Hungary official name. The capital of Hungary is Budapest

Republic of Hungary, state in the Center. Europe. The name is from the ethnonym Hungarians. The Hungarians themselves call themselves the Magyars, and their country Magyarorszag is the country of the Magyars. See also Transylvania. place names of the world: Toponymic ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

Hungary- Hungary, Budapest. Street musician. HUNGARY (Republic of Hungary), a state in Central Europe. The area is 93 thousand km2. The population is 10.3 million people, including Hungarians (97%). The official language is Hungarian. Believers are predominantly Catholics. Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Hungary- (Magyarorszag), Hungarian People's Republic (Magyar Nepköztarsaság), state in the Center. Europe. It borders in the north with Czechoslovakia, in the east with the CCCP and Romania, in the south with Yugoslavia, in the west with Austria. Pl. 93 thousand km2. Hac. 10.7 million people (1982).… … Geological Encyclopedia

Hungary- (Magyarorszag), Hungarian People's Republic, a socialist state in Central Europe. On the territory of Hungary, Neolithic ceramics and sculpture, monuments of art of the Scythians and Celts, the remains of Roman settlements have been preserved ... ... Art Encyclopedia

Hungary- noun, number of synonyms: 2 asteroid (579) country (281) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

HUNGARY- (Magyarorszag), People's Republic of Hungary (Magyar Nepkoztarsasag), Hungarian People's Republic, state in the Center. Europe, bass. Danube. Pl. 93 tons km2. Us. 10.7 million hours (1983). Capital Budapest (2.07 million f., 1982). V. socialist. state in, developed industry. agr. ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Hungary- (Hungary), state in the Center. Europe. In the 19th century the repressive policy of Metternich caused a sharp rise in the Hungarians. nationalism and the uprising led by Kossuth (1848). Austrians with the help of Russian. troops regained their control over V. After the defeat ... ... The World History

HUNGARY- HUNGARY. Area 92.916 sq. km, population (as of December 31, 1925) 8.364.635 hours, population density 90 people. per sq. km. The natural movement of the population is expressed in the following figures (per 1,000 people): Tab. 1. The natural movement of the population. 1… … Big Medical Encyclopedia

HUNGARY- Area 93 thousand square kilometers, population 10.6 million (1990). It is an industrially agrarian country with well-developed dairy and beef cattle breeding, horse breeding, and poultry farming. In the structure of gross agricultural output, livestock occupies more than … World sheep breeding

HUNGARY- The Hungarian Republic (Hungarian Magyar Keztarshasag), a state in the east-central part of Europe, covering an area of ​​​​93,030 square meters. km. It borders with Slovakia in the north, Ukraine in the northeast, Romania in the southeast, Yugoslavia and Croatia in ... Collier Encyclopedia

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• Hungary, Ageev Kirill, Sartakov Maria. Hungary is a small charming country in Central Europe, the interest in which from outside Russian tourists is constantly growing. Arriving in Budapest, they are convinced that this is not the whole ...

hungarian republic.

The country is named after the ethnonym of the people - the Hungarians.

Capital of Hungary. Budapest.

Hungary Square. 93030 km2.

Population of Hungary. 10106 thousand people

Administrative divisions of Hungary. It consists of 25 administrative units, including 19 regions (county) and 6 cities, including the capital, equated to the county.

Hungarian form of government. Parliamentary republic.

Head of State of Hungary. President elected for 4 years.

Supreme legislative body of Hungary. Unicameral State Assembly, elected for a term of 5 years.

Supreme executive body of Hungary. Council of Ministers.

Big cities Hungary. Debrecen, Miskolc, Szeged, Pecs.

State language of Hungary. Hungarian.

Currency of Hungary. Forint = 100 fillers.

Climate of Hungary. continental, dry, with hot summers and cold winters. The average annual temperature is + 10 °C. The number of solar per year is 1979, which is more than in other countries located in the same latitudes. Precipitation will fall 900 mm per year in the south and 450 mm in the center. Highest point- Mount Kekesh (1015 m).

Flora of Hungary. Approximately 18% of the country's territory is covered, located mainly on the slopes of the mountains. These are mainly deciduous forests where oak, birch, linden, maple grow.

Fauna of Hungary. Foxes, hares, hedgehogs, ground squirrels, deer, roe deer, wild boars live in the forests of Hungary. Among birds, stork, heron, wild duck, crane, thrush, owl, woodpecker are often found. There are many species of freshwater fish in the lakes.

Rivers and lakes of Hungary. The main rivers of Hungary are the Tisza. Balaton is the largest and warmest in the region, its surroundings are a large resort area.

Sights of Hungary. Church in Jak, Church in Nyirbator, Esterhazy Palace in Fersched, Cathedral in Tata, Cathedral in Pec, Tower in Szeged, Parliament House and National Museum, National art Gallery, palace complex of the XIII-XVII centuries. With royal palace and a fortress in - the country of music and dance, various festivals - musical, theatrical, flower carnivals.

Useful information for tourists

Museums, as a rule, work daily from 10.00 to 18.00, the day off is Monday. Many museums are open one day a week for free admission. Grocery stores are usually open from 7.00 to 19.00 on weekdays, on Saturdays until 14.00. Large shopping centers, department stores are open on weekdays from 10.00 to 18.00, on Saturdays - from 9.00 to 13.00. Many supermarkets do not have days off. Mains voltage - 220 V, current frequency - 50 Hz.

Post boxes in Budapest colors. In Hungary, it is customary to write the surname first, and then the given name. First aid and delivery to a hospital in Hungary is free for everyone, including tourists. Only follow-up care is covered. Therefore, before the trip, you should take out a medical policy.

