Endangered animals of the Mari Chodra National Park. Mari Chodra National Park

MARY CHODRA
national park

Location and history national park"Mary Chodra"

national park"Mari Chodra" in 1985 on the territory of the Republic of Mari El. The national park is located in the southeast of the Republic of Mari El, in its most economically developed part, on the territory of three administrative districts: Morkinsky, Zvenigovsky, Volzhsky. There are 5 settlements on the territory of the park, where about 15 thousand people live.

The area of ​​the national park is 36.6 thousand hectares, all lands are provided to the national park. Forest lands occupy 34.0 thousand hectares (92.9% of the park), incl. forested - 33.5 thousand hectares (91.5%). Non-forest lands occupy only 7.1% of the park, among them: hayfields, pastures, arable land - 1%, water - 2%, swamps - 1%, roads and clearings - 2%, the rest - estates and other lands. The national park is located at a distance of 60 km from the city of Yoshkar-Ola and 30 km from the city of Volzhsk. Its territory is crossed Railway Yoshkar-Ola - Moscow and the highway of republican significance Yoshkar-Ola - Kazan.

The nature of the national park "Mariy Chodra"

The flora and vegetation of the park are diverse. Its territory is located on the southern border of coniferous-deciduous forests of the subtaiga zone, and in floristic terms - at the junction of the European and West Siberian provinces of the Euro-Siberian floristic region. The flora of this limited area includes 774 species and subspecies from 363 genera of 93 families, which is more than 67%. A number of taiga species, both European (European spruce) and Siberian (Siberian fir), are found here with elements of forest-steppes (summer oak) and steppes (feather grass). Pine forests grow mainly on sandy and sandy loamy soils and make up 27.7% of forests. Among them, pure green moss pine forests predominate, often with the participation of aspen, birch, and sometimes spruce. A special place belongs to sphagnum pine forests. Although their area is only about 600 hectares, they are an important component of the park's natural complex. Spruce forests are presented in mosaic and occupy only 3.3% of the forest area. They may include pine, birch, aspen.

The flora of the park includes about 50 rare species, which is 1/4 of the list of rare and endangered species of local flora. Of the species listed in the Red Book of the USSR (1984), there is a real slipper and a red pollenhead. Relic plants can be seen in sphagnum bogs: marsh hamarbia, Magellanic and string-rooted sedges, white gooseberry, multi-eared cotton grass, sundews. Some plant species have become endangered as a result of the disappearance of plant communities. For example, from the swamps - marsh napkin, single-leaved pulp, compressed potochnik, Lapland willow, and from the field - ordinary cockle. As a result of increased exploitation, the endangered ones include sandy cumin, pure white water lily, curly lily, Siberian iris, etc.

Animals of the national park "Mariy Chodra"

The park is inhabited by many animals of the strip of mixed forests of the European part of Russia. This is due to the ecological and trophic diversity of habitat conditions, as well as geographic location park at the junction of natural areas. Animal world republic is well studied. However, a systematic study of the fauna of the national park has not yet been carried out. But if we exclude species that live in ecotopes that are not characteristic of the park (the forest-steppe part of the republic, the Volga valley, the Cheboksary reservoir), then it should be assumed that about 50 species of mammals, about 100 birds and 29 species of fish live in its lands.

Among mammals, the order of rodents is the most numerous. In the forests of the park there are squirrel and chipmunk from the squirrel family - a recent eastern alien; from the mouse family - wood mouse, bank vole, yellow-throated mouse, etc. From the order of lagomorphs, the hare is not uncommon, and the hare is occasionally found along the borders with fields. The order of carnivores is represented by the mustelid family: weasel, ermine, polecat, pine marten, European and, possibly, American mink are all relatively small. The otter noted by Yushut is especially rare. Interestingly, the mink sometimes hunts birds, in particular hazel grouse, by voice. Of the cats, apparently, the lynx comes in. Moose are common in the forests. Another representative of the artiodactyl order - wild boar - is less common. In the lands of Mariy-Chodry, especially in the Ileti floodplain, many bats live in hollows in overmature forests. Specially protected species include the otter and the beaver, which was introduced from Voronezh Reserve and released into the lands of the republic in 1947. It is interesting that on the Irovka, a tributary of the Ilet, beavers were previously found, but were exterminated.

