Master class in fine arts “Kremlin. Sights of the moscow kremlin and red square kremlin high resolution
The Moscow Kremlin is the oldest part of Moscow, the main socio-political, historical and artistic complex of the city, the official residence of the President Russian Federation. The first settlements on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin date back to the Bronze Age (II millennium BC). A Finno-Ugric settlement dating back to the early Iron Age (second half of the 1st millennium BC) was found near the modern Archangel Cathedral.
Below you will see a gorgeous reconstruction in the form of excellent photos that show how the Kremlin looked 300 and 200 years ago. Before that, let's take a quick look at history. Well, the most inquisitive is also waiting for the dock. film "Unknown Kremlin".
In ancient times, the first settlement of the future Moscow appeared at the confluence of the Neglinnaya River with the Moscow River on the Borovitsky Cape. In 1147, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky gave his feast here. This chronicle mention went down in history as the year of foundation of our capital. 
Already at that time the settlement was surrounded by ramparts and wooden walls. In this place, Yuri Dolgoruky in 1156 equips a fortress that has become the famous Moscow Kremlin.
Fires in Moscow at that time were not uncommon. In 1337, almost the entire city burned down, so by 1340 the Kremlin was surrounded by new oak walls.
Another fire in 1354 again destroys the Kremlin. A repeat event occurs in another 10 years. The rulers of the city were in dire need of solving this problem.
Dmitry Ivanovich decides to surround the Kremlin with stone fortifications. Dense work began on the delivery of limestone, and since 1368 white stone walls have been rising in the city. 
The modern view of the Kremlin was formed in 1485-1495 on the initiative of Ivan III. A huge number of the best architects of "all Rus'" were involved in the construction. Also in the construction of the walls and towers of the fortress, Italian masters in the field of construction of defensive structures were involved. The Italians at that time were building Moscow everywhere, but still the original Russian plans were not killed, the foreign influence came to naught.
The first Tainitskaya Tower in the Kremlin was built in 1485 by Anton Fryazin. Secret passages to the river and a well were provided here, providing the defenders of the fortress with water. 
In 1487, the southeastern corner was occupied by the Beklemishevskaya round tower by Marco Fryazin. A little later, all the other towers of the Kremlin were built. 
Clock of the Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin
The people revered the main gate of the Frolovskaya tower. They did not pass through them on horseback and with a covered head. Later, the Frolovskaya tower was renamed Spasskaya because of the icons of the Savior of Smolensk and the Savior Not Made by Hands placed here. According to the documents, the main clock of the state in this tower appeared in 1491.
In 1625, the clock was replaced with new ones. The master was Christopher Golovey, and Kirill Samoilov cast 30 bells for them.
The next update of the clock took place under Peter I. With the transition to a single daily count of time, the Dutch clock with 12 divisions was fixed on the Spasskaya Tower. But after the fire of 1737 they also had to step down from their honorary post.
The clock of our time was installed in 1852 by the Butenope brothers. 
February revolution near the walls of the Kremlin
Ruby stars of the Moscow Kremlin
In 1935, stainless steel stars lined with red gilded copper were installed on the tops of the Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Borovitskaya and Troitskaya towers. In the center of the stars is a 2-meter hammer and sickle emblem, adorned with precious stones. To install the stars, even the towers had to be slightly rebuilt. One way or another, in two years the stones on the stars faded, and in 1937 a decision was made to install ruby stars.
The Moscow Kremlin is a symbol of the Russian Federation, is revered by its entire population and attracts foreign tourists who want to plunge into the history of our great country. 
Scheme of the Moscow Kremlin 
Disguise in the Great Patriotic War 
Photo: mos-kreml.ru
And for the most inquisitive, as promised, a video about the Kremlin:
Author: The list of desirable points was severely cut - they were not allowed to shoot from the roofs of buildings, they were not allowed to climb some towers, but most importantly, the Kremlin wall was left. Walking along the Kremlin walls, climbing inaccessible towers, was my old dream and now it has come true! In the first part, I will post a walk along the walls of the Kremlin.