Hungary is located in east-central Europe and borders 7 countries: Slovakia in the north, Ukraine in the northeast, Romania in the east, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia in the south, and Austria in the west.

The country is divided into 19 regions (county).

The capital of Hungary is Budapest, one of most beautiful cities Europe.

The largest cities in the country:

• Debrecen;
• Miskolc;
• Seben;
• Gyor.

Climate and weather

The geographical position of the country has a beneficial effect on its weather. Hungary has a comfortable temperate continental climate with mild winters and hot summers. average temperature January — from 0 to -4°C, July — +22°C. Hungary receives the highest number of sunny days of any country in Europe. In Budapest, the sun shines 85 days a year, 69 of which fall between April and September.

Nature

The variety of landscapes in Hungary is one of the main attractions of the country. Mineral springs, the only thermal lake in Europe and the famous Hungarian steppes attract many tourists from all over the world. The terrain is mostly flat, mountains are found on the border with Slovakia, and in the center of the country is the largest freshwater lake in central Europe - Balaton. The Hungarians call it the sea.

Attractions

Hungary is one of those countries that have everything for an unforgettable vacation. The main thermal hospital in Europe is rich not only in its springs, spa resorts and wineries. Many historical and cultural values ​​are UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and in museums you can find exhibits from the 9th century. BC.

Of course, during the first visit to this country it is difficult to appreciate all the sights at once, but the most important ones are a must to see. Among them:

• Budapest is a resort city with an unforgettable atmosphere;
• Lake Balaton - the most visited Hungarian resort;
• the cozy old town of Veszprem;
• Debrecen with its abundance of architectural masterpieces;
• Bükk and its baths;
• the baroque city of Eger;
• the Tokay region is the birthplace of the famous Tokay wine.

Nutrition

Hungary is famous for its national cuisine, amazing Tokay wines And fruity vodka palinka. In numerous cafes and restaurants you can try a wide variety of dishes. The most popular recipes among tourists:

• goulash;
• paprikash;
• percelt;
• numerous types of sausages;
• Debrecen sausages;
• Dobosh cake, etc.

It is noteworthy that in many establishments they offer a menu in Russian and give guests a large portion of treats. However, do not forget to include tip of 10%.

Accommodation

Hungary has no shortage of hotels. And even in those that are marked with 2 or 3 stars, the service is provided at a decent level. For those who do not like hotels, we offer campsites(for example, on Lake Balaton) or hostels.

Entertainment and recreation

There are only 8 official holidays in Hungary, among them the usual Christmas, New Year, Easter, Republic Day, etc. However, this country has no equal in terms of the number of festivals and international holidays held. These are various music and folklore festivals, grape harvest festivals, a carnival of flowers, a gathering of shepherds, a sailing festival and many other events worthy of attention. The resorts regularly host spa parties and various fairs; night life, and almost every hotel has tennis courts or a golf course.

Purchases

From Hungary, in addition to the usual magnets and key rings, you can bring world-famous wines "Tokay" And " bull's blood», palinka(fruit vodka) marzipan sweets and of course salami. Colorful handicrafts made by Hungarian craftsmen will also be a pleasant gift.

For shopping, tourists should go to the central market of Budapest or to any shopping center, where during the period of discounts and sales you can update your wardrobe without damaging your wallet.

Transport

Hungary has fairly convenient transport links. In Budapest, the best way to get around is by car (you can rent it) or by public transport. He starts work at 4:15 and ends at 23:15. The easiest way is to buy a weekly pass. Whatever mode of transportation you choose, you should definitely take a ride on the longest tram in the world (its length is 53.9 m) and the oldest metro in Europe.

Connection

To stay in touch while traveling in Hungary, you can activate roaming from your operator or buy a SIM card from one of the local ones, such as Westel, Pannon, Vodafone, etc. You can also call home from any payphone, having previously bought a card for international calls at the post office or at a kiosk. The average cost per minute is 1 $ . You can access the Internet in any Internet cafe or using Wi-Fi access points, which are available in all major cities.

Safety

To travel to Hungary, you need a passport with free pages for a visa and the visa itself. When crossing the border, it is worth remembering that dairy and meat products cannot be imported into the country. Valuable items must be declared.

The crime rate in Hungary is low and therefore, in order to get only positive impressions from the trip, you must follow simple rules: leave a copy of your passport and return ticket at the hotel, do not carry large sums of money with you (it is better to pay with a plastic card) and keep an eye on personal belongings in crowded places.

Just in case, there are a few useful numbers to remember: 104 - ambulance, 107 - police, 105 - fire brigade and emergency phone number - 112 .

You should always have your passport with you - according to the law, it can be checked at any time.

Business climate

Hungary is a rapidly developing country. A significant part of the budget is profit from the tourism business. The geographical position and historical heritage have made Hungary attractive to international investors.

Much attention is paid to the development of business relations with neighboring countries. To maintain a positive image, international exhibitions, conferences and business seminars are held.

Real estate

Every foreigner has the right to acquire any real estate and land in Hungary, with the exception of arable areas and objects protected by law. Compared to real estate in other EU countries, real estate in Hungary becomes especially attractive to foreigners. The tax on the purchase of an apartment will be 6%, A for a house or land - 10%. To attract foreign capital, the procedure for registering property in ownership is simplified as much as possible.

As in any country, Hungary has its own unwritten rules and behavior. For example, the use of Soviet symbols is prohibited, it is not customary to talk loudly, discuss politics and religion.

Before the trip, you should take care of the Russian-Hungarian phrase book in advance. Even a couple of phrases in Hungarian will make a good impression on local residents, because they are very proud of their unusual and complex language (there are 25 cases in Hungarian).

Visa information

Hungary is a country that is part of the Schengen area. Applying for a tourist visa to Hungary, you will have a tempting opportunity to visit other European countries.

Visas to Hungary are divided into several types. The easiest way is to get a transit visa. However, having it, you will be required to leave the country within 24 hours. You can get a transit visa by providing a standard package of documents and a visa to the country of final destination. The most popular among visitors to Hungary is a tourist visa, which is granted for a short period of time (about 10-12 days).

Frequent visits to the country, study and business trips will require a long-term multivisa.

The official name is the Republic of Hungary (Maqyar Koztarsasaq). Located in Central Europe. Area - 93 thousand km2, population - 10.15 million people. (2003). The official language is Hungarian. The capital is Budapest (1.7 million people, 2003). Public holiday - Day of the founder of the state of St. Stephen (Stefan), celebrated on August 20. national holidays are March 15 - the Day of the beginning of the revolution and the liberation struggle of 1848-49, as well as October 23 - the Day of the beginning of the revolution and the liberation struggle of 1956 and the proclamation of the Hungarian Republic in 1989. Monetary unit - forint.

Member of the UN (since 1955), WTO (since 1973), IMF and IBRD (since 1982), Council of Europe (since 1991), OECD (since 1996), NATO (since 1999), EU (since 2004).

Sights of Hungary

Geography of Hungary

It is located between 45°48' and 49°35' north latitude and 16°05' and 22°58' east longitude. The total length of state borders is 2242 km. In the north it borders with Slovakia (608 km), in the east - with Ukraine (215 km) and Romania (432 km), in the south - with Serbia and Montenegro (161 km), Croatia (339 km) and Slovenia (102 km), in the west - with Austria (366 km). The length of the country from east to west is 528 km, from north to south - 268 km.

The territory of Hungary forms part of a vast area of ​​subsidence located between the Carpathians, the Alps and the Dinaro-Balkan Mountains. In general, 84% of the territory of Hungary lies at an altitude of no more than 200 m above sea level. The Danube divides the country into two parts: to the east there is a vast flat Great Central Danube Lowland (Alföld), to the west - the hilly Dunantul plain (Transdanubia) with separate low ridges (Bakony, Vertes, Mechek, etc.). The northeast of the country is the outskirts of the young volcanic Carpathians (Berzhen, Matra, Zemplen massifs) with characteristic cone-shaped peaks, reaching heights of 900-1000 m in some places. The highest point in Hungary is Mount Kekes in the Matra massif (1015 m).

The main water arteries are the Danube (the length of the Hungarian section is 417 km) and the Tisza (the length of the Hungarian section is 595 km). Hungary has one of largest lakes in Europe - Balaton. Its area is 598 km2, 77 km long and 1.5 to 14 km wide. The lake and its surroundings have become a resort and tourist area of ​​international importance. Many small lakes, especially between the Danube and the Tisza, are also surrounded by recreation areas.

Hungary is rich in groundwater, thermal and healing springs. Groundwater reserves are found almost throughout the country and are concentrated under its flat parts, occurring at a depth of 500-1500 m. The temperature of the water layers is from 30 to 80 ° C. The daily inflow of water from all sources reaches 70 million liters.

The soil cover is very diverse (about 35 soil regions are distinguished with their own complex of soils). The dominant type is chestnut and podzolic soils, which cover approximately 40% of the country's territory. OK. 25% of the area of ​​Hungary is occupied by chernozems (humus content 4-7%, the average thickness of the humus horizon is 60-80 cm). Various brown forest soils are also widespread. Almost 3/5 of the country's territory is occupied by arable land.

Relatively low elevations prevent the emergence of natural forest, which covers approximately 15-18% of the country's territory. Forests cover mainly mountains and some hilly areas, dominated by oak, beech, linden and other hardwoods. Forest-steppes and steppes are almost everywhere replaced by cultivated vegetation.

The animal world is typical for Central Europe and is rich due to the intensive hunting economy. The main species are red deer, roe deer, wild boar, hare. In the mountains - mouflon, in inland waters - catfish, pike, pike perch, carp. Among birds, the most common are pheasant, gray partridge, wild duck, stork. Hungary has five national parks, one of which - Hortobágy - is listed world heritage UNESCO.

Hungary is not rich natural resources: deposits of bauxite, lignite, as well as already heavily depleted reserves of natural gas and oil are of industrial importance. Deposits of uranium and copper-polymetallic ores are not currently being developed.

The climate is temperate continental with the influence of the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Spring is early, relatively rainy, with changeable weather. Summer is hot, but with periods of cooling and bad weather. Autumn is long, warm, but fogs and rains are not uncommon. Winter is relatively cold, cloudy and wet. The average temperature in July is +20-22.5°С (recorded maximum +42°С), in January -2-4оС (recorded minimum –35°С), the average annual temperature is +10°С. Snow rarely falls in winter: 2-5 times a year. The sun shines in Budapest for 2054 hours a year, of which 1526 hours fall between April and September. Precipitation on the plains falls from 900 mm per year in the southwest to 450 mm per year in the northeast.

Population of Hungary

Since 1980, there has been a natural decline in the population, not compensated by the balance of migration.

Birth rate - 9.5‰; mortality - 13.1‰, infant mortality - 7.2 people. per 1000 newborns (2003). Average life expectancy: men - 67 years, women - 76 years (2001).

In the age and sex structure of the population, the proportion of women is constantly increasing (1990 - 52%, 2001 - 52.3%, 2003 - 52.5%) and elderly people (persons under 14 years old - 16.1%, 15 - 59 years old - 63.1%, 60 years and older - 20.8%).

OK. 60% of all residents live in cities, incl. 29.1% in cities with a population of more than 100 thousand people. (including 17.1% of metropolitan residents), 30.2% - in cities with a population of 10 to 100 thousand people, 33.1% - in settlements with a population of 1 to 10 thousand people. and 7.6% in settlements with the number of residents less than 1 thousand people.

Retirement age - 62 years (women born before December 31, 1946 may retire earlier if they have established work experience or other conditions).

The ethnic composition is homogeneous: according to the results of the last census, in 2001, 97.0% of the population recognized themselves as Hungarians (self-name - Magyars). The Law “On National and Ethnic Minorities” (1993) distinguishes 13 minorities: Gypsies (190 thousand people), Germans (62.2 thousand people), Slovaks (17.7 thousand people), Croats (15.6 thousand people), Armenians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Poles, Romanians, Rusyns, Serbs, Slovenes, Ukrainians. The Jewish community, not taken into account by official statistics, has approx. 55 thousand people and is the largest in Eastern Europe.

St. 3 million Hungarians live in neighboring states: in Romania (1.6 million people), Slovakia (600 thousand people), Serbia (350 thousand people), Ukraine (170 thousand people), Austria (50 thousand people), Croatia (25 thousand people) and Slovenia (10 thousand people). More than 1.5 million people of Hungarian origin live in the USA, Canada, Israel, Australia, South Africa and other countries.

Religion: There are approx. 260 cult organizations and religious associations covering 74% of the population with their influence. Among believers, 73% are Catholics and Greek Catholics, 22% are Reformed and Protestants of other directions, 4% are Evangelicals (Lutherans). Approximately 0.2% are Baptists, Orthodox of various persuasions, and Jews. There is a small Buddhist community.

History of Hungary

The Hungarians emerged from the ancient Finno-Ugric ethnic community at the turn of the 2nd-1st millennium BC. During the Great Migration of Peoples, they left their ancestral home - the foothills Southern Urals- and to the con. 9th c. settled in the Carpathian basin. Here the Hungarian medieval state was formed. After it began in the 10th century. Christianization of the pagan Hungarians, Istvan I (at baptism - Stefan) - a descendant of Prince Arpad, who headed the union of tribes of the times of "gaining a homeland" - in 1000 became the king of Hungary (reigned in 997-1038), receiving the crown from the hands of Pope Sylvester II.

The struggle for power between his heirs, which began after his death, and the widespread uprisings of pagans who did not want to deviate from the former "faith of the fathers", weakened the state. The entire middle of the 11th century passed under the sign of this struggle. Only towards the end of the century did Kings Laszlo I (1077-95) and Kalman, nicknamed the Scribe (1095-1116) for his learning, succeed in restoring order and stability.

K ser. 13th c. thanks to active campaigns of conquest, the territory of the Hungarian kingdom reached largest area, covering also Transylvania, Slovakia, Transcarpathia, Burgenland, Vojvodina and Croatia. In 1241-42, the country survived the invasion of the Tatar-Mongolian troops led by Batu, losing almost half of the population. King Bela IV (1235-70) managed to restore what was destroyed, launched the construction of fortresses, stimulated the influx of population from neighboring states, promoted the development of cities, etc.

In the beginning. 14th c. with the death of King Endre III (1290-1301), the Arpad dynasty ended, whose representatives occupied the throne by right of succession. The feudal elite, in the interests of strengthening their own power, began to invite kings from foreign dynasties that had no real power: the Czech king Laszlo Cech, the Bavarian Duke Otto III. However, under the rule of the representatives of the Angevin dynasty, the grandson of the king of Naples, Karoy (Karl) Robert (1307-42) and his son Lajos (Louis) the Great (1342-82), who managed to achieve relative independence of royal power and provide the treasury with income, Hungary experienced a period of strengthening and flourishing of a centralized feudal state.

In the 15th century Hungary is gradually turning into an estate monarchy, where the prerogative of electing a king already belonged to the magnates and nobles. The country was ruled by foreign kings (Duke of Austria King Albert, King Ulaslo I of Poland, King Ladislav of the Czech Republic), a State Council of 5 magnates and 7 military leaders (1445-46), an influential magnate and an outstanding commander Janos Hunyadi (in the rank of ruler of Hungary; 1446-52). His son, Matthias Hunyadi, nicknamed Korvin (Raven), was elected king in 1458 and ruled until his death in 1490. Relying on the small and medium nobility, he managed to weaken the power of large feudal lords and temporarily stop the internecine struggle.

In 1514, Hungary was shaken by one of the largest peasant uprisings, led by Gyorgy Dozsa. The peasants, who intended to make a crusade against the Turks, and the townspeople who joined them, turned their weapons against the magnates. Despite the initial victories, the uprising was crushed, and its defeat was used as a pretext for the final enslavement of the peasants.

In the 15th-16th centuries. The Hungarians quite successfully repelled the onslaught of the Ottoman Empire, which was then gaining strength, however, after the defeat of the royal army in the Battle of Mohacs (1526), ​​a significant part of the country fell under Ottoman influence. By 1541, Hungary was divided into three parts: in the southern and central regions, the rule of the Turks was established for a century and a half, the northern and western lands were ruled by the Austrian Habsburg dynasty, and in the east, the Transylvanian principality was formed with limited independence. After the Austro-Turkish war of 1683-99 and the suppression of the anti-Habsburg movement of 1703-11, led by Ferenc Rakoczi II, all of Hungary came under the rule of the Habsburgs.

