On some problems of control over compliance with the procedure for the use of airspace. The principle of creating a continuous radar field Airspace control radar field article

MILITARY THOUGHT No. 4/2000 Pg. 30-33

Federal Intelligence and Control System airspace: improvement problems

Lieutenant General A.V. SHRAMCHENKO

Colonel V.P. SAUSHKIN, candidate of military sciences

an IMPORTANT component of ensuring national security Russian Federation and security air traffic over the territory of the country are radar reconnaissance and airspace control. The key role in solving this problem belongs to the radar facilities and systems of the Ministry of Defense and the Federal Service. air transport(FSVT).

At the present stage, when issues of rational use of material and financial resources allocated for defense, conservation of weapons resources and military equipment, the main direction in the development of radar facilities and systems should be considered not the creation of new ones, but the organization of a more efficient integrated use of existing ones. This circumstance predetermined the need to concentrate the efforts of various departments on the integration of radar facilities and systems into the Unified Automated Radar System (EARLS) within the framework of the Federal System for Reconnaissance and Airspace Control (FSR and KVP) of the Russian Federation.

Developed in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia, the federal target program for improving the FSR and KVP for 2000-2010 proclaims its goal to achieve the required efficiency and quality of problem solving air defense, protection of the state border of the Russian Federation in the airspace, radar support for aviation flights and the organization of air traffic in the most important air directions based on the integrated use of radar facilities and systems of types of the RF Armed Forces and the Federal Air Transport Service in the context of a reduction in the total composition of forces, means and resources.

The main task of the first stage of improving the FSR and CVP (2000-2005) was the creation of the EARLS in the Central and North Caucasian air defense zones, in the Kaliningrad region of the air defense (Baltic Fleet), in certain areas of the North-Western and Eastern air defense zones on the basis of complex equipment groupings of troops and positions of the FSVT with unified means of automation of interspecific use.

For this, it is planned, first of all, to develop concepts for the development of radar detection equipment to equip the EARLS and a unified system for displaying the underwater, surface and air situation in maritime theaters. Special attention will be given to system engineering issues of building a real-time information exchange system for FSR and KVP on the basis of existing and prospective means.

During this period, it is necessary to master the mass production of radar equipment that has passed state tests, unified complexes of automation equipment (KSA) for interspecific use in stationary and mobile versions, and to begin systematic equipping of groupings of troops with them in accordance with the strategy for creating the EARLS. In addition, it is necessary to determine the composition, organizational structure and armament of the mobile reserve of the FSR and KBIT of constant readiness, as well as the list of radio engineering units of the Navy's coastal surveillance service to be included in the FSR and KVP, develop proposals and plans for their phased rearmament. It is necessary to carry out measures to modernize radio-electronic equipment, extend its service life and maintain the existing fleet in good condition, R&D aimed at creating priority promising models of interspecific application, develop norms (standards and recommendations) for basic equipment options for units of the Ministry of Defense and positions of the dual-use FS VT, in according to which they were retrofitted.

The result of the work should be the testing of experimental sections of EARLS fragments, their retrofitting with unified information exchange complexes, and the dissemination of the experience gained to other air defense zones and regions.

At the second stage(2006-2010) it is planned to complete the formation of EARLS in the North-Western and Eastern air defense zones; creation of EARLS fragments in certain areas of the Ural and Siberian air defense zones; creation of a mobile reserve of FSR and KVP of constant readiness, its equipping with mobile radars and KSA of interspecific use; completion of R&D on the development of priority promising models of radio-electronic equipment for interspecific use and the beginning of the systematic equipping of the FSR and KVP with them; completion of building an information exchange system for the FSR and KVP as a whole; carrying out research and development on the development of unified block-modular radars and KSA of interspecific application; creation of a scientific and technical reserve for the further development and improvement of the FSR and KVP.

It should be noted that the strict departmental subordination of the radar equipment of the types of the RF Armed Forces and the Federal Military Service, in combination with the low level of automation of the processes of controlling the forces and means of radar reconnaissance, makes it difficult to build the FSR and KVP according to a single plan and plan, and especially the adoption of optimal decisions on its use in the interests of all consumers of radar information. Thus, indicators of the effectiveness of the use of FSR and KVP in solving functional problems, regularities and principles of management, powers and limits of responsibility of command and control bodies for managing the forces and means of radar reconnaissance in peacetime, during combat duty and in the process of combat use, have not been determined.

The complexity of identifying the patterns and principles of managing the FSR and CVP is due to insufficient experience in its use. It is required to create an appropriate terminology with the choice of the most accurate definitions of the basic concepts related to radar. Nevertheless, certain views have developed on the principles of managing complex organizational and technical systems, the organization and methods of work of management bodies, taking into account the prospects for the development and implementation of automated control systems. A wealth of experience has been accumulated in solving the problems of controlling radar facilities and systems in the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the Federal Military Service.

In our opinion, the management of the FSR and KVP should be a set of coordinated measures and actions of the management bodies of the FSR and KVP to maintain subordinate forces and means in constant readiness for their use and guide them in the performance of their tasks. It should be carried out taking into account the requirements of all interested parties on the basis of automation of the processes of collecting, processing and distributing information at all levels.

Studies have shown that, first, only central planning and control forces and means FSR And STOL will allow, at a given level of efficiency, to preserve the reserve of the technical resource of radio-electronic equipment to the maximum, reduce the number of maintenance personnel, create a unified system of operation, repair and logistics, and significantly reduce operating costs; Secondly, organizational structure and methods of management should be those in which the possibilities of technical means are used to the maximum extent to achieve the goals of management; thirdly, only complex automation of management processes And use of optimization models allow to achieve a significant increase in the efficiency of the application FSR And STOL compared to traditional heuristic methods of planning and management.

The main principles of the management of the SRF and KVP, in our opinion, should be centralization and unity of command. Indeed, the dynamism and transience of changes in the air and electronic situation, especially in the conditions of warfare, have significantly increased the role of the time factor and the need sole decision making and firmly putting it into practice. And this can be achieved only with a strict centralization of rights in the hands of one person. The centralization of control will allow in a short time and in the best way to coordinate the actions of heterogeneous forces and means FSR and CVP, apply them effectively, quickly concentrate efforts on the main directions, on the solution of the main tasks. At the same time, centralized management should be combined with the provision of initiative to subordinates in determining how to perform the tasks assigned to them.

The need for unity of command and centralization of management also follows from the very goals of creating FSR and KVP, which are the reduction in the total costs of the Ministry of Defense and FSVT for holding R&D for the development of automation and radar equipment, for the maintenance and development of positions of radar facilities; unified understanding of the air situation in the control bodies of all levels; ensuring radio-electronic compatibility of means of radar and communication of types RF Armed Forces and FSVT in joint basing areas; reduction in the type and unification of radar facilities, KSA and communications facilities, the creation of uniform standards for their interface.

Since the foundation FSR And STOL make up the radio engineering troops Air Force, general management creation and the use of FSR and KVP, it is advisable to assign to the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, who, as chairman of the Central Interdepartmental Commission FSR And STOL can administer FSR And KVP. The tasks of the commission should include: development of development plans FSR And STOL and coordination of R&D in this area, taking into account the main directions for improving the forces and means of radar reconnaissance of types RF Armed Forces and FSVT; implementation of a unified technical policy with the phased creation FSR And STOL, development of proposals and recommendations to the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the Federal Service for Military Transport in the areas of development of radar, automation and communications, their standardization and compatibility; development of programs and plans for equipping the FSR and KVP with technical means that provide a high-quality solution to peacetime and wartime tasks, organizing work on certification, attestation and licensing of technical means; harmonization with the branches of the Armed Forces and the FSMFT of the normative and legal documents being developed that regulate the functioning of the FSR and the CVP; coordinated planning and formation of orders for serial production, purchase of new equipment for the FSR and KVP and its deployment; planning and organization of the use of FSR and KVP in the interests of all interested consumers of radar information; coordination with the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the FSVT of issues related to the deployment and redeployment of radar units.

The Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force can exercise direct control over the creation and improvement of the FSR and CVP through the Air Force Radio Engineering Troops Directorate, which performs the functions of the apparatus of the Central Interdepartmental Commission.

General guidance on the use of SRF and KVP in air defense zones it is advisable to lay on the commanders of the Air Force formations, in air defense areas - on commanders of air defense formations, who can manage the FSR and KVP personally, through the zonal interdepartmental commissions of the FSR and KVP, the headquarters of the Air Force formations and air defense formations, as well as through their deputies and chiefs of the radio engineering troops.

The tasks of the zonal interdepartmental commission of the FSR and KVP, the headquarters of the Air Force formation (air defense formations) should include: planning and organizing combat duty of a part of the forces and means of the FSR and KVP in the air defense zone (region); coordination of plans for the use of FSR and KVP in the air defense zone (area) with all interested departments; organizing and conducting training of personnel and equipment of the FSR and KVP for the fulfillment of assigned tasks; organization of radar reconnaissance and airspace control of the FSR and KVP in the air defense zone (area); control over the quality and stability of the provision of radar information to the authorities; organization of interaction with the forces and means of reconnaissance and airspace control, which are not part of the FSR and STOL; coordination of the issues of operation of technical means of the FSR and KVP.

Structurally, the control system of the FSR and KVP should include controls, control posts, a communication system, complexes of automation equipment, etc. In our opinion, it can be based on the control system of the radio engineering troops of the Air Force.

Immediate control it is expedient to produce by forces and means of radar reconnaissance and airspace control from the existing command posts of the services of the Armed Forces and the Federal Air Transport Service (according to departmental affiliation). At the same time, they must organize their work and the work of subordinate forces and means in accordance with the requirements of consumers of radar information on the basis of a unified planning for the use of FSR and KVP in zones and areas air defense.

In the course of combat use, the radio engineering units (radar positions) of the FSR and the KVP on issues of conducting radar reconnaissance and issuing radar information should be promptly subordinate to the command and control bodies of the radio engineering troops of the Air Force through the command posts of the corresponding branches of the Armed Forces.

In the context of the ever-increasing dynamism of the air and electronic situation and the active influence of the opposing side on radar facilities and systems, the requirements for ensuring their effective control are sharply increasing. It is possible to radically solve the problem of increasing the efficiency of the use of FSR and KVP only through complex automation of management processes based on the implementation new information technologies. A clear formulation of the goals of the functioning of the FSR and KVP, management tasks, the definition of target functions, the development of models adequate to the objects of management - these are the main problems that need to be solved when synthesizing the structure of the management system and algorithms for its functioning, distributing functions by levels of the management system and determining their optimal composition.

military thought. 1999. No. 6. S. 20-21.

To comment, you must register on the site.

Ashuluk polygon. Radar station "Nebo-UE". This three-coordinate radar has no foreign analogues. Photo: Georgy DANILOV Improving the federal system of reconnaissance and airspace control: history, reality, prospects
At the end of the 20th century, the issue of creating a single radar field of the country was quite acute. Multi-departmental radar systems and means, often duplicating each other and eating up colossal budget funds, did not meet the requirements of the country's leadership and the Armed Forces. The need to expand work in this area was obvious.

Ending. Beginning at No. 2 for 2012

At the same time, due to limited space and functionality the current FSR and KVP does not provide a sufficient level of integration of departmental radar systems and is unable to fulfill the entire scope of the tasks assigned to it.

The limitations and shortcomings of the created FSR and KVP can be summarized as follows:
SITV of the EU ATM CA with air defense controls are not deployed throughout the country, but only in the Central, Eastern and partially North-Western and Caucasian-Ural areas of responsibility for air defense (56% of the required for full-scale deployment of the FSR and KVP);
less than 40% of the RLP DN of the Ministry of Transport of Russia were modernized in order to perform dual-use functions, while the RTP DN of the Ministry of Defense of Russia ceased to be backbone in the unified radar system of the FSR and KVP;
information on the air situation issued by the EU ATM CA and RLP DN in terms of spatial, qualitative and probabilistic-temporal characteristics often does not meet the modern requirements of air defense control bodies (AKO);
radar, flight and planning information received from the EU ATM CA is used ineffectively in solving air defense (ASD) tasks due to the low level of equipment of the air defense CP (ASD) with adapted automation systems;
joint automated processing of data from various sources of information of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and EU ATM is not provided, which significantly reduces the reliability of identification and identification of air objects in peacetime;
the level of equipping FSR and STOL facilities with high-speed digital means and communication and data transmission systems does not meet modern requirements for the efficiency and reliability of the exchange of radar, flight and planned information;
there are shortcomings in the implementation of a unified technical policy in the creation, production, supply and operation of dual-use facilities used in the FSR and KVP;
insufficiently effective coordination of measures for the technical equipment of facilities allocated to the FSR and STOL, within the framework of various FTPs, including the modernization of the EU ATM and the improvement of control and communication systems of the RF Armed Forces;
existing regulatory legal documents do not fully reflect the issues of using SITV, RTP DN of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, involved in the radar support of EU ATM centers, as well as the use of means of state identification of the EU GRLO installed on the radar DN of the Ministry of Transport of Russia;
the possibilities of zonal interdepartmental commissions for the use and KVP for coordinating the activities of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Transport of Russia and the Ministry of Defense of Russia on the use and operation of technical means of the FSR and KVP in areas of responsibility for air defense are practically not realized.

Mobile altimeter type PRV-13
Photo: Georgy DANILOV

To eliminate these shortcomings and realize the national interests of the Russian Federation in the field of use and STOL, full-scale deployment of FSR and STOL in all regions of Russia, further integration with the EU ATM based on the use of basic information technologies for surveillance and STOL, modernized and promising means of radar, automation and communication primarily dual purpose.

The strategic goal of the development of the FSR and STOL is to ensure the required effectiveness of intelligence and STOL in the interests of solving the tasks of air defense (aerospace defense), protecting the state border of the Russian Federation in the airspace, suppressing terrorist acts and other illegal actions in the airspace, ensuring air traffic safety based on the integrated use radar systems and means of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia in the context of a reduction in the total composition of forces, means and resources.

In the weekly "Military-Industrial Courier" (No. 5 dated 08.02.2012), the commander of the aerospace defense forces, Lieutenant-General Oleg Ostapenko, drew the public's attention that the current state of the low-altitude radar field within the Russian Federation has not the best configuration.

Therefore, customers and performers are full of enthusiasm and find mutually acceptable solutions in the most difficult situations and the casuistry of modern legislation in the interests of implementing the FTP.

Based on the results of Phase II of the FTP, a significant increase in the efficiency and quality of solving the problems of air defense, protection of the state border in the airspace, radar support for aviation flights and the organization of air traffic in important air directions should be ensured with a limited composition of forces, means and resources of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with the aerospace defense concept for the period up to 2016 and beyond, approved by the President of the Russian Federation in April 2006, one of the main directions in building the aerospace defense at present is the full-scale deployment of the FSR and CVP throughout the country.

To ensure the full integration of departmental radar systems of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia and the formation on this basis of a single information space on the state of the air situation as one of the main areas of concentration of efforts in building the country's aerospace defense further development FSR and KVP should be carried out in the following stages:
Stage III - short term (2011-2015);
Stage IV - medium term (2016–2020);
Stage V - long-term perspective (after 2020).

The main task of the development of the FSR and CVP in the short term is the deployment of the FSR and CVP in all regions of Russia. At the same time, during this period, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive modernization of the EA radar in order to increase the efficiency of using radar, flight and planning information received from the EU ATM authorities of the Ministry of Transport of Russia to solve air defense (VKO) tasks and increase the area of controlled airspace.