01. Here is a staircase leading to the Spasskaya Tower. There are two platforms on the tower, one under the clock, the other above. 
02. Dawn. 
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05. Let's get a little closer... 
06. View of Red Square from the Spasskaya Tower. 
07. Historical Museum and Mausoleum. 
08. There is a path along the perimeter of the Kremlin wall. Pipes with some kind of communications are laid along it, as well as lighting elements and security systems. 
09. Wall. View from the Konstantin-Eleninskaya tower. 
10. Behind the wall, everything is not as beautiful as in tourist areas. For example, behind the Beklemishevskaya Tower some rubbish is piled up. On the left you can see the mount for the Kremlin Christmas tree. 
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13. Symbol of Moscow on the building of the Senate 
14. As I said, there are spotlights on the wall. It's hard to walk freely. 
15. Staircase in one of the towers. Most of the towers are empty inside, there is electrical equipment and communications. 
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18. Platform on the Taynitskaya tower. 
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20. Despite the large number of sensors and cameras, city lunatics sometimes try to take the wall by storm. 
21. Annunciation tower 
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24. Near the Kremlin wall between the Komendatskaya and Trinity towers there is an interesting civil structure of the middle of the 17th century. - the so-called Amusing Palace. 
25. In the XIX century. the commandant of Moscow lived in the Poteshny Palace, in the 20th century - here was the first Kremlin apartment of I.V. Stalin (until 1932). The Poteshny Palace is the only surviving palace in the Kremlin architectural monument boyar housing. 
26. Cameras. 
27. Commandant's Tower 
28. Borovitskaya tower. Interestingly, by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1658, the Borovitskaya Tower was renamed the Baptist Tower after the nearby Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist near Bor. However, the old name of the tower still survived and has come down to our days. 
29. My shadow. 
30. View from the observation deck of the Borovitskaya tower to the Armory and BKD. 
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33. "House on the embankment" 
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35. Wall, view from the tower. 
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40. Surprisingly, there is a gate on the wall. Here they are needed so that the musicians of the Presidential Orchestra, located in the Trinity Tower, cannot escape;) 
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42. And this is a greenhouse that grows plants in it, which decorate the interiors of the Kremlin premises. 
43. And here is the musician. 
44. Arsenal. 
45. There are a lot of inscriptions on the pipes, they were left by the soldiers who served here. 
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47. Eternal Flame of Glory at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 
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50. Grotto "Ruins" in the Alexander Garden 
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57. The doors in the tower are old) 
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62. And this royal tower. A small turret was placed right on the wall in the 80s of the 17th century between the Spasskaya and Nabatnaya towers of the Kremlin. Its octagonal tent on pitcher-shaped pillars resembles the lockers of the porches of stone residential choirs common at that time. 
63. The name of the tower is associated with a legend according to which it served as a kind of canopy over the royal throne, from where the sovereign of all Rus' could observe the events taking place on Red Square from the walls of the Kremlin. The view from it is bad. 
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66. Staircase in one of the towers. 
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70. And this is the sunset from the Spasskaya Tower. 
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Address: Russia Moscow
Start of construction: 1482
Completion of construction: 1495
Number of towers: 20
Wall length: 2500 m
Main attractions: Spasskaya Tower, Assumption Cathedral, Ivan the Great Bell Tower, Annunciation Cathedral, Archangel Cathedral, Chamber of Facets, Terem Palace, Arsenal, Armory, Tsar Cannon, Tsar Bell
Coordinates: 55°45"03.0"N 37°36"59.3"E
An object cultural heritage Russian Federation
A Brief History of the Moscow Kremlin
In the very heart of Moscow, on Borovitsky Hill, the majestic ensemble of the Kremlin rises. It has long become not only a symbol of the capital, but of the whole of Russia. History itself ordered that the ordinary village of Krivichi, spread out in the middle of the wilderness, eventually turned into the capital of a mighty Russian state.
Kremlin from a bird's eye view
Kremlin or child in ancient Rus' called the central, fortified part of the city with a fortress wall, loopholes and towers. The first Moscow Kremlin, built in 1156 by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, was a wooden fortress surrounded by a moat and a rampart.