1st floor 19th century in Hungary it was characterized by the strengthening of the movement for national independence, social progress, economic freedoms and was called the "epoch of reforms". Their initiator was Count Istvan Szechenyi (1791-1860), who represented the views of part of the Hungarian liberal nobility and bourgeoisie. Prominent figures - supporters of the reforms were also Lajos Kossuth (1802-94), Ferenc Deak (1803-76), Miklos Veshsheleni (1796-1850), Mihai Tancic (1799-1884) and others.

The opposition of the Viennese court to reforms, the conservatism of a part of the Hungarian political elite led to the national democratic revolution of 1848-49. The defeat of the revolution caused a surge of repressions, the "Germanization" of the country, the rejection of many of the gains of the revolution. Under the Austro-Hungarian agreement of 1867, Hungary became one of the constituent parts of the dual monarchy, Austria-Hungary. Both states had independence in internal affairs, were governed by their own parliaments and governments, but had a common monarch and common military, financial and foreign policy departments.

In October 1918, as a result of the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I, a peaceful bourgeois revolution took place in the country, proclaiming state independence. But the post-war borders of Hungary were determined by the Trianon Treaty of 1920, which deprived the country of 2/3 of the territory, incl. a number of areas with a predominantly Hungarian population. The struggle for their return became the core of all Hungarian politics in the interwar period.

On March 21, 1919, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed, which existed for only 133 days. After its defeat, the reactionary regime of Miklós Horthy was established in the country, which led it on the eve of World War II to an alliance with the powers of the Nazi "axis". In 1938-40, as a result of two Vienna arbitrations, Hungary annexed southern Slovakia, Transcarpathia and northern Transylvania, and in the spring of 1941 captured the Bačka region from Yugoslavia.

June 27, 1941 the country entered the war against the USSR. After the defeat of the 2nd Hungarian Army during the Soviet counteroffensive on the Don in January 1943, Hungary tried to withdraw from the war. The German occupation (March 1944) and the dictatorship of the Nilashists (fascist parties) followed. In September 1944, the Soviet army entered the territory of Hungary, the complete liberation of which was completed on April 4, 1945. The Paris Peace Treaty of 1947 generally confirmed the country's Trianon borders.

The provisional national government carried out a number of reforms (nationalization of transport, mines, banks, private enterprises, agrarian reform, etc.). By 1948, the power of the Communist Party had been established in Hungary, and in August 1949 the Hungarian People's Republic (HPR) was established. The policy of the one-party regime of the Communist Party, the infringement of national dignity, the repressive domestic and voluntaristic economic policy caused widespread public discontent, which resulted in a popular uprising in October 1956 demanding democratic freedoms. It was suppressed by the Soviet armed forces.

The new Hungarian leadership, headed by Janos Kadar (1912-89), managed to stabilize the situation and, under conditions of relative liberalization, achieved a significant increase in the welfare of the population. From the 2nd floor. 1960s the development and implementation of a deep economic reform began in the country. However, later the possibilities of reforming the existing socio-political system were exhausted, and in 1989-90 a peaceful transformation of the social system took place in Hungary.

After the first free elections in 1990, a national-conservative coalition came to power, heading for the so-called. return to Europe. The social consequences of such a policy led to the fact that in the 1994 elections the population voted for the Socialists, people from the reformist wing of the former ruling Communist Party, who, in alliance with the liberal Free Democrats, continued market transformations in the economy and preparations for Hungary's accession to NATO and the EU. In the parliamentary elections of 1998, the opposition came to power, led by the Hungarian Civic Party (FIDES), which proclaimed the goal of the final completion of the transition to a market and civil society, integration into the military-political and economic structures of the West. The aggressive nationalist policy of the ruling coalition in the 2002 elections again led to the socialists coming to power.

State structure and political system of Hungary

Hungary is an independent democratic constitutional state, a parliamentary republic. The Constitution adopted in 1949, as amended in 1989 and 1997, is in force.

Administrative division - 19 regions (county) and the capital, which has a special status. Large cities: Budapest, Debrecen (211 thousand people), Miskolc (184 thousand people), Szeged (168 thousand people), Pecs (162 thousand people), Gyor (129 thousand people).

The highest body of legislative power is the State Assembly. Elected every 4 years, it is a unicameral parliament, which includes 386 deputies. Hungary has a complex proportional-majority electoral system: 176 deputies are elected from single-member constituencies, 152 deputies - from territorial lists, and 58 deputies receive a mandate in accordance with the share of votes cast on party lists.

The State Assembly elects the country's president, prime minister, members of the Constitutional Court, ombudsmen (i.e. three commissioners: for political rights, ethnic minority rights and personal data protection), the chairman of the Supreme Court and the prosecutor general.

The State Assembly sits constantly, its regular sessions are held from February 1 to June 15 and from September 1 to December 15. Chairman of the State Assembly - Katalin Seely.

The supreme body of executive power is the government, headed by the prime minister, who, according to the Constitution, is the chief official in the country. The prime minister is a representative of the winning party, who, simultaneously with the adoption of the government's program on the proposal of the president, is elected by the parliament. The Prime Minister submits proposals on the composition of the Government to the President for approval. Since June 2002, the Prime Minister has been Peter Medgyessy (a non-partisan nominee from the Hungarian Socialist Party).