Radar station 22ZH6 "Desna"
Photo: Georgy DANILOV

To create a radar field with improved parameters, a decision was required to continue work within the framework of the FTP “Improvement of the FSR and KVP (2007–2010)” for the period up to 2015. The matter necessary for the country's defense capability was not “chattered” in the authorities, as is often the case , it received a logical continuation - the FTP was extended until 2015 in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 2011 No. 98.

The main task of the development of the FSR and KVP for the medium term (after 2016) and the long term (after 2020) is the creation of a promising integrated dual-use radar system (IRLS DN) of the FSR and KVP in the interests of forming a single information space on the state of the air situation for the authorities Air Defense Command (VKO) and EU ATM.

For the timely completion of the full-scale deployment of the FSR and KVP, it is necessary, first of all, not to miss the issues of the organizational and technical plan:
creation of a permanent interdepartmental working group of representatives of interested ministries and departments, scientific organizations and industrial enterprises under the MVK IVP and KVP in order to promptly resolve problematic issues and prepare proposals on current issues;
preparation of proposals for the formation of a profile department in the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, as well as the formation of a new 136 KNO FSR and KVP Air Force to coordinate work to improve the federal system by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Implementation of the concept in the period up to 2016 should allow:
to carry out a full-scale deployment of the FSR and KVP based on the creation of fragments of the EA radar in all regions of the country and thereby provide the prerequisites for the deployment of an aerospace attack reconnaissance and warning system;
improve the quality of solving the problems of ensuring national security, defense capability and the economy of the state in the field of use and KVP of the Russian Federation;
bring regulatory legal documents in the field of use and control of airspace in line with the current legislation of the Russian Federation, taking into account the reform of the RF Armed Forces, the creation and development of the Air Navigation System (ANS) of Russia;
to ensure the implementation of a unified technical policy in the development, production, deployment, operation and use of dual-use systems and means in the field of use and KVP;
create conditions for the accelerated development of domestic science and technology in the field of exploration and STG;
to reduce the total costs of the state for the maintenance and development of radar systems of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia.

In addition, the implementation of the concept in the period up to 2016 will ensure compliance with ICAO requirements for the level of air traffic safety (according to the disaster risk criterion).

In the short term (until 2016), it is advisable to carry out priority activities for the development of the FSR and CVP, in addition to the work within the framework of the FTP “Improvement of the FSR and CVP (2007–2015)”, as well as scientific and technical support for the activities of the FTP, it is advisable to carry out in the following areas :
R&D commissioned by the Russian Ministry of Defense, aimed at conducting advanced systematic research on the modernization and development of the FSR and KVP;
R & D commissioned by the Russian Ministry of Defense, aimed at the practical implementation of the main provisions of this concept in two main areas: the comprehensive modernization of the EA radar and the creation of the head section of a promising DN IRLS;
serial deliveries of new equipment, including dual-use equipment, to FSR and KVP facilities that are part of the RF Armed Forces.

FTP "Modernization of EU ATM (2009-2015)".

With such a distribution of activities for each area of work, the fulfillment of its specific, but interconnected with other tasks, is ensured, and duplication between them is excluded. In addition, it seems necessary to also organize:
introduction of new means and technologies for identifying and identifying air objects, taking into account modern conditions for airspace control in peacetime;
improving the interspecific interaction of systems for monitoring and controlling air and surface space based on the use of over-the-horizon radar (OZH radar), automatic dependent surveillance systems (ADS) and promising sources of information;
introduction of integrated digital communication systems based on advanced telecommunication technologies for prompt and sustainable exchange of information between objects.

Solving the problem of automatic remote delivery of key information for the determination equipment state affiliation by the hardware-software method through the available communication channels, intended for the issuance of radar information.

The implementation of the concept in the medium and long term (after 2016) will allow:
achieve the strategic goal of the development of the FSR and STOL - to ensure the required effectiveness of intelligence and STOL in the interests of solving the tasks of air defense (aerospace defense), protecting the state border of the Russian Federation in the airspace, suppressing terrorist acts and other illegal actions in the airspace, as well as the required level of air traffic safety in the face of a reduction in the total composition of forces, means and resources;
create IRLS DN and form on its basis a single information space on the state of the air situation in the interests of the Russian Ministry of Defense, the Russian Ministry of Transport and other ministries and departments;
ensure the introduction of promising means and technologies for identifying HE and automatically identifying the degree of their danger;
significantly reduce the cost of operating surveillance equipment and dual-purpose STOL due to their operation in automatic mode.

The implementation of the concept will also contribute to the integration of the Russian ANS into the Eurasian and global air navigation systems.

The goal of the development of the FSR and KVP after the completion of the main stages of development, it seems, can be the creation of a promising radar DN on the basis of the EA radar, which ensures the integration of departmental radar systems of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia and the formation on this basis of a single information space on the state of the air situation in the interests of the Ministry of Defense Russia, the Ministry of Transport of Russia and other ministries and departments.

The creation of IRLS DN will eliminate departmental and systemic contradictions through the introduction of basic information technologies for surveillance and STOL, the use of modernized and promising means of radar, automation and communications, primarily dual-use, as well as the implementation of a unified technical policy in the field of use and STOL.

A prospective IRLS DN should include:
a network of unified sources of dual-use information (UII DN) that provides the acquisition, preliminary processing and issuance of information about the air situation in accordance with the requirements of consumers of various departments;
a network of territorial centers for joint processing of information (TCS) on the air situation;
integrated digital telecommunications network (ICTS).

The main consumers of information provided by the IRLS DN are the Air Defense Command (VKO) and the EU ATM CA.

IRLS DN should be built on a network principle, which will provide access for any consumer of information to any DD DN or TC SOI (subject to restrictions on access rights).

The composition of the technical means of all IIM DN should be unified and include the following information, processing and communication components (modules):
primary radars (PRL);
secondary radars (SRL) that provide information from the aircraft in all operating modes of request-response;
ground-based radar means of state identification of the EU GRLO (NRZ);
receiving devices of the ADS system;
devices for automatic processing and combining information from the above sources;
terminal devices for interfacing with an integrated digital telecommunications network in order to provide various types of communication (data, voice, video, etc.).

Means of obtaining information about the air situation (PRL, VRL, NRZ, ADS) can be integrated in various ways.

IIM DN should be created on the basis of valid dual-use information elements of three types:
RTP DN of the Russian Ministry of Defense (RF Armed Forces);
RTP DN of the Ministry of Defense of Russia (RF Armed Forces), solving the tasks of STOL and ensuring flights (flights) of aviation in peacetime;
RLP DN of the Ministry of Transport of Russia (EU ATM).

At the same time, in the period 2016-2020. the head section of the IRLS DN should be created in one of the regions of Russia, and subsequently the deployment of the IRLS DN in all regions of the country should be ensured. It is advisable to define the most developed fragment of the federal system in the north-west of the country as the head section of the IRLS DN.

Within the framework of the head section of the GU IRLS DN, it is necessary to use the existing systems and means of the EA radar, which provide information and technical interaction between the air defense control bodies (VKO) and the EU ATM CA, as well as deploy promising means of radar, automation and communication that implement new surveillance and STOL technologies and providing the construction of UII DN and TC SDI.

Of course, it is highly desirable that the plans be carried out. But the question naturally arises: how effective is the system of reconnaissance and airspace control as a subsystem of reconnaissance and warning of an aerospace attack of the Russian aerospace defense system?

It makes no sense today to restore the airspace radar control system that the mighty USSR once had. Air defense means of the modern level should ensure the solution of the assigned combat missions without the "foreground" advanced to the limit. As a last resort, highly mobile means of long-range radar detection and control should work.

In his article on national security issues, published on February 20, 2012 in Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Vladimir Putin drew attention to the fact that in modern conditions our country cannot rely only on diplomatic and economic methods of removing contradictions and resolving conflicts.

Russia is faced with the task of developing its military potential within the framework of a deterrence strategy and at the level of defense sufficiency. The Armed Forces, special services and other power structures must be prepared to quickly and effectively respond to new challenges. This is a necessary condition for Russia to feel safe and for our country's arguments to be accepted by partners in various international formats.

The joint efforts of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, the Ministry of Transport of Russia and the military-industrial complex to improve the FSR and KVP will significantly increase the spatial and information capabilities of the aerospace defense and the air force.

Already today, the operational-strategic commands formed throughout the country can and should make the most efficient use of the spatial potential of the unified radar system of the FSR and KVP. But do they actually use and how do they improve the methods of combat operations of active combat arms, having such a system?

Do the exercises work out the actions of the air defense duty forces aimed at suppressing airspace violations in those regions where today, through the reconstruction of the TRLP DN of the Ministry of Transport of Russia and the reconstruction of the EU ATM centers of the Ministry of Transport of Russia, equipping them with SITV with air defense control bodies, the information capabilities of the information lost in 1990s radar field? Have the issues of determining the nationality of air objects on the principle of "friend or foe" been resolved?

Probably, the widest circles of the Russian public and the expert community of the country would be interested to know how effectively the created unified radar system of the FSR and KVP works within the current boundaries of responsibility for air defense. We should not be tormented today and in the historically foreseeable future by the question: is Russia threatened by radar blindness?
Sergei Vasilievich SERGEEV
Deputy General Director - Head of the Special Design Bureau of OAO NPO LEMZ
Alexander Evgenievich KISLUKHA
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Advisor for FSR and KVP of the Deputy General Director - Head of the Special Design Bureau of OAO NPO LEMZ, Colonel

Reliable Aerospace Defense (VKO) of the country is impossible without the creation of an effective system of reconnaissance and airspace control. An important place in it is occupied by a low-altitude location. The reduction of units and means of radar reconnaissance has led to the fact that over the territory of the Russian Federation today there are open areas state border and interior regions of the country. JSC NPP Kant, which is part of the Russian Technologies State Corporation, is conducting research and development to create a prototype of a multi-position spaced radar system for semi-active location in the radiation field of cellular communication systems, broadcasting and television, ground-based and space-based (the Rubezh complex).

Today, the greatly increased accuracy of targeting weapons systems no longer requires the massive use of air attack weapons (AOS), and the tightened requirements for electromagnetic compatibility, as well as sanitary norms and rules, do not allow in peacetime to “contaminate” the populated areas of the country with the use of microwave radiation (UHF radiation) high-potential radar stations (RLS). In accordance with the federal law "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" dated March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ, radiation standards have been established that are mandatory throughout Russia. The radiation power of any of the known air defense radars many times exceeds these standards. The problem is aggravated by the high probability of using low-flying low-observable targets, which requires the compaction of the combat formations of the traditional fleet radars and the increase in the cost of maintaining a continuous low-altitude radar field (SVRLP). To create a continuous duty round-the-clock MSRLP with a height of 25 meters (the flight altitude of a cruise missile or an ultralight aircraft) along a front of only 100 kilometers, at least two radars of the KASTA-2E2 (39N6) type are required, the power consumption of each of which is 23 kW. Taking into account the average cost of electricity in 2013 prices, only the cost of maintaining this section of the MSRLP will be at least three million rubles a year. Moreover, the length of the borders of the Russian Federation is 60,900,000 kilometers.

In addition, with the outbreak of hostilities in the conditions of active use of electronic countermeasures (REW) by the enemy, traditional location means on duty can be largely suppressed, since the transmitting part of the radar completely unmasks its location.

Preserve the expensive radar resource, increase their capabilities in peaceful and war time, and it is also possible to increase the noise immunity of the MSRLP by using semi-active location systems with an external illumination source.

For detection of air and space targets

Abroad, extensive research is being carried out on the use of third-party radiation sources in semi-active location systems. Passive radar systems that analyze TV broadcast (terrestrial and satellite), FM radio and cellular telephony, and HF radio signals reflected from targets have become one of the most popular and promising areas of study over the past 20 years. It is believed that the American corporation Lockheed Martin has achieved the greatest success here with its Silent Sentry system (“Quiet sentry”).

Own versions of passive radars are being developed by Avtec Systems, Dynetics, Cassidian, Roke Manor Research, and the French space agency ONERA. Active work on this topic is underway in China, Australia, Italy, and the UK.

The Hidden "Frontier" of Air Control

Similar work to detect targets in the field of illumination of television centers was carried out at the Military Engineering Radio Engineering Academy of Air Defense (VIRTA PVO) named after Govorov. However, the weighty practical groundwork obtained more than a quarter of a century ago on the use of illumination of analog radiation sources for solving problems of semi-active location turned out to be unclaimed.

With the development of digital broadcasting and communication technologies, the possibility of using semi-active location systems with external illumination has also appeared in Russia.

The complex of multi-position spaced radar system of semi-active location "Rubezh", being developed by JSC NPP Kant, is designed to detect air and space targets in the field of external illumination. Such a field of illumination is distinguished by the cost-effectiveness of airspace monitoring in peacetime and resistance to electronic countermeasures during war.

The presence of a large number of highly stable radiation sources (broadcasting, communications) both in space and on Earth, which form continuous electromagnetic illumination fields, makes it possible to use them as a signal source in a semi-active system for detecting various types of targets. In this case, it is not required to spend money on radiation of own radio signals. To receive signals reflected from targets, multi-channel receiving modules (PM) spaced apart on the ground are used, which, together with radiation sources, create a semi-active location complex. The passive mode of operation of the Rubezh complex makes it possible to ensure the secrecy of these funds and use the structure of the complex in wartime. Calculations show that the secrecy of a semi-active location system in terms of masking coefficient is at least 1.5–2 times higher than a radar with a traditional combined construction principle.

The use of more cost-effective means of locating the standby mode will significantly save the resource of expensive combat systems by saving the established resource spending limit. In addition to the standby mode, the proposed complex can also perform tasks in wartime conditions, when all peacetime radiation sources are disabled or turned off.

In this regard, a far-sighted decision would be to create specialized omnidirectional covert noise radiation transmitters (100-200 W), which could be thrown or installed in threatened directions (in sectors) in order to create a field of third-party illumination in a special period. This will allow, on the basis of the networks of receiving modules remaining from peacetime, to create a hidden multi-position active-passive wartime system.

There are no analogues

The Rubezh complex is not an analogue of any of the known samples presented in the State Armaments Program. At the same time, the transmitting part of the complex already exists in the form of a dense network of base stations (BS) of cellular communications, terrestrial and satellite broadcasting and television transmitting centers. Therefore, the central task for "Kant" was the creation of receiving modules for signals reflected from targets of third-party illumination and a signal processing system (software and algorithmic support that implements systems for detecting, processing reflected signals and combating penetrating signals).

The current state of the electronic component base, data transmission and synchronization systems makes it possible to create compact receiving modules with small overall dimensions. Such modules can be located on cellular towers, using the power lines of this system and not having any effect on its operation due to their insignificant power consumption.

Sufficiently high probabilistic characteristics of detection make it possible to use this tool as an unattended, automatic system for establishing the fact of crossing (flying) a certain boundary (for example, the state border) by a low-altitude target, followed by the issuance of preliminary target designation to specialized ground-based or space-based means about the direction and boundary of the appearance of the intruder.

