a few little things left: