World heritage of Russia. World Cultural Heritage Sites in Russia: complete list
world heritage
Formulate and write down the definition using the textbook.
world heritage - these are the most outstanding sights of nature and culture, subject to mandatory protection.
Seryozha and Nadya suggest that you complete the diagram using the tablets from the Appendix. Cut out the signs and arrange them correctly. Ask a roommate to check your work. After checking, stick the labels.
Using the "World Heritage" map in the textbook ( The world 4th grade, p. 50-51), fill in the tables.
What other World Heritage sites located in Russia do you know? Write.
World Heritage Sites in Russia
Historical center of St. Petersburg and related complexes of monuments
- Architectural ensemble Kizhi Pogost
- Moscow Kremlin and Red Square
- Historical monuments of Novgorod and its environs
- Cultural and historical ensemble "Solovki Islands"
- White stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal
- The architectural ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra
- Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
- Virgin forests of Komi
- Lake Baikal
- Volcanoes of Kamchatka
- Golden Altai mountains
- Western Caucasus
- Historical and architectural complex "Kazan Kremlin"
- Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery
- curonian spit
- Central Sikhote-Alin
- Ubsunur hollow
- Citadel, old city and fortifications of Derbent
- Wrangel Island
- Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent
- Historical center of Yaroslavl
- Struve geodesic arc
- Putorana Plateau
- Lena Pillars
- Architectural and historical complex Bulgar
- The ancient city of Tauric Chersonese and its choir
- Memorial complex "To the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad" on Mamaev Kurgan
- Khan's Palace in Bakhchisarai
- Rostov Kremlin
Discover World Heritage Sites from photos. Cut out photos from the Application and arrange them in the appropriate boxes. Ask your desk mate to check you out. After checking the sticker photos.
With the help of an encyclopedia or other additional literature, the Internet, prepare a report on one of the World Heritage sites (of your choice).
Post subject: Rostov Kremlin
Message plan:
1. Location.
2. Construction time.
3. architectural features temple.
Important information for the message: The Kremlin in Rostov the Great is a very beautiful and really impressive building! On this moment it is almost completely restored and impresses with its scope and majesty of architecture. The Rostov Kremlin is a whole complex of buildings united by common walls: there are multi-domed churches, belfries, ancient chambers, and towers covered with wooden tiles. The Rostov Kremlin was built in 1670-1683. The Kremlin is conveniently located near the shore of Lake Nero. The Kremlin has eleven towers.
Source(s) of information: Internet.
World Heritage is a variety of natural or man-made objects that need to be preserved for future generations due to their special cultural, historical or environmental significance. As of 2012, there are 962 items on this list, 754 of them are cultural monuments, 188 are natural and 29 are mixed.
UNESCO was established in 1945 and its purpose is to protect and preserve places of special value or physical significance for all mankind. In 1954, during the construction of the Aswan Dam, Abu Simbel, a man-made temple carved into the rock, fell under flooding. The responsible organization allocated money for the structure to be dismantled and moved to a higher place. This unprecedented action took four years, and highly qualified specialists from 54 countries of the world were involved in its implementation in a short time.
Today, on the pages of the Forum-Grad, we will discuss a rather entertaining topic - the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Aldabra atoll
The atoll consists entirely of corals and is a group of four islands separated by narrow straits. It is located north of Madagascar in Indian Ocean. Belongs to the State of the Seychelles.
Aldabra is considered the second largest in the world after Christmas Island (Kiritimati) in the Kiribati archipelago. Its dimensions are: 34 km in length and 14.5 km in length, height above sea level is up to 8 m. The area of the inner lagoon is 224 square meters. km.
Since the 17th century, it has been used by the French to hunt giant sea turtles, as their meat was considered an exquisite delicacy. For a long time, pirates also ruled in these places, because the atoll is far from populated areas.
In 1982 this paradise was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List as a unique monument of nature. This is one of the few islands on our planet not affected by civilization. Currently, it is home to a huge population of giant sea turtles (more than 152,000) and two completely unique species of bats. Entry into this nature reserve is strictly controlled, and all approaches by sea are guarded.
Giant statue in China
The huge Maitreya Buddha is carved into the rock at the confluence of three rivers - Minjiang, Qingyijiang and Daduhe near the city of Leshan in China. According to ancient legend a famous monk named Haithong of the Tang Dynasty, worried about the frequent shipwrecks and deaths in the whirlpool just opposite this rock, vowed to carve a stone statue of a seated Buddha. He raised funds and began construction, and his followers completed this work. The largest monument in the world was built over 90 years - from 713 to 803.
For the convenience of visiting visitors, a special path "Nine Turns" was built here, consisting of 250 steps. Near the trail there is a pavilion where tourists can relax and admire the face of the giant up close.
Almost until the middle of the 13th century, a huge seven-story wooden structure covered the statue from the weather, but over time it collapsed, and the structure remained defenseless against the elements. Garbage left by tourists began to accumulate at the foot, the waters of three rivers washed away the base in the form of a lotus.
The local department hired 40 workers to restore the unique statue to its former grandeur. Approximately $700,000 was invested in the project and another $730,000 was invested in security improvements.
Every year, more than 2 million travelers from all over the world come to see the sitting Buddha and add about $84 million to the budget of the Leshan City Tourism Department.
Hatra, or El-Khadr
This is an ancient ruined city as part of the Parthian kingdom, the ruins of which are still located on the territory of Northern Iraq in the province of Nineveh to the North-West of the capital of the country, the city of Baghdad. It was founded in the III century, and its heyday fell on the period of the II-I centuries BC.
The total area was about 320 hectares, in shape it resembled an oval, surrounded by a double line of high stone walls with four gates oriented to the cardinal points. The most powerful defensive wall two meters high was made of stone, behind it there was a deep ditch up to 500 meters wide. At a distance of 35 meters from each other there were 163 defensive towers.
The city belonged to the Arab princes, who regularly paid tribute to the warlike Persians, and was located at the crossroads of the main trade routes of that time. In the center there was a palace and temple complex with an area of about 12,000 square meters. meters. Due to its transit location, El-Khadr included religious buildings of different directions, it was even called the "House of God".
Thanks to good defensive structures and vigilant round-the-clock protection, the ancient city withstood even the attack of the legionnaires of the Roman Empire in 116 and 198 of the new era, but in 241 Hatra fell during the siege of the Persian ruler Shapur and was soon destroyed and forgotten.
Schroeder House by Gerrit Thomas Rietveld
This house in 1924 was specially built for the 35-year-old widow Truus Schröder-Schrader and her three children in the small Dutch town of Utrecht. The building is distinguished by innovative solutions in the original and unusual exterior design for those times, as well as the view of spacious balconies and huge windows.
The project and the entire interior layout were developed by the novice architect Gerrit Thomas Rietveld. The widow proposed a number of unusual innovations, which it was also decided to implement. So, in the kitchen on the first floor, an elevator was built, in which ready-made dishes were served upstairs directly to the set table. All interiors of the first level are quite traditional for that time. The walls are made of old bricks.
But on the second floor, the entire space, according to the idea of the hostess of the house, remained completely open, and at any time it can be divided into several rooms using sliding walls. All wardrobes and beds are transformers, assembled during the day and unfolded at night. Instead of the usual curtains, like all the neighbors, multi-colored plywood shields were used.
Currently, the unique house belongs to the Central Museum of the city of Utrecht and it hosts guided tours that take about an hour.
This structure is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List because it had a significant impact on future architectural trends, and also became the first open-plan house in the world history of architecture.
Krak des Chevaliers
Krak des Chevaliers (or Krak de l'Hospital) is a unique building of the crusaders, located in the state of Syria on the top of a cliff 650 meters high. The nearest city of Homs is located 65 km east of the castle.
This is one of the well-preserved fortresses of the Order of Hospitallers in the world. In the 10th century, this castle became his headquarters, where during the crusade a garrison of 2000 soldiers and 60 knights could be accommodated.
In addition to the powerful walls, many buildings in the Gothic style were reconstructed and restored. This is a large conference room, water storage tanks, a chapel, an internal aqueduct, storage rooms and two stables that could contain up to 1000 horses. In the rock mass under the building, underground storage facilities for food and water supplies were made, which could be enough for a long siege for 5 years.
At the end of the XII century during the next crusade impregnable fortress saw King Edward I of England, and soon his castles appeared in Wales and England, very similar in structure to Krak.
Monastery of Alcobaça
The Cistercian monastery "de Santa Maria de Alcobaça", located in the Portuguese city of Alcobaça, was founded by King Afonso Henriques in 1153 and served as a tomb for the rulers of Portugal for two centuries. The cathedral is the first building in the Gothic style, built on the territory of the ancient state.
Historically valuable is the architecture. The two wings of the main facade are made in the Baroque style, and between them there is a church, the facade of which, as it were, connects these two directions. At the top is a balcony supported by four statues - they symbolize the main virtues: justice, fortitude, prudence and sobriety.
In 1755, the whole country was shaken by the great Lisbon Earthquake, which was very destructive, but the temple survived - only the sacristy and part of the service buildings were damaged. However, the original appearance of the historical site could not be restored. Near the entrance to the church is the Hall of the Kings, where there are statues of all the monarchs of Portugal, and the history of this place is written on the walls with the help of blue and white azuleijos tiles of the 18th century.
After examining this masterpiece of early Gothic, other interiors of the famous cathedrals of Europe seem gloomy and not so aesthetic. These buildings demonstrate the perfect skills and dedication of medieval craftsmen. And the entire ensemble "de Santa Maria de Alcobaça" is one of the most beautiful monuments of Portuguese art.
Monte Alban
According to prominent scientists of world renown, this is a rather large settlement of ancient people in the southeast of Mexico, the state of Oaxaca. Only 9 km from the state capital on a low ridge mountain range passing through the valley, there is a man-made plateau. On it was the very first in the whole historical area a city that played a significant role as the socio-political and economic center of the Zapotec civilization.
In the early 30s, the ruins of this ancient settlement were discovered by the Mexican archaeologist Alfonso Caso. Many pundits equate this discovery with the sensational discovery of the true location of the legendary Troy.
"Mexican Troy" turned out to be a city of high culture; as early as 200 BC, local craftsmen could already process rock crystal and make unique gold jewelry.
During the excavations, 150 four-chamber crypts, palaces and pyramids, very similar to those built by the Mayan tribe, an ancient observatory, a giant amphitheater with 120 rows for spectators, powerful stone stairs 40 meters wide, a structure resembling a stadium and much more were discovered.
The walls of the buildings are decorated with frescoes, relief images of human figures and stone mosaics. Peculiar burial ceramic urns in the form of gods and various animals were found.
The impressive ruins of the center of the ancient civilization of Monte Alban are located in such a way that they can be seen from anywhere in the central part of the Oaxaca Valley
Lalibela
This is a small town in northern Ethiopia, located in the Ahmara region at an altitude of 2500 meters above sea level. It is the center of pilgrimage for the entire population of the country, because almost all the inhabitants of the town are Christians of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
Lalibela was built as the New Jerusalem in response to the capture by Muslims of the shrine of Christians in the state of Israel, so many historical Buildings have names and type of architecture similar to the ancient buildings of Jerusalem.
According to 2005 data, the population of the city was 15 thousand people, of which the majority (about 8,000) are women. This medieval religious center is known for its monolithic, three-nave churches carved into volcanic tuff, built at the turn of the 11th-13th centuries. The bas-reliefs and wall paintings of these ancient structures mix Christian and pagan symbols and motifs.
Thirteen temples seem to grow out of the ground. "Bete Mariam" is considered the oldest, and "Bete Medhane Aley" - the largest church in the world, carved into the rock. According to legend, in the last of the churches carved into the rocks, "Bete Golgotha", the ashes of King Lalibela rest.
These unique works of architecture by ancient craftsmen are also engineering monuments of medieval Ethiopia - near many of them there are wells that are filled with water using a complex system based on the use of artesian wells.
Eight hundred years ago, people could supply water to a height of 2500 meters!
Ellora
This simple village in the state of Maharashtra, India, near the city of Aurangabad. She is famous for the fact that nearby in the rocks are carved cave temples different religions, the creation of which dates back to the 6th - 9th centuries of a new era. Of the 34 caves of Ellora, 12 in the south are Buddhist, 17 in the center are dedicated to Hindu gods, and 5 to the north are Jain.
Most of the ancient shrines have their own names, the most famous being "Kailas". This beautiful, well-preserved example of ancient architecture is considered one of the most precious monuments in India. In the granite canopy above the entrance to this holy place for all Hindus, colossal statues of Shiva, Vishnu and other gods revered in the country are carved.
This is followed by the huge goddess Lakshmi - she reclines on lotus flowers, and majestic elephants stand around. From all sides the temple is surrounded by monumental lions and vultures, they are frozen in different poses, and guard the peace of the heavenly kings.
One of the legends says that this paradise was built by one raja - Elichpur Edu - in gratitude for healing with water from a source located on the territory of the temple.
"Vishvakarma" has a multi-storey entrance and Big hall, which has a statue of Buddha giving a sermon.
"Indra Sabha" is a two-level monolithic Jain temple.
"Kailasanatha" is the central place of the entire sacred complex, and during the construction of this miracle in the town of Ellora, more than 200,000 tons of rock were removed.
Ancient building complex in Wudang Mountains
The Wudangshan Mountains in China are famous for their ancient monasteries and temples. Once upon a time, a university was founded here to research medicine, pharmacology, nutrition systems, meditation and martial arts.
Even during the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the first religious center was opened in this area - the Temple of the Five Dragons. Large construction on the mountain began in the 15th century, when the Yongle Emperor called 300,000 soldiers and built complexes. At that time, 9 monasteries, 36 sketes and 72 shrines, many pavilions, bridges and multi-tiered pagodas were built, forming 33 architectural ensembles. The construction lasted 12 years, and the complex of facilities covered main summit and 72 small peaks - the length was 80 km.
The Golden Hall is one of the most famous, it took 20 thousand tons of copper and about 300 kg of gold to make it. According to scientists, it was forged in the capital of China, Beijing, and then delivered in parts to the Wudang Mountains.
The Purple Cloud Temple consists of several halls - Dragon and Tiger Hall, Purple Sky Hall, East, West and Parent Halls. The shrines of Wu Zhen have been kept here since the day of its foundation.
During the troubled times of the Cultural Revolution in China (1966-1976), many places of worship were destroyed, but later restored, and now the complex is visited by tourists from all over the world.
The architecture of the ancient Wudang Mountains complex combines the best achievements of Chinese traditions over the past 1500 years.
"Valley of the Whales" in Egypt
40 million years ago, "Wadi Al-Hitan" was the bottom of the World Ocean, so hundreds of skeletons of ancient mammals have been preserved here. This unique valley is located 150 km southwest of the capital of Egypt - Cairo. Many of the remains of whales belong to the extinct suborder Archaeoceti, representing one of the most important stages of evolution: the rebirth of terrestrial multi-ton monsters into marine mammals.