The most common birds of the passerine order, whose life is connected with forests: jay, magpie, oriole, crossbills, pika, nuthatch, titmouse, etc. This should also include birds from the woodpecker order: large and small motley woodpeckers, bile. In mixed forests with a diverse and dense undergrowth, representatives of the thrush family are common: fieldfare thrush, mistle, blackbird. Of the forest birds that lead nocturnal and twilight life, although less common, one should name the long-eared owl, hawk owl, rough-legged owl and the largest of the owl family - the eagle owl. Common nightjar. Of the grouse birds, taiga species live in the park: capercaillie (unfortunately, its numbers have sharply decreased) and hazel grouse. Black grouse, a resident of the forest-steppe and broad-leaved forests, keeps on clearings and young stands. Of the snipe family, the woodcock is common; snipe and great snipe are less common due to the limited meadow-marsh spaces. The family of pigeons is represented by the pigeon, the stock dove and the dove. The first two live in old oak forests on Maple Mountain and feed on acorns. Of the daytime birds of prey, the most common buzzard, goshawk, black kite. No nesting eagles found. But flights of the golden eagle - the largest eagle - are possible. Another rare feathered predator - the osprey - was noted along the river. Ilet, a few south of the park. Until recently, gray herons lived in the park: two pairs of herons nested in huge pine trees on the banks of the Ileti. There are currently none. Of the waterfowl nesting birds in floodplain lakes and swampy channels, mallard duck and common teal are common, but they are less common in reservoirs of failed origin. It is possible to inhabit the goldeneye - a typical forest duck that builds nests in hollows. Seasonal concentrations of birds are small. In autumn, diving ducks temporarily stop on the lakes, and in spring the flight over the overflowing rivers is more lively. In autumn and winter, bullfinch, waxwing, sometimes nutcracker, etc. migrate.

Initial information about the national park was kindly provided by the administration of the resource www.biodiversity.ru

Mariy Chodra is a state natural national park in the Republic of Mari El.

Description of the national park

In 1985, the Mari Chodra Reserve was established on the territory of the Republic of Mari El. Its name can be translated as "Mari forest". Created a nature reserve to protect mineral springs and karst lakes.

The territory of the park is crossed by a railway and a motorway. Therefore, getting to the reserve is quite easy. On the territory of the park itself there is a recreation center, a sanatorium and a tourist town. In addition, on the shores of the lakes there are equipped parking lots where you can pitch tents.

On the territory of Mari Chodra there are a lot of lakes, which are surrounded by a dense forest. Moreover, all lakes are of karst origin. The depth of local lakes reaches 40 m. The Ilet River, which is a tributary of the Volga, also flows through the park. The banks of the river are covered with mixed forest.

Concerning flora, then most of the Mari Chodra is covered with pine trees. A oak groves can be found in the floodplain of the river and on the hills. In addition, here you can see a number of plants that are listed in the Red Book. And in the forests you can meet brown bear, elk, capercaillie and mink. Beavers and muskrats are found in reservoirs. There are 56 species of mammals in the park.

But the main attraction of the park are the lakes. So near the village of Yalchiksky there is Lake Glukhoe, which amazes tourists with its brownish water. Although the bottom of the lake is sandy, its banks are too steep for swimming.

But at Lake Kichier, the shores are more gentle and sandy. But the bottom is very muddy, and the water is dark. In addition, the smell of hydrogen sulfide is sometimes felt. The lake is located in the Yalchen forestry. In addition to it, this forestry also has Lake Yalchik with sandy shores. The bottom is sandy and the water is clear. But this lake is surrounded by a mixed, not a pine forest.