The head of state is the president with rather limited constitutional powers. Elected by Parliament for a five-year term (but not more than twice). The current president of Hungary is Ferenc Madl (elected in 2000). In addition to him, there were four more presidents in the history of Hungary: Mihaly Karoyi (January-March 1919), Zoltan Tildi (1946-48), Arpad Sakashich (1948-49), Arpad Gönc (1990-2000).

The basis of local authorities is formed by equal city and rural self-governments (mayors and municipal assemblies are elected for 4 years by direct vote) with considerable powers. The regional link has no executive bodies. The next municipal elections were held in October 2002.

The highest judicial bodies are the Supreme Court (its competence includes civil and criminal cases) and the Constitutional Court (supervision over the observance of the Constitution, examination of normative acts for compliance with the Constitution and decision-making in case of disputes between individual state authorities).

There are 150 registered political parties in Hungary. In the last elections of 2002, 16 parties came out with all-Hungarian lists, 4 of them overcame the 5% barrier of parliamentary representation.

The Hungarian Socialist Party (HSP) was formed in 1989 with the dissolution of the then ruling Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (HSWP). Focuses on social democratic values. In the 2002 elections, she received 178 mandates. As the party that won the elections, it formed a coalition (together with the SDS) government, in which it has 11 posts, including the post of prime minister. Chairman - Laszlo Kovacs.

The Hungarian Civic Party (Fidesz) was founded in 1988 by a group of young dissidents. It is a right-wing liberal party. He has 164 seats in the State Assembly. Main opposition party. The leader of the party, who does not officially hold any post, is Viktor Orban.

The Hungarian Democratic Forum (VDF) took shape as a party in 1988 from the movement of the opposition intelligentsia. Adheres to the national-conservative orientation. He has 24 seats in parliament. Together with Fidesz, he forms the opposition. The party chairman is Iboya David.

The Union of Free Democrats (SSD) was formed in 1988 on the basis of a dissident movement. He has 20 seats in the State Assembly. Together with the VSP forms the ruling coalition. In the government, he holds 4 ministerial posts out of 15. The party chairman is Gabor Kunze.

Of the parties not represented in parliament, the most significant are: the Independent Party of Smallholders (NPMH; recreated in 1988 as the legal successor of the historical NPMH. Party of a national conservative persuasion), the Hungarian Truth and Life Party (formed in 1993 after the extreme nationalists left the VDF), the Hungarian Workers' Party (the communist "fragment" of the HSWP), as well as the national-radical Christian Democratic the People's Party and the moderately conservative Hungarian Democratic People's Party.

The political system in Hungary is quite stable, the peaceful mechanism for the change of power has been worked out, the branches of power are balanced, and the opposition is generally behaving in a constructive and civilized manner.

Trade unions in Hungary unite approx. 3 million people, incl. up to 50% of the employed population, 30% of all pensioners and 10-15% of the unemployed.

The largest trade union associations: the Federation of Hungarian Trade Unions (covers 1.3 million people), the Forum for Trade Union Cooperation (unites 800 thousand employees employed in the public sector), the Union of Autonomous Trade Unions (has about 300 thousand members, mostly workers), the League of Trade Unions (represents the interests of 60 thousand representatives of the intelligentsia, united in 122 trade unions).

The interests of business circles are represented by the Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCI) and the Hungarian Agrarian Chamber (similar organizations operate at the capital level). In addition, there are many associations of national producers, functioning, as a rule, on an industry basis: for example, the All-Hungarian Union of Construction Organizations, the Hungarian Cement Association, the Union of Hungarian Exporters, the Federation of Electricity Companies, the Union of Hungarian Realtors, etc. Representative offices of foreign chambers of commerce (USA, Great Britain, Canada) and joint chambers of commerce (Germany, France, Israel, Romania, Venezuela, Sweden, Switzerland) have been opened to serve entrepreneurs from foreign countries.

Since 1990, a tripartite Conciliation Council has been established in Hungary - a permanent forum for social partnership between the government, employers and workers.

Public order is guarded by the police (about 40 thousand people). The All-Hungarian High Command of the Police is an independent state body functioning within the framework of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It consists of a central office and 19 regional departments (the Metropolitan Police is headed by a separate main department of dual subordination).

The regular Hungarian army (approx. 45 thousand people) is staffed with conscripts and conscripts, called up on the basis of compulsory military service for a period of 6 months. The share of conscript soldiers in 1994-2002 decreased from 52.8 to 30%. The army has two branches of the Armed Forces: the Ground Forces and the Air Force (including air defense). Russian (Soviet)-made equipment is in service (artillery guns of various calibers, T-55 and T-72 tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, MiG fighters, Mi helicopters of various modifications), but Western weapons are being gradually purchased or Russian equipment is being upgraded to NATO standards. An American military base is located in Tasar.

Hungarian military personnel in 1988-2002 were members of 16 peacekeeping contingents under the auspices of the UN, the OSCE and other international organizations.

In wartime, the Armed Forces include border troops, police, prison guards and customs guards.

The basic direction of foreign policy is integration into Euro-Atlantic structures (NATO, EU, Council of Europe, etc.), maintaining good neighborly relations with neighboring countries and protecting the rights of Hungarian minorities abroad.

The country takes part in regional cooperation structures: the Visegrad Agreement, the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), the Central European Initiative (CEI), the Stability Pact for Southeast Europe (SEEC), the Danube Commission (its headquarters is located in Budapest).

Hungary has diplomatic relations with more than 150 states, incl. with the Russian Federation. In 1991, the Treaty of Friendly Relations and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and Hungary was signed (ratified by the Russian parliament in 1995). Diplomatic relations between Hungary and the USSR existed in 1934-41 and 1948-91.