Thus, calculations show that the illumination field of base stations with a spacing between the BS of 35 kilometers and a radiation power of 100 W is capable of detecting low-altitude aerodynamic targets with an RCS of 1m2 in the “clear zone” with a correct detection probability of 0.7 and a false alarm probability of 10–4 . The number of tracked targets is determined by the performance of computing facilities. The main characteristics of the system were verified by a series of practical experiments on the detection of low-altitude targets, conducted by OAO NPP Kant with the assistance of OAO RTI im. Academician A. L. Mints ”and the participation of employees of the VA VKO them. G. K. Zhukov. The test results confirmed the prospects for the use of low-altitude semi-active target location systems in the illumination field of the BS of GSM cellular communication systems. When the receiving module was removed at a distance of 1.3–2.6 kilometers from the BS with a radiation power of 40 W, a Yak-52 type target was confidently detected under various observation angles both in the front and rear hemispheres in the first resolution element.

The configuration of the existing cellular communication network makes it possible to build a flexible pre-field for monitoring low-altitude air and surface space in the field of illumination of the BS of the GSM communication network in the border zone.

The system is proposed to be built in several detection lines to a depth of 50-100 kilometers, along the front in a band of 200-300 kilometers and up to 1500 meters in height. Each detection line represents a sequential chain of detection zones located between the BSs. The detection zone is formed by a single-base diversity (bistatic) Doppler radar. This fundamental solution is based on the fact that when a target is detected through the light, its effective reflective surface increases many times, which makes it possible to detect low-profile targets made using the Stealth technology.

Increasing the capacity of aerospace defense

From line to line of detection, the number and direction of flying targets are clarified. In this case, the algorithmic (calculated) determination of the distance to the target and its height becomes possible. The number of simultaneously registered targets is determined by the bandwidth of the information transmission channels over the lines of cellular communication networks.

Information from each detection zone is sent via GSM networks to the Information Collection and Processing Center (CSOI), which can be located many hundreds of kilometers from the detection system. Targets are identified by direction-finding, frequency and time features, as well as when installing video recorders - by target images.

Thus, the Rubezh complex will allow:

create a continuous low-altitude radar field with multiple multi-frequency overlapping of radiation zones created by various illumination sources;
to provide the state border and other territories of the country, which are poorly equipped with traditional means of radar, with means of controlling the air and ground space (the lower limit of the controlled radar field of less than 300 meters is created only around the control centers major airports. Over the rest of the territory of the Russian Federation, the lower limit is determined only by the needs of escorting civil aircraft along the main airlines, which do not fall below 5000 meters);
significantly reduce the cost of placement and commissioning compared to any similar systems;
solve problems in the interests of almost all law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation: MO (building up a low-altitude radar field on duty in threatened directions), FSO (in terms of ensuring the security of state protection facilities - the complex can be located in suburban and urban areas to monitor air terrorist threats or control the use of surface space ), ATC (control over the flights of light aircraft and unmanned vehicles at low altitudes, including air taxis, according to the forecasts of the Ministry of Transport, the annual increase in aircraft small aviation general purpose accounts for 20 percent annually), FSB (tasks of anti-terrorist protection of strategically important facilities and protection of the state border), Ministry of Emergency Situations (fire safety monitoring, search for crashed aircraft, etc.).

The proposed means and methods for solving the tasks of low-altitude radar reconnaissance in no way cancel the means and complexes created and supplied to the RF Armed Forces, but only increase their capabilities.

Reference Information:

Research and Production Enterprise "Kant" for more than 28 years has been developing, manufacturing and maintaining modern means of special communications and data transmission, radio monitoring and electronic warfare, information security systems and information channels. The products of the enterprise are used in the supply of almost all power structures of the Russian Federation and are used in solving defense and special tasks.

JSC NPP Kant has a modern laboratory and production base, a highly professional team of scientists and engineering specialists, which allows it to perform a full range of scientific and production tasks: from R&D, serial production to repair and maintenance of equipment in operation.

Authors: Andrey Demidyuk, Executive Director of OAO NPP Kant, Doctor of Military Sciences, Associate Professor Evgeny Demidyuk, Head of the Department of Innovative Development of JSC NPP Kant, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor

Impossible without the creation of an effective system of reconnaissance and airspace control. An important place in it is occupied by a low-altitude location. The reduction of units and means of radar reconnaissance has led to the fact that over the territory of Russia today there are open sections of the state border and the country's interior.

OJSC NPP Kant, which is part of the Russian Technologies State Corporation, is conducting research and development to create a prototype of a multi-position diversity radar system of semi-active location in the radiation field of cellular communication systems, broadcasting and television of ground and space-based ( complex "Rubezh").

In accordance with the federal law "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" dated March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ, radiation standards have been established that are mandatory throughout Russia. The radiation power of any of the known air defense radars many times exceeds these standards. The problem is aggravated by the high probability of using low-flying low-observable targets, which requires the compaction of the combat formations of the traditional fleet radars and the increase in the cost of maintaining a continuous low-altitude radar field (SVRLP).

To create a continuous duty round-the-clock MSRLP with a height of 25 meters (the flight altitude of a cruise missile or an ultralight aircraft) along a front of only 100 kilometers, at least two radars of the KASTA-2E2 (39N6) type are required, the power consumption of each of which is 23 kW. Taking into account the average cost of electricity in 2013 prices, only the cost of maintaining this section of the MSRLP will be at least 3 million rubles per year. Moreover, the length of the borders of the Russian Federation is 60,900,000 kilometers.

It is possible to save the expensive resource of the radar station, increase their capabilities in peacetime and wartime, and also increase the noise immunity of the MSRLP by using semi-active location systems with an external illumination source.

For detection of air and space targets

Similar work to detect targets in the field of illumination of television centers was carried out at the Military Engineering Radio Engineering Academy of Air Defense (VIRTA PVO) named after. Govorova. However, the weighty practical groundwork obtained more than a quarter of a century ago on the use of illumination of analog radiation sources for solving problems of semi-active location turned out to be unclaimed.

With the development of digital broadcasting and communication technologies, the possibility of using semi-active location systems with external illumination has also appeared in Russia.

Developed by OAO NPP Kant complex of multi-position spaced radar system of semi-active location "Rubezh" designed to detect air and space targets in the field of external illumination. Such a field of illumination is distinguished by the cost-effectiveness of airspace monitoring in peacetime and resistance to electronic countermeasures during war.

The passive mode of operation of the Rubezh complex makes it possible to ensure the secrecy of these funds and use the structure of the complex in wartime. Calculations show that the secrecy of a semi-active location system in terms of masking coefficient is at least 1.5–2 times higher than a radar with a traditional combined construction principle.

There are no analogues of the Rubezh complex

Sufficiently high probabilistic detection characteristics make it possible to use this tool as an unattended, automatic system for establishing the fact of crossing (flying) a certain boundary (for example, the state border) by a low-altitude target, followed by the issuance of preliminary target designation to specialized ground- or space-based means about the direction and boundary of the appearance of the intruder.

So, calculations show that the illumination field of base stations with a spacing between BS of 35 kilometers and a radiation power of 100 W is capable of detecting low-altitude aerodynamic targets with an RCS of 1m 2 in the "clear zone" with a correct detection probability of 0.7 and a false alarm probability of 10 -4 . The number of tracked targets is determined by the performance of computing facilities.

The main characteristics of the system were verified by a series of practical experiments on the detection of low-altitude targets, conducted by OAO NPP Kant with the assistance of OAO RTI im. Academician A.L. Mints "and the participation of employees of the VA VKO them. G.K. Zhukov. The test results confirmed the prospects for the use of low-altitude semi-active target location systems in the illumination field of the BS of GSM cellular communication systems.

When the receiving module was removed at a distance of 1.3–2.6 kilometers from the BS with a radiation power of 40 W, a Yak-52 type target was confidently detected under various observation angles both in the front and rear hemispheres in the first resolution element.

The configuration of the existing cellular communication network makes it possible to build a flexible pre-field for monitoring low-altitude air and surface space in the field of illumination of the BS of the GSM communication network in the border zone.