Fossil skeletons clearly show the appearance and lifestyle of these giants in their transitional period. In addition, they are all located in a convenient for study and, importantly, vigilantly protected area.
In addition, there are the remains of Sirenia sea cows and Moeritherium elephant seals, as well as prehistoric crocodiles, sea snakes and turtles. Some specimens are so well preserved that you can study the contents of their vast stomachs.
All together helps scientists unravel the mystery of the evolution of these largest mammals on the planet that still exists.
The pristine exotics of the rainforests
national park Kerchin-Seblat is the largest reserve of the island of Sumatra, its area is about 13.7 thousand square meters. km. Here you can see more than 4,000 species of plants, including the world's largest flower - Rafflesia Arnold, its diameter is 60-100 cm, and its weight reaches up to 8 kg. In addition, about 370 species of birds and rare animals (Sumatra tigers, elephants and rhinoceros, Malayan tapir) live in this area. There are also hot springs, the highest caldera lake and the highest peak on the island. And recently a muntjac deer was seen here, the species of which was considered extinct in the 30s of the last century.
The second largest is Gunung Leuser, with an area of 7927 sq. km. It is located in the Aceh region and in the area of the town of Bukit Lawang. This small town is considered to be the best starting point for exploring an exotic destination. Excursions are allowed only with a trained guide and with special permission.
In this reserve, the most interesting is the large population of great apes - orangutans. Translated from the Malay language, it means "forest man".
The third largest is Bukit-Barisan-Selatan with an area of 3568 sq. km, covering the provinces of Lampung, Bengkulu and South Sumatra. Here you can meet very rare animals - the Sumatran elephant and the striped rabbit.
Tourists appreciate Sumatra for its tropical forests with nature preserved in its original form, for outlandish plants and amazing representatives of exotic fauna. In addition, there are many beautiful and still active volcanoes.
"Sistine Chapel of Primitive Painting"
"Lasko" is located in France, 40 km from the city of Perigueux and is considered one of the most important Paleolithic monuments in terms of quantity, quality and safety. rock art ancient person. The cave was accidentally discovered in 1940 by four teenagers who noticed a narrow hole in the rock formed by a fallen tree. After examination, scientists determined that the age of the rock paintings is more than 17,300 years.
The cave is quite small in size, the total of all its galleries is about 250 meters, and the average height is 30 meters. Visitors were allowed from 1948 to 1955, but then it was closed, as the ventilation systems could not cope with the carbon dioxide accumulating inside from the breath of numerous tourists, and the cave paintings could be damaged.
Air conditioning systems have been changed several times in the last century, but they have all been ineffective, and historical heritage periodically closed for maintenance work. And only in the 21st century powerful units were installed that successfully coped with the task.
To preserve the wall paintings, they decided to copy all the images and made a concrete copy, where almost all the rock paintings are presented in the same sequence as the original. Called the cave "Lasko II", it is located only 200 meters from the real one and was first opened to travelers in 1983.
Takht-e Jamshid
Takht-e Jamshid in Greek "Persepolis" - the ruins of the capital of the Achaemenid Empire. This place is considered one of the most beautiful monuments of the history of the state of Iran. It is located on the Marvdasht plain at the foot of Mount Ramhat and was founded by the Great Persian King Darius I in 515 BC.
The area of this stone structure is 135 thousand square meters. meters, it includes the "Gate of all nations", "Apadana Palace", "Throne Room", the tomb of the "King of Kings", an unfinished palace and a treasury. The construction lasted about 45 years and was completed under the reign of Xerxes the Great, the eldest son of Darius.
In Persepolis, mainly the remains of the palace complex and religious buildings have been preserved. The most famous of them is "Apadana" with a ceremonial hall and 72 columns. Five kilometers away is the royal tomb of Nakshe-Rustam and the rock reliefs of Nakshe-Rustam and Nakshe-Rajab.
Here in those distant times there was already a water supply and sewage system, and the labor of slaves was not used in the construction. The walls of this unique complex were more than five meters thick and up to 150 centimeters high. The city could be climbed front staircase, consisting of two marches of 111 white limestone steps each. Then it was necessary to pass the "Gate of all nations".
But the powerful walls did not help, and in 330 the great conqueror Alexander the Great stormed the fortified complex and burned the capital of the Persian kingdom to the ground during a feast in honor of the victory, possibly in retaliation for the Acropolis destroyed by the Persians in Athens.
Cradle of mankind
The historical monument is located 50 km northwest of Johanensburg in the Gauteng province of South Africa in the south of the African continent. Its area is 474 sq. km, the complex includes limestone caves, including a group called Sterkfontein, where in 1947 Robert Bloom and John Robinson discovered the fossil remains of an ancient man - Australopithecus africanus, 2.3 million years old.
"Taung Skal Fossil Site" - it was here that in 1924 it was discovered famous skull Taunga, owned ancient man. The Macapan valley is known for the abundance of archaeological traces found in the local caves, confirming the existence of people about 3.3 million years ago.
Fossils found here have helped scientists identify ancient hominin specimens dating back to between 4.5 and 2.5 million years ago. The same finds fully confirm the theory that our distant ancestors began to use fire already in the period about a million years ago.
It may seem to some of the readers that there are a lot of figures in our topic, but this is the history, and not of any single person, but of our entire civilization.
At present, the human environment is changing rapidly and at an increasing rate. The task of mankind is to maintain nature on the globe in a condition necessary for life, health and well-being. It is also necessary to preserve, as far as possible, at least the most unique places in nature that are of special value from a scientific point of view, areas that make up areas of valuable or endangered species of plants and animals. There are many unique places in nature, the disappearance of which would be an irreparable loss not only for the country in which they are located, but for all mankind as a whole.In most countries of the world, networks of so-called "specially protected natural areas" (SPNA) have been created for these purposes. These include the following natural objects:
Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve, Leningrad Region
Reserves are created with the aim of preserving or restoring some or all of the components of nature and to maintain the overall ecological balance. Some types of economic activity are limited in these territories.
Gladyshevsky reserve, Leningrad region
Natural monuments are small territories, including objects of natural value: caves, rocks, waterfalls, groves of rare tree species, river valleys, lakes, etc.
Natural monument "Hawk Lake", Leningrad region
Natural parks serve to protect natural complexes of ecological, historical and aesthetic value. They are staffed with special staff.
Natural Park Veppsky Forest, Leningrad Region
B Have you ever visited one of the protected areas? What do you remember about this place?
In these territories, people preserve both rare, unique and typical areas of forests, swamps, meadows, reservoirs and other natural ecosystems, rare and common plant and animal species in their natural habitat, bird flight paths, fish spawning routes and other natural objects and processes.
All the nature of our planet is priceless and unique. Of course, from those subject to special protection natural areas it is difficult to single out some of the most outstanding and valuable corners of nature of "exceptional importance" that are vitally important to preserve for the present and future generations. This is the subject of a special UNESCO program, which is the so-called World Heritage List.
The UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage entered into force in 1975. Its main goal is to attract the forces of the world community to preserve unique objects of culture and nature. By mid-2012, the total number of countries participating in the Convention had already reached 189. Among the international programs of UNESCO, this program is the most representative. In order to improve the efficiency of the work of the Convention, the Committee and the World Heritage Fund were formed in 1976.
World natural heritage is made up of mountains, volcanoes, lakes, rivers, islands, forests, caves, reefs, national parks, nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries.
Of course, being on a par with the universally recognized world pearls of nature and culture is honorable and prestigious, but at the same time it is a great responsibility. To receive World Heritage status, an object must be of outstanding universal value, undergo a thorough expert assessment. At the same time, the nominated natural object must meet at least one of the following four criteria:
Include unique natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value;
Present outstanding examples of the main stages of the history of the Earth, including traces of ancient life, serious geological processes that continue to occur in the development of the forms of the earth's surface, significant geomorphological or physiographic features of the relief;
Present outstanding examples of important ongoing ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals;
Include natural areas of great importance for their conservation of biological diversity, including areas of endangered species that are of outstanding scientific or conservation value.
The status of a world natural heritage site provides additional guarantees for the safety and integrity of unique natural complexes, increases the prestige of territories, promotes the popularization of objects and the development of alternative types of nature management, and ensures priority in attracting financial resources.
The first cultural and natural sites were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List two years after the creation of the program. Of the natural areas, the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), the national parks Yellowstone (USA), Nahanni (Canada) and Seamen (Ethiopia) received heritage status. Over the past years, the List has become very representative both in terms of the regions of the planet represented and in terms of the number of objects: by mid-2012, it already included 188 natural objects. Most of them are located in the USA and Australia (more than 10 objects in each country). Under the protection of the Convention are such world-famous natural monuments as the Great Barrier Reef, the Hawaiian Islands, the Grand Canyon, Mount Kilimanjaro. Video 62.
In Russia, the initiator of the inclusion of natural objects in the World Heritage List is primarily Greenpeace. By joining this UNESCO program, a new page was opened in the field of nature protection in Russia.
Russian World Natural Heritage Sites
There are inaccuracies on the map, since at the moment 11 objects are already included in the list, including the Putorana Plateau and the Lena Pillars Natural Park. The first in our country to receive the status of a world natural heritage site in 1995 was a natural complex called "Virgin Komi Forests".
The territory of this object is the largest of the remaining massifs of primary forests in Europe, the appearance of which is almost not changed by human influence. Video 63.
The virgin forests of Komi are a real taiga treasury. There are more than 40 species of mammals here (including brown bear, sable, elk), 204 species of birds (including the white-tailed eagle and osprey listed in the Red Book of Russia), 16 species of fish, the most valuable of which are considered glacial relics - palia char and Siberian grayling.
This territory stretches along the western slope of the Subpolar and Northern Urals for more than 300 km. Ural mountain system has a significant impact on the climate. In places, natural complexes form a complex mosaic: along narrow river valleys, taiga vegetation rises high into the mountains.
The main tree species - spruce and fir - are accompanied by Siberian cedar. Here it originates and receives the crystal clear tributaries of the Pechora. Now the territory of the World Heritage Site "Virgin Komi Forests" is in danger due to illegal gold mining unfolding here (1).Greenpeace Russia and other non-governmental organizations will fight to stop any nature-destroying activity on its territory.
Lake Baikal
Baikal is one of the greatest lakes on the planet, a lake of "superlatives": the deepest (1637 meters), the oldest (about 25 million years), with the most diverse flora and fauna among fresh water bodies. Video 64.
The lake has a unique fresh water supply in terms of volume and quality - more than 20% of the world's reserves). The Baikal depression is the central link of the Baikal rift zone, one of the largest ancient fault systems on Earth. The lake, together with its entire basin, is a peculiar and very fragile natural ecosystem that provides a natural process of formation purest waters. For Siberia, the climate of the Baikal coasts is comparatively mild. For example, the number of sunny days a year here is higher than in many Black Sea resorts.One of the richest and most unusual freshwater fauna in the world, which is of exceptional value for studying evolutionary processes, has formed in the isolated Baikal depression since ancient times.
Of the more than 2,630 species and subspecies of animals and plants found so far in the lake, more than 80% are found nowhere else in the world. Who has not heard of the famous Baikal omul or Baikal sturgeon? Two unique species of viviparous fish, representatives of the family endemic (2) for Baikal, the big and small golomyanka, are known to ichthyologists all over the world. The pyramid of the lake ecosystem is crowned by a mammal of typically marine origin - the seal, or the Baikal seal.
Unfortunately, the unique nature of Baikal is under threat (3).
WITH Have you heard about the actions that the public is taking to protect Lake Baikal from pollution by the pulp and paper mill?
Another danger for Baikal is the planned development of deposits, illegal logging, forest fires, poaching, and oil spills.
Volcanoes of Kamchatka
The Kamchatka Peninsula is located at the junction of tectonic plates in a zone of active volcanism, where modern natural processes and the history of our planet are inseparable. Video 65.
Here, in a limited area, 30 operating and about 300 extinct volcanoes, as well as more than 150 groups of thermal and mineral springs. Dozens of geysers, hot springs, fumaroles (4), cascades of waterfalls, sharp peaks of ridges, mud pots and turquoise lakes, carpets of colorful algae give a fabulous look to the famous Valley of Geysers
The richest life is represented in the seas washing the coast of Kamchatka. Here are the growth zones of king crab larvae, salmon spawning places and their juveniles rolling into the sea. From summer to the beginning of winter, an amazing natural phenomenon can be observed on the rivers of the peninsula: millions of salmon in a continuous mass move along the rivers against the current to their spawning grounds.
Golden Mountains of Altai
The nature of this mountainous territory, located at the junction of Central Asia and Siberia, is distinguished by its bright originality. There are few places in the world with such a contrasting combination of different landscapes in such a small space. Video 66.
The flora and fauna of the region are diverse and in many ways unique. Here, the most significant subalpine and alpine meadows in terms of area in the mountains of Siberia. The color of the vegetation of the Southern Altai, where semi-deserts, steppes and tundra coexist, is also unique. The diversity of landscapes contributed to the emergence and preservation of endemics in Altai, often occupying very small areas. Among the rare species of mammals, the snow leopard should be singled out; this is one of the most beautiful cats in the world fauna. Very few of these animals have survived in Altai.
Unique geological history region, "recorded" in the rocks of different ages that make it up and imprinted in unusual landforms. Such, for example, are the high terraces of the Katun River, striking in their grandeur. The grandiose Mount Belukha is the highest peak in Siberia (4506 meters). The Altai river valleys are narrow deep canyons.
The diversity of nature has left its mark on the culture and religion of the indigenous population of this territory - the Altaians. The achievements of Altai traditional medicine are highly valued. As the outstanding philosopher, writer, traveler H.K. Roerich, "many peoples passed through Altai and left traces: Scythians, Huns, Turks." Mountain Altai called an open-air museum.
Western Caucasus
The western part of the Greater Caucasus in terms of the diversity of flora and fauna, their preservation is unparalleled not only in the Caucasus region, but also among other mountainous regions of Europe and Western Asia. Video 67.
This is an area where a large number of endangered rare, endemic and relict species of plants and animals are concentrated. It is especially important that the little-altered habitat of the most vulnerable large mammals has been preserved here: bison, Caucasian red deer, Western Caucasian tur, chamois, Caucasian subspecies of brown bear, wolf and others.
The Caucasian reserve is practically the only habitat of the mountain bison in the world; outside this territory, it is almost completely exterminated by poachers.
The territory is rich in picturesque objects: powerful waterfalls, spiky mountain peaks(up to 3360 meters), turbulent mountain rivers with clear water, clear mountain lakes, huge trees (majestic firs up to 85 meters high and more than 2 meters in diameter), rare plants (orchids, etc.) and many others. An invaluable unique natural complex has been preserved in the Western Caucasus.
curonian spit
The relief of this territory, located in the Kaliningrad region, is unique. A continuous strip of sand dunes 0.3 - 1 km wide, some of which are close to the highest in the world (up to 68 m), stretches along the peninsula for 70 km. Video 68.
Thanks to his geographic location and orientation from the northeast to the southwest, the spit serves as a "guiding line" for many bird species migrating from the northwestern regions of Russia, Finland and the Baltic countries to the countries of Central and Southern Europe. Every year in spring and autumn 10 - 20 million birds fly over the spit, a significant part of which stops here for rest and feeding. Among the birds flying here are many rare and endangered species listed in the Red Books of Russia, Europe and the world.
It is especially interesting that the spit is rich in objects cultural heritage. These are defensive structures unique in their scale, extremely valuable from the point of view of history, science and art; fishermen's settlements harmoniously integrated into the landscape; archaeological sites and monuments of religious architecture. The many-sided dune relief of the Curonian Spit, combined with the greenery of forests, the whiteness of sandy beaches and the boundless blue of the Baltic Sea, has a high aesthetic value.
Central Sikhote-Alin
This area is located in the south Far East within Russia, is one of the largest and least human-modified centers of conservation of communities of ancient coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests. Video 69.
It presents a lot of rare and endangered animal species, a significant part of which is preserved only within its boundaries. Mountain country Sikhote-Alin is the last large integral territory in the world inhabited by the Amur tiger. Many other rare and endangered plant and animal species endemic to the region also need protection.
Picturesque landforms, full-flowing rivers, combined with an exceptional variety of flora and fauna, the presence of exotic plants and animals reminiscent of the tropics, give the nature of Sikhote-Alin completely unique features. There are many objects of aesthetic and recreational value here: rock massifs, picturesquely standing out among the taiga, waterfalls, lakes and rapids, reefs, sandy bays of the coast Sea of Japan.
Ubsunur basin
The Ubsunur basin, located on the territory of Mongolia and Russia, is one of the most original and unusual places Central Asia. Video 70.
This region has preserved a unique complex of neighboring, closely interacting, extremely contrasting ecosystems - from the taiga to the desert. Glaciers, snowfields, mountain tundra of the alpine belt and subalpine meadows turn into a vast mountain taiga belt, which gives way to forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert and even loose sandy ridges, creating a natural phenomenon of exceptional beauty and diversity. It is impossible to see such diverse landscapes in such close proximity anywhere else in Eurasia. An unusually high species richness for temperate latitudes reigns in this territory.
Relative sparsely populated territory, the absence of industrial facilities make it possible to preserve the basin as a natural laboratory for the study of biospheric processes
However, the value of the territory lies not only in the unique nature of the Ubsunur basin. Of great importance are the objects of cultural heritage located here - archaeological monuments, many of which have not been studied so far. Nowhere else in Central Asia are barrows found in such a concentration as here (according to a rough estimate, there are up to 20 thousand of them); most of them are older than the Egyptian pyramids. Thousands of rock paintings and stone sculptures, the remains of medieval settlements and Buddhist chapels form a unique natural and cultural landscape.
The natural system of the reserve "Wrangel Island"»
The Wrangel Island Reserve is located on the border of the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas on the Wrangel and Herald Islands with a 12-mile sea area adjacent to them. Video 71.
The 180th meridian passes through Wrangel Island, so that the island lies in both the Western and Eastern hemispheres. The relief is predominantly mountainous, strongly dissected, with coastal lowlands in the north and south. There are 1400 rivers and streams on the island, about 900 small lakes. A unique combination of natural-historical and landscape-climatic conditions, as well as inaccessibility, led to the islands big number endemic, rare and relict plant species. On the islands, as parts of the ancient land that once united the Eurasian and North American continents, both Euro-Asian and American species of flora and fauna are widely represented.
Putorana Plateau
The plateau is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It is a large basalt plateau, located on the northern limit of the taiga and almost completely unaffected. economic activity person. Video 72. Unusual and extremely interesting are the trap relief forms (5), crossed by huge canyons. The scale and number of waterfalls are impressive (the highest concentration in Russia). Here is a 108 m high waterfall - one of the highest in our country. There are many lakes on the plateau with depths up to 400 m, lake fjords are very picturesque.More than 1300 plant species have been recorded on the Putorana Plateau. Here is the northern limit of the distribution of flying squirrel, lynx, sable, stone capercaillie. The migration route of the world's largest population of wild reindeer, the Taimyr one, runs through the plateau. A little-studied, extremely interesting local form of the bighorn sheep also lives here.
Lena Pillars
The Lena Pillars Natural Park is located in Central Yakutia, in the middle reaches of the Lena River. Video 73.
The park got its name because of the unique ridge of rocks - fabulous stone sculptures in the form of pillars and towers stretch along the banks of the Lena for tens of kilometers. Some are up to 100 meters high. This natural monument is composed of Cambrian limestones - a rock that was formed more than 500 million years ago.
In addition, in the park there are small areas of the desert landscape - unique permafrost ecosystems, as well as fluttering tukulan sands - isolated and independently developing sandy ridges with slopes practically not fixed by vegetation. In the area of the Lena Pillars, scientists discovered burials of bone remains of ancient fauna: mammoth, bison, Lena horse, woolly rhinoceros.
21 species of rare and endangered "Red Book" plants grow in the park. In the basin of the middle reaches of the Lena River, the fish fauna includes 31 species. Nesting of 101 species of birds has been established in the park. Animals such as sable, brown bear, squirrel, elk, red deer, chipmunk, musk deer, mountain-forest form of wild reindeer are common here.
Work to continue the inclusion of new areas in the World Heritage List continues. According to the rules, nominations for consideration by the World Heritage Committee must first be included in the national Tentative List. They are presented on the World Natural Heritage map of Russia (see above).
Obviously, the effective protection of such territories is impossible without the active involvement of public organizations as many citizens of the country as possible. Let us remember that we have an individual and collective responsibility for the preservation of natural complexes.
Check out the resolution International Forum non-governmental organizations dedicated to World Heritage sites (6).
What can we, the people of Russia, do to support the conservation and development of specially protected natural areas?
Each of these places is unique in its own way, and all together they function, making up the unity and integrity of the life support system on the Planet. They create its unique, still far from fully unraveled and known appearance.
Currently, there are 26 World Heritage Sites on the territory of the Russian Federation:
16 cultural sites (they have the letter C - cultural in the World Heritage List) and 10 natural sites (they are marked N - natural) heritage.
Three of them are cross-border, i.e. located on the territory of several states: Curonian Spit (Lithuania, Russian Federation), Ubsunur Hollow (Mongolia, Russian Federation), Struve Geodetic Arc (Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Finland, Sweden, Estonia)
The first objects - "Historical Center Petersburg and related groups of monuments", "Kizhi Pogost", "Moscow Kremlin and Red Square" - were included in the World Heritage List at the 14th session of the World Heritage Committee, held in 1990 in Canadian city Banff.
43rd session of the World Heritage Committee - 2019 (Baku, Azerbaijan)
№С1523 - Monuments of ancient Pskov
Criteria: (ii)
"Monuments of ancient Pskov" includes 10 objects of architecture of medieval Rus' XII - early XVII centuries. Among them are the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist of the Ivanovo Monastery (XIII century), the ensemble of the Spaso-Mirozhsky Monastery: the Transfiguration Cathedral (XII century), the ensemble of the Snetogorsk Monastery: the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin (XVI century), the Church of Michael the Archangel with a bell tower (XIV century), the Church of the Intercession from the Prolom (XV-XVI centuries), the Church of Cosmas and Damian from Primostye (XV-XVII centuries). ), the Church of St. George from Vzvoz (XV century), the Church of the Epiphany with a belfry (XV century), - (XVI century), the Church of Basil on Gorka (XV century).
Information about the object:
14th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1990 (Banff, Canada)
№С540 - Historical center Petersburg and related groups of monuments
Criteria (i) (ii) (iv) (vi)
"Northern Venice", with its many canals and more than 400 bridges, is the result of the greatest urban development project begun in 1703 under Peter the Great. The city turned out to be closely associated with the October Revolution of 1917, and in 1924-1991. he bore the name of Leningrad. Its architectural heritage combines such diverse styles as baroque and classicism, which can be seen in the example of the Admiralty, Winter Palace, the Marble Palace and the Hermitage.
Information about the object:
№С544 - Kizhi churchyard
Criteria: (i)(iv)(v)
Kizhi Pogost is located on one of the many islands Lake Onega, in Karelia. Here you can see two wooden churches of the 18th century, as well as an octagonal bell tower, built of wood in 1862. These unusual structures, which are the pinnacle of carpentry, represent an example of an ancient church parish and are harmoniously combined with the surrounding natural landscape.
Information about the object:
on the site of the museum-reserve "Kizhi"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
№С545 - Moscow Kremlin and Red Square
Criteria: (i)(ii)(iv)(vi)
This place is inextricably linked with the most important historical and political events in the life of Russia. Starting from the XIII century. The Moscow Kremlin, created in the period from the XIV century. according to the 17th century outstanding Russian and foreign architects, was the grand ducal, and then the royal residence, as well as a religious center. St. Basil's Cathedral, a true masterpiece of Russian Orthodox architecture, rises on Red Square, which is located near the walls of the Kremlin.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Moscow Kremlin Museums
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
16th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1992 (Santa Fe, USA)
№С604 - Historical monuments of Veliky Novgorod and its environs
Criteria: (ii)(iv)(vi)
Novgorod, advantageously located on the ancient trade route between Central Asia and Northern Europe, was in the 9th century. the first capital of Russia, the center of Orthodox spirituality and Russian architecture. His medieval monuments, churches and monasteries, as well as the frescoes of Theophan the Greek (teacher Andrei Rublev), dating from the 14th century, clearly illustrate the outstanding level of architectural and artistic creativity.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Department of Culture and Tourism of the Novgorod Region
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
№С632 - Historical and cultural complex of the Solovetsky Islands
Criterion: (iv)
The Solovetsky archipelago, located in the western part of the White Sea, consists of 6 islands with a total area of more than 300 sq. km. They were settled in the 5th century. BC, but the very first evidence of human presence here dates back to the 3rd-2nd millennium BC. The islands, starting from the 15th century, became the site of the creation and active development of the largest monastery in the Russian North. There are also several churches of the XVI-XIX centuries.
Information about the object:
on the website of the FGBUK "Solovki State Historical-Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve"
on the site "Museums of Russia"
№С633 - White stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal
Criteria: (i)(ii)(iv)
These two ancient cultural centers Central Russia occupy an important place in the history of the formation of the architecture of the country. There are a number of majestic religious and public buildings of the XII-XIII centuries, among which the Assumption and Dmitrievsky Cathedrals(Vladimir).
Information about the object:
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
17th session of the World Heritage Committee -1993 (Cartagena, Colombia)
№С657 - The architectural ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in the city of Sergiev Posad
Criteria: (ii)(iv)
This is a vivid example of an active Orthodox monastery with the features of a fortress, which is quite consistent with the spirit of the time of its formation - the XV-XVIII centuries. In the main temple of the Lavra - the Assumption Cathedral, created in the image and likeness of the cathedral of the same name in the Moscow Kremlin - there is the tomb of Boris Godunov. Among the treasures of the Lavra is the famous icon "Trinity" by Andrey Rublev.
Information about the object:
on website of the Ministry of Culture of the Moscow Region
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
18th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1994 (Phuket, Thailand)
№С634rev- Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (Moscow)
Criteria: (ii)
This church was built in 1532 in the royal estate of Kolomenskoye near Moscow to commemorate the birth of an heir - the future Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The Church of the Ascension, which is one of the earliest examples of the tented completion traditional for wooden architecture in stone, provided big influence on the further development of Russian church architecture.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
19th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1995 (Berlin, Germany)
N719 - Virgin forests of Komi
Criteria: (vii) (ix)
Covering an area of 3.28 million hectares, the heritage site includes the lowland tundra, mountain tundra of the Urals, as well as one of the largest tracts of primary boreal forests that have survived in Europe. The vast territory with swamps, rivers and lakes, where conifers, birch and aspen grow, has been studied and protected for more than 50 years. Here you can trace the course of natural processes that determine the biodiversity of the taiga ecosystem.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
20th session of the World Heritage Committee - 1996 (Merida, Mexico)
№ N754 - Lake Baikal
Criteria: (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)
Located in the southeast of Siberia and covering an area of 3.15 million hectares, Baikal is recognized as the oldest (25 million years) and deepest (about 1700 m) lake on the planet. The reservoir stores approximately 20% of all the world's fresh water reserves. In the lake, which is known as the "Galapagos of Russia", thanks to ancient age and isolation, a freshwater ecosystem, unique even by world standards, has formed, the study of which is of lasting importance for understanding the evolution of life on Earth.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
22nd session of the World Heritage Committee - 1998 (Kyoto, Japan)
№ N768rev - "Golden Mountains of Altai"
Criteria: (x)
The Altai Mountains, which are the main mountainous region in the south of Western Siberia, form the origins of largest rivers this region - Ob and Irtysh. The heritage site includes three separate sections: the Altai Reserve with the water protection zone of Lake Teletskoye, the Katunsky Reserve plus the Belukha Natural Park, and the Ukok Plateau. The total area is 1.64 million hectares. The area demonstrates the widest range of altitudinal belts within Central Siberia: from steppes, forest-steppes and mixed forests to subalpine and alpine meadows and glaciers. The area is home to endangered animals such as the snow leopard.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
23rd session of the World Heritage Committee - 1999 (Marrakech, Morocco)
№ N900 - Western Caucasus
Criteria: (ix) (x)
This is one of the few large alpine massifs in Europe where nature has not yet undergone significant anthropogenic influence. The area of the object is approximately 300 thousand hectares, it is located in the west of the Greater Caucasus, 50 km northeast of the Black Sea coast. Only wild animals graze in the local alpine and subalpine meadows, and the vast untouched mountain forests, stretching from the lowland to the subalpine zone, are also unique in Europe. The area is characterized by a wide variety of ecosystems, highly endemic flora and fauna, and is an area where the mountain subspecies of the European bison once lived, and was later re-acclimatized.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
24th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2000 (Cairns, Australia)
№С980 - Historical and architectural complex of the Kazan Kremlin
Criteria: (ii) (iii) (iv)
Having emerged on the territory inhabited since very ancient times, the Kazan Kremlin traces its history back to the Muslim period in the history of the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. It was conquered in 1552 by Ivan the Terrible and became a stronghold of Orthodoxy in the Volga region. The Kremlin, which has largely preserved the layout of the ancient Tatar fortress and has become an important center of pilgrimage, includes outstanding historical buildings of the 16th-19th centuries, built on the ruins of earlier structures of the 10th-16th centuries.