Economy of Hungary

Hungary is a moderately developed industrial-agrarian state actively participating in international trade. GDP - 62.5 billion dollars, GDP per capita - 6.2 thousand dollars (2002). With a share of national production in world GDP of 0.15%, the share of the country's foreign trade in world trade is 0.47% (2000). The inflation rate has been consistently declining from 28.2% in 1995 to 5.3% in 2002.

The structure of GDP (2001): agriculture and forestry - 4.3%, industry and construction - 32.0%, trade and personal services - 12.8%, transport and communications - 9.1%, financial activities - 21.7%. The most noticeable changes in the structure of Hungary's GDP in the 1990s. there was a reduction in the share of the agricultural sector and an increase in the share of services.

The share of the private sector in GDP is more than 80% (in 1990 - 10%). Privatization peaked in 1995, and by 1999 this process was largely completed. In 2002, there were 190 enterprises (mostly unprofitable) in state ownership. The government of P. Medjesha intends to leave approx. 40 enterprises (mainly forestries and transport companies "Volan").

The share of foreigners in the ownership structure of the Hungarian economy has reached 30%. Of the 200 largest Hungarian enterprises, approx. 160 are partially or wholly foreign-owned, every tenth enterprise in Hungary has a foreign partner, co-founder or owner. Foreign capital controls 90% of the communications and long-distance communications industry, 70% of the banking and financial sector, and 60% of the country's energy sector. 2/3 of the products of the Hungarian manufacturing industry come from foreign-owned enterprises.

The employment rate is 56.3%, or 3.9 million people. (2002). The average annual number of unemployed is 239 thousand people. Lasted from Ser. 1999 the process of reducing unemployment in con. 2002 changed the trend and amounted to 5.8%.

In industry, the manufacturing industries are the most developed (providing 90.6% of gross industrial output), including automobile, machine tool and instrument making (42.6%), food industry (15.0%), and petrochemistry (13.8%). After the decline of the con. 1990s production is stabilizing in metallurgy and light industry, which works almost exclusively on raw materials supplied by the customer. The share of energy and water supply is 8.9%. In the extractive industries, production is gradually curtailed.

Large enterprises (more than 300 employees) produce 2/3 of all industrial products, the process of concentration of production continues, especially in mechanical engineering, energy and petrochemistry.

Hungarian industry is quite dependent on the state of the world market: more than half (52%) of all industrial production is exported. Large enterprises export - depending on the industry - 60-80% of their products. The needs of the domestic market are satisfied mainly by small and medium-sized enterprises (the number of employees, respectively, is up to 50 and up to 300 people).

Agriculture is experiencing problems with the beginning of the processes of socio-political transformation. The main reasons include the hasty liquidation of agricultural cooperatives, lapses in the implementation of land policy, insufficient funding for the industry, as well as droughts for a number of years. This led to a reduction in the share of agricultural products (excluding the food industry) in GDP (in 1993-2002 from 17.7 to 4.3%), the share of agricultural products in exports, the number of employees, the size of agricultural areas, livestock, etc. The agrarian policy of the government is aimed at strengthening the role of agriculture in the economy, especially in the traditional sectors for Hungary: the production of corn, wheat, meat, vegetables, fruits, wine.

Agricultural land is 6.1 million hectares, of which more than 50% is arable land. 1.5 million hectares are occupied by spike crops, 1.0 million hectares by corn.

Crop production is represented mainly by grain farming, as well as vegetable growing and horticulture (including viticulture). Livestock provides more than 60% of domestic agricultural income. The most developed are pig breeding, breeding of cattle for meat and dairy purposes, and poultry farming. The needs of the domestic market are also satisfied by sheep breeding and fish breeding in artificial reservoirs.

Hungary has a well developed network transport communications. The length of public roads is more than 30 thousand km, 90% of them have a hard surface. Railways- 7.9 thousand km. The length of inland waterways is 1.6 thousand km. Main River port- Budapest. Domestic air transportation is not carried out, there is a network of small airfields for receiving small aviation. international Airport Ferihegy is located near Budapest.

Convenient transport location enhances the transit role of the country. Druzhba-I (from Ukraine), Druzhba-II (from Slovakia) and Adria (from Croatia) oil pipelines, Bratstvo (from Ukraine) and Baumgartner-Gyor (from Austria) oil pipelines pass through the territory of Hungary; the total length of pipelines is 7.2 thousand km. The construction of high-speed highways is being actively carried out within the framework of the so-called. Helsinki transport corridors: in 2002 already 60% of the Hungarian sections of the "corridors" met the established European requirements.

The total freight turnover is 26.9 billion tkm (2002). Structure by types of transport: road - 51%, railway - 30%, pipeline - 15%, water - 3%. Structure by directions of transportation: international - 60%, domestic - 40%. Water and air transport are practically not used in domestic cargo transportation. Passenger traffic on intercity transportation is 785 million people, on intracity transportation - 2.8 billion people. (2002).

The development of telecommunications in Hungary is dynamic: with a relatively modest growth in traditional telephony, mobile communications are developing at an accelerated pace. Number of subscribers mobile phones in 2000-02 increased from 2.5 to 5.5 million people. The volume of radio broadcasting reached 800 thousand hours, television broadcasts - 1.8 million hours. Hungarian television broadcasts on three state channels. In addition, there are three private channels and many commercial cable networks. Broadcasting is carried out by three state stations and a number of commercial ones. Control over the political content of state electronic media programs is carried out by boards of trustees, to which the government and the opposition delegate their representatives on an equal footing.