The system is proposed to be built in several detection lines to a depth of 50-100 km, along the front in a band of 200-300 km and in height up to 1500 meters.

Each detection line represents a sequential chain of detection zones located between the BSs. The detection zone is formed by a single-base diversity (bistatic) Doppler radar. This fundamental solution is based on the fact that when a target is detected through the light, its effective reflective surface increases many times, which makes it possible to detect low-profile targets made using the Stealth technology.

Increasing the capacity of aerospace defense

Thus, complex "Rubezh" will allow:

1. create a continuous low-altitude radar field with multiple multi-frequency overlapping of radiation zones created by various illumination sources;

2. to provide air and ground space control with the state border poorly equipped with traditional radar facilities and other territories of the country (the lower boundary of the controlled radar field of less than 300 meters is created only around the control centers of large airports. Over the rest of the territory of the Russian Federation, the lower boundary is determined only by the needs of escorting civil aircraft along the main airlines that do not go below 5000 meters);

3. Significantly reduce deployment and commissioning costs compared to any similar systems;

4. solve problems in the interests of almost all law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation:

- MO (building up a low-altitude radar field on duty in threatened directions);

- FSO (in terms of ensuring the security of state protection facilities - the complex can be located in suburban and urban areas to monitor air terrorist threats or control the use of surface space);

- ATC (control over the flights of light aircraft and unmanned vehicles at low altitudes, including air taxis - according to the forecasts of the Ministry of Transport, the annual increase in general-purpose small aircraft is 20% annually);

- FSB (tasks of anti-terrorist protection of strategically important facilities and protection of the state border);

— Ministry of Emergency Situations (fire safety monitoring, search for crashed aircraft, etc.).

The proposed means and methods for solving the tasks of low-altitude radar reconnaissance in no way cancel the means and complexes created and supplied to the Russian Armed Forces, but only increase their capabilities.

/Andrey Demidyuk, Doctor of Military Sciences, Associate Professor;
Evgeniy Demidyuk, candidate of technical sciences, vpk-news.ru/

SUBSTANCE: inventions relate to the field of radar and can be used in the control of space irradiated by external sources of radio emission. The technical result of the proposed technical solutions is to reduce the operating time of the radar in the active mode by increasing the time of its operation in the passive mode. The essence of the invention lies in the fact that the control of the air space irradiated by external sources of radiation is carried out by surveying the space with the active channel of the radar station only in those directions of the viewing area in which the ratio of the energy of the external electronic equipment reflected by the object to the noise is greater than the threshold value, for this, the reflected the object is the energy of an external radio-electronic means, the waiting time for irradiation of which in the inspected direction is the smallest and does not exceed the permissible value. 2 n. and 5 z.p. f-ly, 2 ill.

SUBSTANCE: inventions relate to the field of radar and can be used in the control of space irradiated by external sources of radio emission.

A known method of active radar of objects, which consists in the emission of probing signals, receiving reflected signals, measuring the delay time of signals and the angular coordinates of objects, calculating the distance to objects (Theoretical foundations of radar, ed. Ya.D. Shirman, M., "Sov. radio ", 1970, pp. 9-11).

Known radar station (RLS) that implements the known method, containing an antenna, an antenna switch, a transmitter, a receiver, an indicator device, a synchronizer, while the signal input/output of the antenna is connected to the antenna switch, the input of which is connected to the output of the transmitter, and the output is connected to the input receiver, the output of the receiver, in turn, is connected to the input of the indicator device, two outputs of the synchronizer are connected to the input of the transmitter and the second input of the indicator device, respectively, the coordinate output of the antenna is connected to the third input of the indicator device (Theoretical Foundations of Radar, ed. Ya.D. Shirman, M., "Sov. Radio", 1970, p. 221).

The disadvantage of the known method and the device that implements it is that the radiation of radar signals is carried out in each direction of the controlled area. This method makes the radar extremely vulnerable to anti-radar means, since with the continuous operation of the radar, there is a high probability of detecting its signals, determining the direction to the radar and being hit by anti-radar means. In addition, the ability to concentrate energy in any areas of the controlled area to ensure the detection of subtle targets or to detect targets under the action of active jamming is very limited. It can only be carried out by reducing the energy radiated to other directions of the zone.

It is known that sources that are not part of the radar can be used as radiation sources. Such sources of radiation are usually called "external" (Gladkov V.E., Knyazev IN. Detection of air targets in the electromagnetic field of external sources of radiation. "Radio engineering", issue 69, p.70-77). External sources of radio emission can be radar stations of neighboring states and other radio-electronic means (RES).

The closest way to control the space irradiated by external sources of radiation includes surveying the space with the help of radar, additional reception of the energy of the external RES reflected by the object, determining the boundaries of the zone in which the ratio of the reflected RES energy to noise Q is greater than the threshold value Qthr, and the emission of energy only in those directions of the zone in which the reflected energy of the RES was detected (RF Patent No. 2215303, 09/28/2001).

The device closest to the claimed is a radar station (figure 1), containing passive and active channels, a position calculation unit, while the passive channel includes a series-connected receiving antenna and receiver, the active channel includes a series-connected antenna, antenna switch, receiver and a range calculation device, as well as a synchronizer and a transmitter, the output of which is connected to the input of the antenna switch, the first and second outputs of the synchronizer being connected respectively to the transmitter input and the second input of the range calculation device (RF Patent No. 2226701, 03/13/2001).

The essence of the known method is as follows.

For the RES used, the value of the ratio of the energy reflected by the object to the noise (i.e., the signal-to-noise ratio) is calculated at the reception point according to the formula (Blyakhman A.B., Runova I.A. Bistatic effective area of scattering and detection of objects during radar through transmission. "Radio Engineering and Electronics", 2001. Volume 46, No. 4, formula (1) on p. 425):

where Q=P c /P w - signal-to-noise ratio;

P T - average power of the transmitting device;

G T , G R are the gains of the transmitting antenna of the RES and the receiving antenna of the radar, respectively;

λ - wavelength;

η - generalized losses;

σ(α B ,α G) - RCS of the object for a two-position system as a function of the vertical and horizontal diffraction angles α B and α G, respectively; the angle of diffraction is understood as the angle between the direction of irradiation and the line connecting the object and the point of observation;

F T (β, θ), F R (β, θ) - radiation patterns of the transmitting antenna of the RES and the receiving antenna of the radar, respectively;

Р w - average noise power in the band of the receiving device;

R T , R R - distance respectively from the RES and the receiving device to the object.

Calculate the angular boundaries of the zone vertically and horizontally, in which the values of the signal-to-noise ratio Q are not less than the threshold Q POR. The threshold value Q POR is selected based on the required reliability of detection of the RES energy reflected by the object.

Within the boundaries calculated in this way, the zone is inspected in a passive mode (in the frequency range of the selected RES). The active mode is not used. If in some direction of the inspected part of the zone the measured energy of the RES has a level not less than the threshold, then this direction is inspected in the active mode. In this case, a probing signal is emitted, an object is detected and its coordinates are measured. After that, the examination is continued in the passive mode.

Thus, the number of zone directions scanned in the active mode is reduced. Due to this, in some directions of the zone, the concentration of the radiated energy of the radar can be increased, which increases the reliability of object detection.

The disadvantage of the known technical solutions is as follows.

As is known, external sources of radiation, such as radars located on the territory of neighboring states, are characterized for an external observer by the randomness of radiation in time. Therefore, the use of such sources that irradiate the examined area of the zone with a sufficient power level, as a rule, requires a long waiting time for exposure.

It can be shown that when using an external radar station as an external 1st source, including one located on the territory of a neighboring state, the waiting time for exposure t i of the inspected direction will be determined by the expression:

where Δα i , Δβ i - angular size of the set of parts of the DND i-th external Radar, the radiation level of which provides Q≥Q POR;

∆A i ; ΔB i - angular size of the field of view of the external radar;

T i - review period i-th space external radar.