During the reign of Ivan I, nicknamed Kalita (money bag), oak walls and towers were erected in Moscow and the first stone building was laid - the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Mother of God.
View of the Kremlin walls from the Kremlin embankment
In 1367, Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy surrounded the Kremlin with a powerful fortress wall made of white limestone. Since then, the capital has been nicknamed "White-Stone Moscow". Large-scale construction unfolded under Ivan III, who united a significant part of the Russian lands around Moscow and built a residence worthy of the "sovereign of all Rus'" in the Kremlin.
For the construction of fortifications, Ivan III invited architects from Milan. It was in 1485 - 1495 that the walls and towers of the Kremlin that still exist today were built. The top of the walls is crowned with 1045 battlements in the form of a "dovetail" - they have the same appearance as the battlements of Italian castles. At the turn of the 15th - 16th centuries, the Moscow Kremlin turned into an impregnable massive fortress lined with red brick.
View of the Kremlin from the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge
In 1516, a moat was dug along the fortifications overlooking Red Square. After the Time of Troubles, the towers were decorated with tents, giving the Kremlin a modern look.
The miraculous return of the shrine of the Moscow Kremlin
Spasskaya, created by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari, is rightfully considered the main of the 20 towers of the Moscow Kremlin. The Spassky Gate has long been the main entrance to the Kremlin, and the chimes placed in the tent of the tower are known as the main clock of the country. The top of the tower is crowned with a luminous ruby star, but after the collapse of the USSR, there are more and more calls to remove the star and hoist a double-headed eagle in its place. The tower got its name from the over-gate icon of the Savior of Smolensk.
View of the Kremlin from the Bolshoi Moskvoretsky Bridge
The icon was revered as a saint, so the men, passing through the gate, in front of the image of the Savior had to take off their headdress. The legend says that when Napoleon was passing through the Spassky Gates, a gust of wind tore off his cocked hat from his head. But the bad omens did not end there: the French tried to steal the gilded riza that adorned the image of the Savior of Smolensk, but the ladder attached to the gate overturned, and the shrine remained unharmed.
During the years of Soviet power, the icon was removed from the tower. For more than 70 years, the shrine was considered lost, until in 2010, restorers discovered a metal mesh hiding the image of Christ under a layer of plaster. On August 28, 2010, on the feast of the Dormition of the Mother of God, Patriarch Kirill solemnly consecrated the newly found icon over the gates of the Spasskaya Tower.
Beklemishevskaya tower
Legends and myths of the Kremlin
From time immemorial, the Moscow Kremlin was not only a symbol of the sovereign's unlimited power, but also a place about which legends were composed. For a long history about the Kremlin temples and towers, so many legends have been created that would be enough for a whole book.
The most famous legends tell about secret dungeons and underground passages. It is believed that they were invented by Italian architects who designed and built the Kremlin walls and towers. Many underground rooms have been preserved under the former Chudov Monastery, which until the 1930s was located in the eastern part of the Kremlin Hill. These are passages, the interior of temples and long galleries. To date, some of them are flooded with groundwater.
Eternal flame near the walls of the Kremlin
There are rumors among Muscovites that branched underground passages used to lead out from each of the Kremlin towers. The same secret passages connected all the royal palaces. When in the 1960s the builders undertook to dig a large foundation pit for the State Kremlin Palace, they discovered three underground passages built in the 16th century. The dungeons were so wide that a cart could be driven through them.
Underground passages were found during every major reconstruction. Most often, voids, dips and labyrinths were walled up or simply filled with concrete for safety reasons.
Spasskaya Tower
One of the secrets of the Moscow Kremlin is also associated with its dungeons. For several centuries, historians and archaeologists have been struggling with the mystery of the disappearance of the library of Ivan IV the Terrible, which is also called Liberia. The Russian sovereign inherited a unique collection of ancient books and manuscripts from his grandmother Sophia Paleolog, who received these books as a dowry.