Information about the object:
on the website of the State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve "Kazan Kremlin"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
№С982 - Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery
Criteria: (i) (iv)
Ferapontov Monastery is located in the Vologda region, in the north of the European part of Russia. This is an exceptionally well-preserved Orthodox monastery complex of the 15th-17th centuries, i.е. a period that was of great importance for the formation of a centralized Russian state and the development of its culture. The architecture of the monastery is original and complete. In the interior of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, magnificent wall frescoes by Dionysius, the greatest Russian artist of the late 15th century, have been preserved.
Information about the object:
on the website of the FGBUK "Kirillo-Belozersky Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve"
on the website of the Museum of frescoes of Dionysius
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
№С994 - Curonian Spit
Transboundary facility: Lithuania, Russian Federation
Criterion: (v)
The human development of this narrow sandy peninsula, which has a length of 98 km and a width of 400 m to 4 km, began in prehistoric times. The spit was also exposed to natural forces - wind and sea waves. The preservation of this unique cultural landscape to this day has become possible only thanks to the ongoing struggle of man against erosion processes (dune fixation, forest plantations).
Information about the object:
on the website of the Curonian Spit National Park (Russia)
on the website of the Curonian Spit National Park (Lithuania)
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
25th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2001 (Helsinki, Finland)
№ N766rev - Central Sikhote-Alin
Criteria: (x)
Far Eastern coniferous-broad-leaved forests grow in the Sikhote-Alin mountains, which are recognized as one of the richest and most original in terms of species composition among all forests in the temperate zone of the Earth. In this transitional zone, located at the junction of taiga and subtropics, there is an unusual mixture of southern (tiger, Himalayan bear) and northern animal species (brown bear, lynx). The territory extends from the most high peaks Sikhote-Alin to the coast of the Sea of Japan, and serves as a refuge for many endangered species, including the Amur tiger.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Sikhote-Alin Reserve
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
27th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2003 (Paris, France)
№
N769 rev - Ubsunur hollow
Transboundary facility: Mongolia, Russian Federation
Criteria: (ix) (x)
The heritage site (with an area of 1,069 thousand hectares) is located within the northernmost of all drainless basins in Central Asia. Its name comes from the name of the vast shallow and very salty lake Ubsunur, in the area of which a lot of migratory, waterfowl and near-water birds accumulate. The object consists of 12 disparate plots (including seven plots in Russia, with an area of 258.6 thousand hectares), which represent all the main types of landscapes characteristic of Eastern Eurasia. A wide variety of birds is noted in the steppes, and rare species of small mammals live in desert areas. In the highlands, such animals, rare on a global scale, as the snow leopard and argali mountain sheep, as well as the Siberian ibex, have been noted.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Tuva Republican Branch of the Russian Geographical Society
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
No. С1070 - Citadel, Old city and fortifications of Derbent
Criteria: (iii) (iv)
Ancient Derbent was located on the northern borders of Sasanian Persia, which at that time stretched east and west from the Caspian Sea. Ancient fortifications built of stone include two fortress walls that run parallel to each other from the seashore to the mountains. The city of Derbent was formed between these two walls and has retained its medieval character to this day. It continued to be a strategically important site well into the 19th century.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Derbent State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
28th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2004 (Suzhou, China)
№С1097 - Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent (Moscow)
Criteria: (i) (iv) (vi)
The Novodevichy Convent, located in the south-west of Moscow, was created during the 16th-17th centuries and was one of the links in the chain of monastic ensembles united in the city's defense system. The monastery was closely connected with the political, cultural and religious life of Russia, as well as with the Moscow Kremlin. Representatives of the royal family, noble boyar and noble families were tonsured and buried here. The ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent is one of the masterpieces of Russian architecture (“Moscow baroque” style), and its interiors, which contain valuable collections of paintings and works of arts and crafts, are distinguished by rich interior decoration.
Information about the object:
on the site of the Bogoroditse-Smolensky Novodevichy Convent
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
№ N1023rev - Natural complex of the Wrangel Island Reserve
Criteria: (ix) (x)
The heritage site located above the Arctic Circle includes the mountainous Wrangel Island (7.6 thousand sq. km) and Herald Island (11 sq. km), together with the adjacent waters of the Chukotka and East Siberian Seas. Since this area was not covered by a powerful Quaternary glaciation, a very high biodiversity is noted here. Wrangel Island is known for its huge walrus rookeries (one of the largest in the Arctic), as well as the highest density of polar bear birth dens in the world. The area is important as a feeding ground for gray whales migrating here from California and as a breeding ground for more than 50 species of birds, many of which are classified as rare and endangered. More than 400 species and varieties of vascular plants have been recorded on the island, more than on any other Arctic island. Some of the living organisms found here are special island forms of those plants and animals that are widespread on the continent. About 40 species and subspecies of plants, insects, birds and animals are defined as endemic.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Federal State Budgetary Institution State Natural Reserve "Wrangel Island"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
29th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2005 (Durban, South Africa)
№С1187 - Struve geodetic arc
Transboundary facility: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Finland, Sweden, Estonia
Criteria: (ii) (iii) (vi)
The Struve Arc is a chain of triangulation points stretching for 2820 km across the territory of ten European countries from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea. These reference observation points were laid in the period 1816-1855. astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve (aka Vasily Yakovlevich Struve), who thus made the first reliable measurement of a large segment of the earth's meridian arc. This made it possible to accurately determine the size and shape of our planet, which was an important step in the development of earth sciences and topographic mapping. It was an exceptional example of cooperation in the scientific field between scientists different countries and between reigning monarchs. Initially, the "arc" consisted of 258 geodetic "triangles" (polygons) with 265 main triangulation points. The World Heritage Site includes 34 such sites (the best surviving to date), which are marked on the ground in a variety of ways, such as: hollows carved into the rocks, iron crosses, cairns or specially installed obelisks.
Information about the object:
Online Petersburg Society of Geodesy and Cartography
on the website of the Land Department of the Estonian Ministry of the Environment
on the website of the Department of Cartography of Finland
on the Norwegian World Heritage website
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
№С1170 - Historical center of Yaroslavl
Criteria: (ii) (iv)
The historic city of Yaroslavl, located approximately 250 km northeast of Moscow at the confluence of the Kotorosl River with the Volga, was founded in the 11th century. and subsequently developed into a major shopping mall. It is known for its numerous churches of the 17th century, and as an outstanding example of the implementation of the urban planning reform carried out by decree of Empress Catherine the Great in 1763 throughout Russia. Although the city retained a number of remarkable historical buildings, it was later reconstructed in the classicist style on the basis of a radial master plan. It also preserved belonging to the sixteenth century. buildings of the Spassky Monastery - one of the oldest in the Upper Volga region, which arose at the end of the 12th century. on the site of a pagan temple, but rebuilt over time.
Information about the object:
on the site of the official portal of the city of Yaroslavl
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
34th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2010 (Brazilia, Brazil)
№ N1234rev - Putorana Plateau
Criteria: (vii) (ix)
This object coincides with its borders with the Putorana State nature reserve located in the northern part of Central Siberia, 100 km beyond the Arctic Circle. The World Heritage part of this plateau has a full range of subarctic and arctic ecosystems preserved in an isolated mountain range, including pristine taiga, forest tundra, tundra and arctic desert systems, as well as pristine cold water lake and river systems. Through the site runs the main migration route of reindeer, which is an exceptional, majestic and increasingly rare phenomenon of nature.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Joint Directorate of Taimyr Reserves"
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
36th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2012 (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation)
№ N1299 - Lena Pillars Natural Park
Criteria: (viii)
The Lena Pillars Natural Park is formed by rock formations of rare beauty, which reach a height of about 100 meters and are located along the banks of the Lena River in the central part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). They originated in a sharply continental climate with a difference in annual temperature of up to 100 degrees Celsius (from -60°C in winter to +40°C in summer). The pillars are separated from each other by deep and steep ravines, partially filled with frosted rock fragments. The penetration of water from the surface accelerated the process of freezing and contributed to frost weathering. This led to the deepening of the ravines between the pillars and their dispersal. The proximity of the river and its course are dangerous factors for the pillars. On the territory of the object there are remains of many different species of the Cambrian period.