For the case when the fulfillment of the condition Q≥Q POR is provided only by the main beam DNA i-th external radar (which takes place in the prototype), i.e. Δα i Δβ i =Δα i0 Δβ i0 , where Δα i0 Δβ i0 are the angular dimensions of the main beam of the AP of the i-th external radar, taking into account the fact that the angular dimensions of the field of view of the external radar (ΔA i ,ΔB i) are significant, it is true:

and t i →T i .

It follows that since for modern surveillance radars the survey period is T i =5÷15 s and is strictly limited, their use as external radars with a single-channel survey method is practically excluded, since the survey of a space consisting of tens of thousands of directions, at the cost for inspection of each direction 5÷15 s is unacceptable.

In addition, modern radars operate in a wide frequency range, have big number types of signals, the parameters of which, although known, require a larger number of channels for reception.

Requirements are imposed on modern radars to ensure space coverage consistently in time without additional beam stop, i.e. "on the way". Due to the fact that the moments of irradiation of the zone by the main beam of the external radar and the moments of radiation reception by the radar station in the same directions rarely coincide, the achievable time of the radar in the passive mode as a whole over the field of view is small. Accordingly, the time of its operation in the active mode is significant. In the closest technical solutions, when external radars are used as radiation sources, the vast majority of the time the radar operates on radiation in almost the entire viewing area, which, as noted, increases its vulnerability to enemy anti-radar weapons and limits the ability to concentrate energy. This is a disadvantage of the closest technical solutions.

Thus, the problem to be solved (technical result) of the proposed technical solutions is to reduce the operating time of the radar in the active mode by increasing the time of its operation in the passive mode.

The problem is solved by the fact that in the method of controlling the airspace irradiated by external sources of radiation, which consists in surveying the space by a radar station (RLS), in additional reception of the energy of an external radio-electronic means (RES) reflected by an object, in determining the boundaries of the zone within which the ratio of the reflected by the object of the energy of the RES to the noise is greater than the threshold value, and in the emission of radar signals only in those directions of the zone in which the reflected energy of the RES is detected, according to the invention, the energy of that external RES is received, the waiting time for irradiation of which the direction being examined is the smallest and does not exceed the permissible value.

The problem is also solved by:

Ground-based radars, including radars of neighboring states, are selected as external RES, their parameters and coordinates are determined;

To view a section of the zone, those external radars are selected for which, ceteris paribus, the ratio is the largest, where D MAKCi is the maximum range actions i-th external radar station, D FACTi - distance from the i-th external radar station to the viewed section of the zone;

To view a section of the zone, those external radars are selected for which, ceteris paribus, the diffraction angles are the smallest;

To view a section of the zone, external radars with a wide bottom in the elevation plane are selected;

Based on the stored angular coordinates β i , ε i , and the range D FACTi for i=1,...,n external radars, the values and angles of diffraction are calculated and a map is made of the correspondence of sections of the controlled zone to the parameters of external radar stations to be used in monitoring these sections .

The problem is also solved by the fact that in a radar station containing a passive channel, including a series-connected receiving antenna and a receiver, and an active channel, including a series-connected antenna, an antenna switch, a receiver and a ranging device, as well as a synchronizer and a transmitter, the output of which is connected with the input of the antenna switch, wherein the first and second outputs of the synchronizer are connected respectively to the input of the transmitter and the second input of the distance calculation device, according to the invention, the second input of the receiver, the input of the synchronizer and the channel control unit containing the memory, and the calculator connected to its output, the output of which is connected with the second input of the receiver, and its second input is connected to the third output of the synchronizer, as well as the second calculator, the input and output of which are connected, respectively, to the output of the receiver and the input of the synchronizer.

The essence of the proposed technical solutions is as follows.

To solve the task, information is required on the parameters of external RES that irradiate the radar field of view, which comes from electronic intelligence, is stored and regularly updated, i.e. a map of the RES is compiled and maintained. Such information contains data on the location of the RES, the time intervals for the operation of the RES for radiation, the wavelengths of the emitted signals, the radiation power and its change depending on the angles at which the analyzed sections of the viewing area are irradiated.

The available a priori information about all (n) RES irradiating the zone is analyzed before inspecting each direction of the radar coverage area in the passive mode and a choice is made of an external RES that is best suited for use at the current step of the radar operation.

An external RES is selected (k-e of i=1,...,n) having:

The shortest waiting time for irradiation of the analyzed section of the zone, which does not exceed the allowable t DOP, which is determined based on the allowable time for increasing the review period:

The largest value of the ratio of the maximum range of the RES to the distance of the RES to the viewed section of the zone:

Smallest diffraction angles:

The widest beam (Δθi) in the elevation plane:

At the same time, criterion (3) is the most important and, therefore, mandatory. For its implementation, it is required to bring the moment of inspection of the direction of the radar in the passive mode as close as possible to the moment of irradiation of this direction with an external RES, i.e. reduce the waiting time for irradiation by an external RES of the inspected radar direction. To reduce this waiting time to the greatest extent, the claimed invention uses a phased antenna array (PAR). HEADLIGHT makes it possible to change the position of the beam in the sector of electronic scanning in any order. This ability of the phased array allows at each moment of time to choose from a variety of directions in the electronic scanning sector for inspection in the passive mode that direction, the waiting time for irradiation of which by any external RES is the shortest. The use of an arbitrary order of direction selection for inspection in the passive mode, instead of a sequential transition from direction to direction, can significantly reduce the waiting time for irradiation of a direction. It is obvious that the best effect is achieved when using a two-dimensional phased array.

The receiving position, which is a passive radar with phased array, has frequency-tunable equipment for receiving and processing signals from external radio electronic devices, in particular external active radars, including those located on the territory of neighboring states. Based on the results of selecting an external RES, the receiving channel equipment is tuned.

After selecting the RES, the signal is received by the passive channel. If, at the same time, the reflected signal of the external RES is detected within the acceptable waiting time, i.e. conditions are met:

then this means that in this direction object is present. To detect an object and measure its coordinates in this direction, a signal is emitted by the active channel.

If, during the allowable waiting time by the passive channel, the level of received RES radiation did not exceed the threshold value, i.e. (7) is not satisfied, this means that there is no object in this direction. The probing signal is not emitted in this direction. The passive channel antenna beam moves to the next, not previously examined, direction of the controlled area, and the process is repeated.

For the case of using active radars as external RES, including those located on the territory of neighboring states, the criterion for choosing an external radar is the total angular size of the main beam and side lobes, at which the level of received radiation has a signal-to-noise ratio Q not less than the threshold Q POR. These radars include, first of all, radars, the distance of which from the viewed area of the zone (D FACT) is significantly less than the maximum range of the radar (D MAX).

So, for example, if the relation , then the energy level of the external radar incident on the examined section of the zone will be sufficient to detect an object not only in the region of the main lobe, but also in the side lobe (the level of which in this case is -13 dB with a uniform amplitude distribution of the field over the antenna canvas), and when a further increase in the indicated ratio - and in the background region, i.e. wherein and ti →0.

This criterion will also be satisfied for those used as external airfield and route radars, the density of which, as a rule, is quite high and therefore the probability of fulfilling the condition . In addition, modern airfield radars have wide radiation patterns in the elevation plane, which ensures that they simultaneously illuminate a large area of the zone.

Favorable conditions for external radars are also achieved when the external radar irradiates the analyzed section of the zone with small diffraction angles. So, with a diffraction angle of no more than ±10 °, the EPR of an object increases by tens and hundreds of times (Blyakhman A.B., Runova I.A. Bistatic effective area of scattering and detection of objects in transmission radar. "Radio engineering and electronics", 2001, 46, No. 4, p. 424-432), which leads to a decrease in the waiting time for irradiation t i , since the detection of an object becomes possible when it is irradiated with side lobes and the background of the radar beam.