In historical documents, there is an inventory of the library, consisting of 800 volumes, but the collection itself disappeared without a trace. Some researchers are convinced that it burned down in a fire or disappeared during the Time of Troubles. But many are sure that the library is intact and hidden in one of the Kremlin dungeons.
View of the Assumption, Annunciation Cathedrals and Cathedral Square
Finding books in vaults located underground was not an accident. When Sophia Paleolog arrived in the city in 1472, she saw the terrible consequences of the fire that raged in Moscow two years earlier. Realizing that the library she brought could easily die in a fire, Sophia ordered to equip a spacious basement for storage, which was located under the Kremlin Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. After that, valuable Liberia was always kept in the dungeons.
View of Cathedral Square and Ivan the Great Bell Tower
Cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin - "altars of Russia"
Today the Moscow Kremlin is both the place of work of the President of the Russian Federation and a historical and cultural museum. The historical center of the Kremlin is represented by Cathedral Square with three cathedrals - Assumption, Arkhangelsk and Annunciation. An old proverb says: "The Kremlin rises above Moscow, and above the Kremlin - only the sky." That is why all the people honored the decrees of the king, which he proclaimed in the Assumption Cathedral.
This temple can rightfully be called the "altar of Russia." In the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, the tsars were crowned kings, the next head of the Russian church was elected, and the relics of Moscow saints found eternal rest in the tombs of the temple. The Archangel Cathedral, starting from 1340 and up to the 18th century, served as the burial place of Moscow princes and tsars.
Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin
Under its vaults, tombstones are installed in a strict order on white stone slabs. The Annunciation Cathedral was the personal prayer house of the Moscow princes: here they were baptized, confessed, married. According to legend, the grand ducal treasury was kept in the basement of this temple. Cathedral Square is surrounded by the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, Faceted and Patriarch's Chambers. Meetings of the Boyar Duma and Zemsky Sobors were held in the Palace of Facets, and the office of the Holy Synod was located in the Patriarchal Palace.
Sights of the Moscow Kremlin
The younger buildings of the Kremlin include the Grand Kremlin Palace, built in the middle of the 19th century by order of Emperor Nicholas I. Today, the main residence of the President of Russia is located within its walls.
Tsar Cannon
In the palace halls, ceremonies of inauguration of the President are held, state awards and credentials are presented. One of the buildings of the palace houses the Diamond Fund of the Russian Federation and the Armory - a treasury of palace household items. In the Kremlin, on the pedestals are the Tsar Cannon weighing 40 tons and the Tsar Bell weighing 200 tons - masterpieces of Russian foundry craftsmanship. Due to their gigantic dimensions, they are not suitable for their intended use, but they have become symbols great Russia. The Kremlin is always crowded. Guests admire the enduring beauty of architectural creations that personify Russian history. As M.Yu. Lermontov in the "Panorama of Moscow", nothing can compare with this Kremlin which, "surrounded by battlements and golden domes of cathedrals, reclines on high mountain like a sovereign crown on the forehead of a formidable lord.
Looking at these pictures one wants not to exclaim: "Moscow still has beautiful views! We haven't managed to mutilate everything yet!"
Original taken from gelio to Moscow from above. 2014
Moscow is the capital of the Russian Federation. This is the largest city in Russia in terms of population, in which, according to official statistics, more than 12 million people live. According to this indicator, it is among the ten largest cities in the world. These are financial, transport, logistics, business, cultural and tourist centre countries. Important sights are concentrated here, including the Kremlin, Red Square, the Bolshoi Theater, Stalin's skyscrapers and many other iconic objects.
Moscow is a city with monumental architecture: one can understand the real scale of wide multi-lane streets, multi-tier interchanges and skyscrapers only from a height.
Moscow Kremlin - geographical and historical Center Moscow. This is the most ancient part of the city, which is currently the residence of the highest state authorities of the Russian Federation and one of the main historical and artistic complexes of the country.
Kremlin Embankment and Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge.
Panorama of the Kremlin.
The existing walls and towers were built in 1485-1495. The total length of the walls is 2235 m.