All other lakes are located in the Kerebelyak forestry. This forestry is located as a Round Lake with transparent and clean water, and Black Lake with dark water and high banks. But the greatest interest among tourists is Lake Shungaldan, the water of which can be used for taking healing baths.

Near this lake at the base of Maple Mountain is the Green Spring with calcium sulfate water. As you understand, the water from this source can be used for medicinal purposes. It is worth noting here that there is an oak tree on the Maple Mountain itself, from the top of which Pugachev watched the burning Kazan. The tsarist troops forced him to leave Kazan. It is believed that it was on Klenovaya Gora that Pugachev's detachment made a halt. And in total on the territory of Mari Chodra there are about 30 historical monument, among which are places of worship the Neolithic era.

Please note that fishing and hunting are prohibited on the territory of the reserve. For tourists, there are several routes of various lengths. Mostly it's hiking trails. But there are also bicycle, horse and road routes. In addition, those who wish can go down in kayaks along fairly fast rivers.

Zoning

The following functional zoning is currently accepted:

  • Reserve regime zone - 7.6 thousand hectares (20.7% of the total area).
  • The zone of extensive recreational use is 14.1 thousand hectares (38.6%).
  • Zone of intensive recreational use - 13.9 thousand hectares (38.1%).
  • Other territories - 1.0 thousand hectares (2.6%).
  • The protected zone of the national park is 93.4 thousand hectares.

How to get there?

The park is located in the southeastern part of the Republic of Mari El, in the basin of the Ilet River, the left tributary of the Volga, and is included in the mixed forest belt of the forest zone.

The A295 Yoshkar-Ola - Zelenodolsk - the M-7 Volga highway and the Zeleny Dol - Yaransk railway pass through the park.

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At the junction of three zones - forest-steppe, mixed and coniferous forests - there is a national park Mariy Chodra. Its very name translates as "Mari forest".

Pearls of Mari Chodry

The main treasure of the complex are beautiful lakes, many of which are declared natural monuments: Sea Eye, Yalchik, Deaf, Shungaldan. Not only residents of Mari El come to admire them, but also guests from more remote regions.

Sea Eye, the most famous of all bodies of water, is so named because of the amazing turquoise hue of the water. From the high bank, you can see a huge bowl filled with clear cold water, to which a narrow path descends. Tall fir trees grow around, the scent of pine needles flows in the air.

The crescent-shaped Lake Deaf Lake is very popular with divers. Having reached a depth where the light of the sun almost does not penetrate, you can see the “growing” pines that have fallen there many centuries ago.

Yalchik captivates at first sight with its grandeur and beauty. Underwater sources are constantly expanding the area of ​​​​the reservoir.

Shungaldan Lake is a little apart. It seems that the forest surrounding it seems to come out of the water. Shungaldan is located near Maple Mountain.

The lakes are of karst origin, which explains the bizarre forms.

Magic Land Maple Hills

Maple Mountain is the highest point Mariy Chodra park. From its top, there is a beautiful view of the forests stretching around. A wonderful land, Maple Hills, is located in the center of the complex. The ecological route passing along the mountain amazes with the beauty of the surrounding landscape.

Pugachevsky oak

A little less than a thousand species of plants grow on the territory of the national complex, but the huge oak remains its most famous inhabitant. Proudly towering on the top of the mountain, the thick-set tall hero, according to legend, protected Emelyan Pugachev himself from the sun. To this day, the tree is a decoration of the park.

Trail Horseshoe

On the route you can see rare plants listed in the Red Book. Ferns that grow only in the park will be a real find for naturalists. The educational and educational trail Horseshoe will lead you through the most interesting corners of Mari Chodry.

Many birds and mammals live here all year round. Moose often visit here, a frequent guest is a lynx. There are also taiga species in Mariy Chodra, such as brown bear, ermine. However, the most numerous inhabitants are representatives of the order of rodents. Otters and muskrats live in the rivers. The park is home to over 150 species of birds. Among them are capercaillie, and hazel grouse, and birds of prey: tawny owl, snowy owl, osprey, buzzard, white-tailed eagle. Numerous families of waterfowl have become the old-timers of the complex.