The choice of an external radar is made on the basis of a priori, regularly updated data on the parameters and location of the radar. These data make it possible to compile a digital map of the correspondence of sections of the controlled space to radar stations to be used as external ones when monitoring these areas. The specified map makes it possible to provide automatic restructuring of the parameters of the receiving channel for reviewing sections of the zone in the passive mode.

Thus, a decrease in the waiting time for irradiation by an external RES of the inspected direction in the field of view is achieved and the solution of the task is provided - an increase in the operating time of the radar in the passive mode.

The inventions are illustrated in the following drawings.

Fig.1 is a block diagram of the closest radar;

Fig.2 - block diagram of the proposed radar.

The inventive radar station (figure 2) contains a passive channel 1, an active channel 2 and a channel control unit 3, while the passive channel 1 includes a series-connected receiving antenna 4 and a receiver 5, the active channel 2 includes a series-connected antenna 6, an antenna switch 7, receiver 8 and distance calculator 9, as well as synchronizer 10 and transmitter 11, the output of which is connected to the input of antenna switch 7, the first and second outputs of synchronizer 10 being connected respectively to the input of transmitter 11 and the second input of distance calculation device 9, channel control unit 3 includes a memory 12 and a calculator 13 connected to its output, the output of which is connected to the second input of the receiver 5, and its second input is connected to the third output of the synchronizer 10, as well as the calculator 14, the input and output of which are connected, respectively, to the output of the receiver 5 and the input of the synchronizer 10 .

The inventive radar station can be performed using the following functional elements.

Receiving antenna 4 and antenna 6 - phased array with electronic scanning in azimuth and elevation and with circular mechanical rotation in azimuth (Handbook of radar, ed. M. Skolnik, vol. 2, M., "Sov. Radio", 1977, pp. 132-138).

Receivers 5 and 8 - superheterodyne type (Handbook on the basics of radar technology. M., 1967, pp. 343-344).

Antenna switch 7 - balanced antenna switch based on the circulator (A.M. Pedak et al. Handbook on the basics of radar technology. Edited by V.V. Druzhinin. Military publishing house, 1967, pp. 166-168).

The distance calculation device 9 is a digital calculator that calculates the distance to the object by the magnitude of the delay of the reflected signal (Theoretical foundations of radar. /Edited by Ya.D.Shirman, M., "Sov. radio", 1970, p. 221).

Synchronizer 10 - Radar devices (theory and principles of construction). Ed. V.V. Grigorina-Ryabov, pp. 602-603.

The transmitter 11 is a multi-stage pulse transmitter on the klystron (A.M. Pedak and other Handbook on the basics of radar technology. Edited by V.V. Druzhinin. Military publishing house, 1967, pp. 277-278).

Memory 12 - storage device (Integrated circuits. Handbook, edited by T.V. Tarabrin, - M .: "Radio and Communication", 1984).

The calculator 13 is a digital calculator that implements the choice of RES in accordance with the criteria (3)-(6).

Calculator 14 is a digital calculator that implements active channel control in accordance with criteria (7).

The proposed radar works as follows.

Data on the location of the RES, time intervals for the operation of the RES for radiation, the wavelengths of the emitted RES signals, the radiation power and its change depending on the angles at which sections of the viewing area are irradiated, come from electronic intelligence and are recorded in memory 12, where they are stored and regularly are updated.

During the operation of the radar, an analysis of the directions of the view area is carried out in order to determine the need to emit a probing signal from the active channel to measure the coordinates of an object. For each direction of the view area, the RES that is best suited for use is determined. The choice of RES is carried out in the calculator 13 by checking the criteria (3)-(6) for all external RES, the parameters of which are recorded in the memory 12.

After the RES is selected, the receiver 5 is configured to receive signals from this RES. To do this, from the output of the calculator 13 to the receiver 5, the parameters of the signals of the selected RES are fed. Then, using the receiving antenna 4 and the receiver 5, the signal of the selected RES is received.

If, upon reception in the analyzed direction, a reflected signal of an external RES is detected that satisfies conditions (7), then in order to detect an object and measure its coordinates, a control signal is supplied from the output of the calculator 14 to the input of the synchronizer 10, according to which the transmitter 11 generates a high-frequency probing signal. From the output of the transmitter 11, a high-frequency signal is fed to the antenna 6 via an antenna switch and radiated. The signal reflected from the object is received by the antenna 6 and, by means of the antenna switch 7, is fed to the receiver 8, where it is converted to an intermediate frequency, filtered, amplified and fed to the range calculation device 9. In the range calculation device 9, the range to the object R is calculated from the delay time of the reflected signal. 0 . The azimuth and elevation angle of the object (ε 0 and β 0 respectively) are determined by the position of the beam of the antenna 6.

If during the allowable waiting time by the passive channel 1 the level of the received radiation of the RES did not exceed the threshold value, i.e. conditions (7) are not met, then the active channel 2 signal is not emitted in this direction. The beam of the receiving antenna 4 of the passive channel 1 moves to the next direction of the controlled area, which has not been examined before, and the process is repeated.

1. A method for monitoring airspace irradiated by external sources of radiation, which consists in surveying the space by a radar station (RLS) in a passive mode, in receiving the energy of an external radio-electronic means (RES) reflected by an object, in determining the boundaries of the zone within which the ratio of the energy reflected by the object RES to noise is greater than the threshold value, and in the emission of radar signals in the active mode only in those directions of the zone in which the reflected energy of the RES is detected, which differs in that they receive the energy of that external RES, the waiting time for irradiation of which the inspected direction is the smallest and does not exceed the permissible, determined on the basis of the allowable increase in the period of the radar survey, while the information used on the time intervals of the operation of the REF for radiation from electronic intelligence is stored and regularly updated for each direction of the radar survey area.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that ground-based radars, including radars of neighboring states, are selected as external RES, while their parameters are determined based on a priori information from electronic intelligence.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that to view a section of the zone, those external radars are selected for which, ceteris paribus, the ratio is the largest, where D maxi is the maximum range of the i-th external radar, D actual is the distance from i- th external radar to the viewed section of the zone.

4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that to view a section of the zone, those external radars are selected for which, ceteris paribus, the diffraction angles are the smallest.

5. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that to view a section of the zone, external radars with a wide bottom in the elevation plane are selected.

6. The method according to claim 2, or 3, or 4, or 5, characterized in that, based on the stored and updated information from the electronic intelligence tools about the location of the RES, the time intervals for the operation of the RES for radiation, the wavelengths of the emitted signals, the radiation power and its changes depending on the angles at which the analyzed sections of the view area are irradiated, make up a map of the correspondence of sections of the controlled zone to the parameters of external radar stations to be used in monitoring these sections.

7. A radar station containing a passive channel, including a series-connected receiving antenna and a receiver, and an active channel, including a series-connected antenna, an antenna switch, a receiver and a range calculation device, as well as a synchronizer and a transmitter, the output of which is connected to the input of the antenna switch, moreover the first and second outputs of the synchronizer are connected, respectively, to the input of the transmitter and the second input of the distance calculation device, characterized in that a channel control unit is introduced into the passive channel, containing a memory and a calculator connected to its output, which implements the choice of a radar facility (RES), and also a calculator is introduced , which implements active channel control, while the output of the calculator that implements the selection of the RES is connected to the second input of the passive channel receiver, and the second input of the calculator that implements the selection of the RES is connected to the third output of the active channel synchronizer, the input of the calculator that implements the control of the active channel is connected to passive channel receiver output, and the output is connected to the active channel synchronizer input.

The invention relates to geodetic measurements using satellite radio navigation systems, mainly when working in conditions of strong influence of reflected signals, in particular when working in wooded areas, as well as in cramped urban conditions

A method for monitoring airspace irradiated by external sources of radiation, and a radar station for its implementation