There are 19 towers along the walls, and another one - the Kutafya tower - is placed outside the walls.
3 towers standing at the corners have a circular section, the rest are square.
The most high tower- Trinity, it has a height of 80 meters.
Grand Kremlin Palace.
It was built in 1838-1849 by order of Emperor Nicholas I by a group of Russian architects led by K. A. Ton. Currently used for state and diplomatic receptions and official ceremonies, and the palace itself is the main residence of the President of the Russian Federation.
Pokrovsky Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral) is one of the most famous sights in Russia. For many, he is a symbol of Moscow, Russia.
The cathedral was built by Barma and Postnik under Tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1555-61. in memory of the conquest of Kazan.
In front of the cathedral there is a bronze monument to Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky.
"Museum of V. I. Lenin"
State Historical Museum.
The collection of the museum reflects the history and culture of Russia from ancient times to the present day, is unique in terms of the number and content of the exhibits.
Manezhnaya Square
Fountain "Clock of the World". The main dome of the underground shopping complex "Okhotny Ryad".
Tverskaya Street is the central street of Moscow.
The State Academic Bolshoi Theater is one of the largest in Russia and one of the most significant opera and ballet theaters in the world.
Bronze quadriga above the entrance portico. The Bolshoi Theater is depicted on hundred-ruble banknotes.
"House on the waterfront"
The residential complex of the CEC-SNK of the USSR occupies an area of three hectares. 25 entrances open onto two streets - Serafimovicha and Bersenevskaya embankment.
The history of the country is reflected in the history of the House as in a mirror. The fate of many residents of the House is tragic. During the years of the Great Terror, almost a third of its inhabitants suffered from repressions and disappeared into prisons and camps. Outstanding military leaders, heroes, artists, journalists, writers, academicians, party and government figures, and workers of the Comintern lived in the House.
GUM (Main department store)
A large shopping complex, which occupies an entire quarter of Kitay-Gorod and faces the Red Square with its main facade. A monument of pseudo-Russian architecture of federal significance. It is on lease until 2059 from the Russian retailer Bosco di Ciliegi, which specializes in the sale of luxury goods.
TSUM (Central Department Store)
State Duma (State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation)
The building was built in 1938 for the Labor and Defense Council. Subsequently, it housed the Soviet government (the Council of People's Commissars, then the Council of Ministers of the USSR), and then the State Planning Committee of the USSR. The State Duma has been sitting here since 1994.
"White House" - House of the Government of the Russian Federation
The "White House" was badly damaged during the October events of 1993, when troops called by President Yeltsin opened fire from tanks on a building defended by supporters of the dissolved Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation.
Left: former territory of the Krasny Oktyabr confectionery factory. In the center: Monument to Peter the Great by Tsereteli.
New Arbat
Garden Ring road
Borodinsky bridge across the Moscow River. Smolenskaya embankment and Taras Shevchenko embankment.
"Stalin skyscrapers" - seven high-rise buildings built in Moscow in the late 1940s - early 1950s. High-rise buildings are the pinnacle of the post-war "Soviet Art Deco" in urban architecture. All Stalin's skyscrapers were laid on the same day - September 7, 1947, when the 800th anniversary of Moscow was celebrated. It was a symbol of a new stage in the life of the ancient capital.
The main building of Moscow State University is the largest and tallest of all the Stalinist skyscrapers.
It has 36 floors, and the height with the spire reaches 240 meters. The building was the tallest administrative and residential building in Moscow in terms of spire for many years, from 1953 until December 2003.
Residential building on Kotelnicheskaya embankment
The house was built in 1938-1940, 1948-1952. The central building has 26 floors (32 including technical floors) and has a height of 176 m. There are 540 apartments in the skyscraper.