Ilet River

Sung in songs, Mari tales and legends, the beautiful river proudly carries its clear cold waters. On the territory of the park, Ilet is the largest. Thanks to the underground springs that feed it, the largest of which is the Green Key, the river does not freeze even in severe frosts. The spring water is considered to be healing. The shores of Ileti either soar upwards with steep slopes, or descend down with wonderful beaches with clean sand. Settlements almost none, but many paths and trails approach the river. A kayak trip will be an unforgettable experience for the guests of the park.
Pure water, aromas of blooming lilies of the valley, fresh air - all this allows you to forget about the city bustle and monotony. That is why the inhabitants of the republic call the complex Mariy Chodra favorite vacation spot.


Republic of Mari El, Morkinsky, Zvenigovsky and Volzhsky district

History of creation
National Park "Mari Chodra", or "Mari forest" in Russian, was created in 1985. The territory of the park with an area of ​​36.6 thousand hectares is covered with beautiful pine forests and deciduous forests.
The main tasks of the park were the preservation and restoration of landscapes, characteristic flora and fauna, natural monuments; protection of natural complexes, including lakes of sinkhole-karst origin, and their use for recreational, educational and scientific purposes.

Physical and geographical conditions
The national park is located in the southeast of the Republic of Mari El, in the basin of the river. The Ilet is a left tributary of the Volga and is part of the mixed forest belt of the forest zone. The area is a gently undulating plain with absolute altitudes 75-125 meters above sea level.
There are a large number of lakes and rivers in the park. Main river park - Ilet with its left-bank tributaries: Yushut, Arbayka, Uba, the Petyalka River flows into it from the right. During the warm period of the year, the water content of the river allows tourist boats to pass through. In the Klenovaya Gora area, more than 20 springs come out to Ilet. The most significant is the Green Key, beating at the foot of the mountain on the left bank of the Ileti.
Forest karst lakes are very clean and transparent, some of them - Yalchik, Glukhoe, Kichner, Shulgandan - are natural monuments.
The climate of the area where the national park is located is temperate continental, characterized by relatively hot summers and frosty winters with stable snow cover. average temperature the warmest month (July) +18.3°C, the coldest (January) -14.1°C.

Diversity of flora and fauna
The park is dominated by forest vegetation, where the largest proportion is pine forests, spruce forests are mosaically represented, there are oak forests. Various types of birch and aspen forests occupy about a third of the park area.
Rare plant species growing in the park on the border of their ranges include: laxative joster, forest apple tree; red-fruited crow, common heather, dyeing dock, Arnell's sedge, Ural tsitserbita and others.
In the fauna of the park there are taiga species - brown bear, elk, capercaillie, hazel grouse; types of coniferous-deciduous forests - yellow-throated mouse, squirrel, green woodpecker; as well as forest-steppe species - hare, field mouse, reddish ground squirrel, common hamster. The red fox is often seen. The muskrat also lives in the park - a rare species listed in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the Red Book Russian Federation.
More than 43 species of fish live in the rivers and lakes of the park - such as catfish, pike, gold and silver carp, carp, tench, bream. A rare species, the European grayling, lives in the channels of the Ilet River.

What to watch
The national park is ecologically clean, the most picturesque corner Maritime nature. Here you can find traces of a bear and an elk, mighty trees felled by beavers, rare plants.
Interesting historical objects - the old Kazan tract and "Pugachev's Oak". According to ancient legends, near this oak, pursued by the tsarist troops, Emelyan Pugachev stopped to rest with his troops. From here he monitored the burning Kazan. The size of an oak is very different among the stands. This is a gigantic tree with a powerful trunk, the diameter of which is 159 cm.
You can explore nature and see all the sights of the park by walking along numerous horse, water or hiking trails accompanied by experienced park guides.

According to oopt.info and zapoved.ru

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