Information about the object:
on the website of the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Natural Park "Lena Pillars"
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
38th session of the World Heritage Committee - 2014 (Doha, Qatar)
№С981rev- Bulgarian historical and archaeological complex
Criteria:(ii)(vi)
The facility is located on the banks of the Volga River south of the confluence of the Kama River and south of the capital of Tatarstan, the city of Kazan. It contains evidence of the existence of the medieval city of Bolgar, an ancient settlement of the Volga Bulgar people, which existed from the 7th to the 15th centuries. and was in the thirteenth century. the first capital of the Golden Horde. Bolgar demonstrates the historical and cultural interrelations and transformations in Eurasia over several centuries, which played a decisive role in the formation of civilizations, customs and cultural traditions. The object is an important evidence of historical continuity and diversity of cultures. It is a symbolic reminder of the adoption of Islam by the Volga Bulgars in 922 and remains sacred place pilgrimages of the Tatars - Muslims.
Information about the object:
on the website of the Bulgarian State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve "Great Bolgar"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the website of the World Heritage Center
37 sessionWorld Heritage Committee - 2013 (Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, Cambodia)
№C1411 - The ancient city of Tauric Chersonese and its choir
Criteria: (ii) (v)
The object is a ruin ancient city, founded by the Greek Dorians in the 5th century BC. e. on the northern coast of the Black Sea. The site includes six elements, including the ruins of the city and agricultural land, divided into several hundred rectangular plots of the same size, which served for the cultivation of grapes; the products of the vineyards were intended for export and ensured the prosperity of Chersonese until the 15th century. On the territory of the object there are several complexes of public buildings, residential areas and monuments of early Christianity. There are also ruins of Stone Age and Bronze Age settlements, Roman and medieval tower fortifications and water systems, as well as exceptionally well-preserved vineyards and dividing walls. In the 3rd century A.D. e. Chersonese was known as the most successful center of winemaking on the Black Sea and served as a link between Greece, the Roman Empire, Byzantium and the peoples of the northern coast of the Black Sea. Chersonese is an outstanding example of the democratic organization of agriculture in the vicinity of an ancient city, reflecting the urban social structure.
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41st session of the World Heritage Committee - 2017 (Krakow, Poland)
№N1448rev - Landscapes of Dauria
Criteria: (ix) (x)
Located on the territory of Mongolia and the Russian Federation, this site is a unique example of the Daurian steppe ecosystem, which begins in the east of Mongolia and extends through Russian Siberia to the northeastern border of China. The cyclical climate, with its characteristic wet and dry periods, has contributed to a wide variety of species and ecosystems that are important to the world. The different types of steppes present here, such as wet meadows, forest and lake areas, are home to rare species of fauna such as the white-naped crane and bustard, as well as millions of rare and vulnerable migratory birds, which are endangered. The park is also an important site on the Migration Route of the Mongolian Dresden.
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№C1525 - Cathedral of the Dormition and the monastery of the island town of Sviyazhsk
Criteria: (ii) (iv)
The Assumption Cathedral is located on the island town of Sviyazhsk and is part of the monastery of the same name. Located at the confluence of the Volga, Sviyaga and Pike rivers, at the crossroads of the Silk Road and the Volga River, Sviyazhsk was founded by Ivan the Terrible in 1551. It was from this outpost that Ivan the Terrible began the conquest of the city of Kazan. The location and architecture of the Monastery of the Assumption testifies to the existence of a political and missionary program developed by Tsar Ivan IV in order to expand the territory of the Muscovite state. The frescoes of the cathedral are among the rarest examples of Eastern Orthodox wall painting.
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SECO is the specialized agency of the United Nations for education, science and culture. The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites includes the most valuable objects (both natural and man-made) in terms of their cultural, historical or environmental significance. Here are twenty unique UNESCO sites located in Europe.
20 PHOTOS
1 Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia.
Forest reserve in Central Croatia, famous for its cascading lakes, waterfalls, caves and limestone gorges.
2 Red Square, Moscow, Russia.
The most famous square in Russia, located to the east of the Kremlin - the official residence of the president. On Red Square are St. Basil's Cathedral and the State Historical Museum.
3 Vlkolinec village, Slovakia.
A well-preserved ethnographic village, which is included in the list of museums of folk architecture in Slovakia. The settlement reflects the traditional features of the Central European village: log buildings, stables with haylofts and a wooden bell tower.
4 Rila Monastery, Bulgaria.
The largest and most famous Orthodox monastery in Bulgaria, founded in the 10th century and rebuilt in the mid-1800s.
5 Natural-historical complex of Mont-Saint-Michel, France.
A fortified island Gothic abbey built between the 11th and 16th centuries in northwestern France.
6 Monastery of Alcobaça, Portugal.
Roman Catholic church located north of Lisbon. It was built by the Portuguese king Alfonso I in the 12th century.
7 Budapest: The banks of the Danube, the castle hill in Buda and Andrássy Avenue.
The central part of the Hungarian capital boasts such stunning masterpieces of architecture as the Parliament building, Opera theatre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Market Hall.
8 Peace Churches in Jawor and Swidnica, Poland.
The largest wooden sacred buildings in Europe, built in the second half of the 17th century after the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War.
9. Stave Church in Urnes, Norway.
wooden church, located in western Norway, is an excellent example of traditional Scandinavian architecture.
10. Pavement of giants, Ireland.
A monument of nature, consisting of approximately 40,000 interconnected basalt columns, formed as a result of an ancient volcanic eruption.
11. Pont du Gard Aqueduct, France
The highest surviving ancient Roman aqueduct. It is 275 meters long and 47 meters high.
12. Pilgrimage Church in Wies, Germany
Rococo Bavarian church located in a beautiful alpine valley southwest of Munich.
13. Fjords of Western Norway, Norway.
Geirangerfjord and Nordfjord, located in southwest Norway, are among the longest and deepest fjords in the world.
14. Vatican, Italy.
The center of Catholic Christianity, and the residence of the Pope. Also in the Vatican Museums are stored many of the world's artistic masterpieces.
15. Millennial Benedictine monastery in Pannonhalma, Hungary.
Monastic community and one of the oldest historical monuments Hungary, was founded in 996.
16. Pirin National Park, Bulgaria.
National park with an area of 403 sq. km, located on three belts of vegetation: mountain-forest, subalpine and alpine.
17. Grand Place, Brussels. 18. Old Bridge area historical center cities of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
old bridge, built in the 16th century during the reign of the Ottoman Empire - one of the most significant architectural monuments in the Balkans.
19. Glacial fjord Ilulissat, Denmark.
A fjord located in western Greenland, 250 km north of the Arctic Circle. It includes the Sermeq Kujalleq glacier moving at 19 meters per day, one of the fastest glaciers in the world.
20. Palace of Catalan Music, Barcelona, Spain.
Famous concert hall, which is one of the best examples of Catalan Art Nouveau. It is also the only concert hall in Europe with natural light.