High-rise building on Red Gate Square
During the construction of the base of a high-rise building on Lermontovskaya Square, a technique was used that had no analogues in terms of technical courage and engineering art. The fact is that the house with a height of 138 meters was built simultaneously with the Krasnye Vorota metro station. The designers faced a difficult problem: for some time, the multi-storey building will be located on the very edge of the pit, therefore, the soil will settle unevenly and the high-rise building will tilt. Therefore, it was decided to specifically build with a slope. Before that, the soil along the perimeter of the pit was artificially frozen according to the metro construction technology. When it then melted, the building sank and assumed a strictly vertical position. This method has never been used anywhere else due to the complexity of the calculations.
Residential building on Kudrinskaya Square
The skyscraper was nicknamed the “House of Aviators” due to the fact that apartments in it were provided to workers in the aviation industry. The upper floors housed special KGB equipment for monitoring the American embassy, which is located nearby, on Novinsky Boulevard.
"Radisson Royal" (Hotel "Ukraine")
The hotel was built in 1953-1957 and got its name in honor of the homeland of General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev. In April 2010, the hotel reopened after a large-scale restoration under the new name "Radisson Royal".
The building opens Kutuzovsky prospect.
"Moscow City"
In 1992, the first projects of a multi-storey business center appeared, which were proposed to be built on the Presnenskaya embankment of the Moscow River. The quarter was named the Moscow International Business Center "Moscow-City".
On an area of 60 hectares, 16 multi-storey buildings should be built, which are an integrated complex of structures with a single information space. The skyscrapers of Moscow City should house numerous offices, restaurants, hotels, congress halls, entertainment centers, shops, galleries, exhibition halls.
As of the end of 2014, 10 high-rise buildings have been built on the territory of Moscow City, and 11 are under construction or being completed. Of these, 15 buildings are skyscrapers (over 150 meters).
The average number of storeys of the complex at the moment is 54 floors.
Budgets for the purchase of apartments in MIBC "Moscow-City" are concentrated in the range of 1-2 million dollars.
Eurasia Tower. 70 floors, 309 m.
Tower "Mercury" City Tower". 75 floors, 339 m.
The height of the building is 338.8 meters, which allowed the tower to be called the most high skyscraper Europe until September 25, 2014. The 75-storey Mercury City tower surpassed the London skyscraper The Shard (306 m) in height, which held out in the status of the most high building Europe is only 4 months old. Upon completion, Mercury City was almost 33 meters taller than its London rival.
In 2013, Mercury City won the prestigious International Property Awards Europe 2013 in the Best High-Rise Architecture nomination.
"The Tower on the Embankment". 59 floors, 268 m.
Trade and cultural center "Evolution". 54 floors, 255 m.
The tower differs from all other projects in its unusual twisting shape, reminiscent of a DNA molecule. The project was designed by architect Tony Kettle in collaboration with Karen Forbes, who teaches at this moment in Edinburgh. The tower itself is a creative offspring of constructivism, borrowing the outlines of the Tatlin tower dedicated to the Third International.
Ostankino Tower.
Construction was carried out from 1963 to 1967. At that time it was the tallest building in the world (540 meters). It is now the 8th tallest free-standing structure in the world.
Panorama from the Ostankino television tower.
View from the 503 mark of the TV tower.
The idea to use prestressed concrete compressed by steel cables made the tower structure simple and strong.
Another progressive idea was the use of a relatively shallow foundation: according to the plan of engineer Nikitin, the tower had to practically stand on the ground and its stability was ensured by repeatedly exceeding the mass of the cone-shaped base over the mass of the mast structure.
Victory Park
Memorial Complex of the Victory in the Great Patriotic war was opened on May 9, 1995 to the 50th anniversary of the Great Victory.
Belarusian
Komsomolskaya Square is the square of three railway stations where Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky and Kazansky railway stations are located.
More than 30 million people depart from the capital's railway stations throughout Russia and to foreign countries per year.
Kyiv railway station
Belorussky railway station
The Third Transport Ring (TTK) is one of the three ring highways of Moscow along with garden ring and the Moscow Ring Road.
Street Begovaya
The total length of the Third Ring Road is about 36 kilometers, of which about 19 kilometers are flyovers, and about 5 kilometers are tunnels.
Horoshovo-Mnevniki
Strogino
Round house on Dovzhenko, 6