After the recession of 1987-97, the retail turnover is constantly expanding (in 2002 - 24.8 million dollars). This is facilitated by the growth of monetary incomes of the population, the emergence of new types of trade (hypermarkets, shopping centers) and improving the quality of service. The structure of trade turnover (2002): 33.4% - food, 28.4% - vehicles, spare parts and fuel for them, 16.4% - furniture and household appliances, 9.5% - cultural and educational goods.

The tourism industry is one of the fastest growing sectors of the Hungarian economy. It employs 300 thousand people. (7% of the economically active population) and creates almost 10% of the country's GDP. Developed tourist infrastructure (hotels, catering points, beach, health, entertainment complexes, swimming pools, hunting lodges, fishing spots, etc.) is aimed at visitors with different incomes. Hungary annually receives 10-15 million foreign tourists. Foreign exchange earnings from tourism amount to 3.4 billion dollars (2002).

Since 1987, a two-tier banking system has been operating in Hungary: the Hungarian National Bank (VNB) carries out the emission and credit policy, general control over the financial market, and authorized financial institutions lend directly to economic entities.

In 1991-94, the government's banking consolidation program was implemented, aimed at improving the crisis state of most banks and increasing their assets, and improving the loan portfolio. Since 1995, the sale of blocks of shares in consolidated banks to reputable Western financial institutions began. By 1998, the privatization of Hungarian banks was practically over. The level of presence of foreign capital in the banking system is 63%.

At the beginning 2000, the Hungarian system of credit institutions consisted of 43 banks (90.3% of all financial and credit transactions), 226 savings cooperatives (5.6%), 9 specialized financial institutions (3.6%) and 4 housing savings banks (0.5%).

The degree of concentration of banks in Hungary is quite high: the top six banks collectively own almost 60% of the assets of the banking system.

The public finance system structurally consists of four subsystems: the central government (central level), local governments (local level), separate state funds, and social insurance bodies.

In 1998-2001, the overall level of the central government budget deficit was consistently reduced from 4.8% to 3.3% of GDP. In 2002, a sharp surge followed - up to 9.6% of GDP, caused by a change in government and a massive increase in social benefits. A figure of 4.5% of GDP is planned for 2003 in order to reach the level of the Maastricht criteria for EU membership (3% of GDP) in 2004.

In 2002, the revenue side of the budget amounted to 17.8 billion dollars, of which approx. 80% - receipts of a tax nature (taxes, excises, duties). Measures to stimulate entrepreneurship and increase the efficiency of the private sector led to a reduction in the degree of centralization of budget revenues: the share of state budget revenues in GDP in 1994-2002 decreased from 52.5 to 27%.

The main place in tax revenues to the budget is occupied by the general turnover tax (analogous to Russian VAT), whose share is 39%, income tax (24% of revenues), consumer tax and excises (19%), business profit tax (called corporate tax) - 10%.

In Hungary, the treasury system of budget execution is used, i.e. all funds necessary for state institutions are received and spent from the so-called. single treasury account. The Hungarian State Treasury is responsible for the technical work of financing the central budget.

The institutional divisions of the Hungarian financial system are also the State Supervision of Financial Organizations (monitoring the compliance with the law by participants in the stock and currency markets), a set of banking and financial institutions, various organizations providing services for the non-state management of financial markets (stock and commodity exchanges, the central clearing center, brokerage and dealer firms, etc.), insurance companies and pension funds.

Hungary's public debt in 2002 was 9.2 trillion fora. (37.5 billion dollars), or 52.2% of GDP. All functions related to the management of public debt (including the currency and forint components) are performed by a specially created Center for Public Debt Management (PDMS). The CDGD was tasked with a gradual transition from the practice of attracting foreign loans to finance external debt obligations to the issuance of government bonds denominated in the national currency - forints. In 2002 Hungary's gross external debt of the central government (ie excluding private sector borrowing) fell from 27.8 billion euros to 24.8 billion euros.

Hungary stands out for the comparative smoothness of social contrasts, although property stratification is growing. The minimum wage is $200, the minimum pension is $82 (2002). The policy of a large-scale increase in the wages of state employees and the strengthening of the forint in 2001-02 raised the level of the average wage in the country to $500 (the average level of nominal wages in sectors of the economy ranges from $345 to agriculture up to $1,000 in the financial sector).

The growth of real incomes in 2002 was 13.6%. As a result, trade turnover increased (by 11%), investments in various forms of accumulation (forint bank deposits (by 13%), life insurance (by 20%), contributions to non-state pension funds (by 27%), etc.). Government policy to stimulate housing construction has contributed to an increase in investment in real estate.

The extensive system of social benefits is being restructured according to the principle of need. The main goals of the reform are to reduce the burden of the state budget and reduce the volume of the shadow economy. However, the initiated transition to insurance financing of health care is accompanied by a reduction in hospital beds and medical staff, a revision of the drug reimbursement system, and an expansion of the range of paid services.

The essence of the ongoing pension reform is the transition to a mixed pension system, which involves the introduction of insurance principles for all elements of pension provision and an increase in the personal responsibility of the future pensioner for accumulating pension contributions.

The Hungarian pension system being formed combines the principles of the pay-as-you-go and funded systems and includes three elements: basic pensions paid as part of social insurance, based on the principle: one year of work experience - 1% of the pension paid; compulsory pension insurance, involving the deduction of 8% of earnings; voluntary pension insurance in about 250 non-state pension funds.

The Hungarian economy is characterized by a high degree of openness and participation in the international division of labor. Foreign trade has a positive trend, but since 1992 it has been chronically passive. The volume of exports in 2002 - 34.3 billion dollars, imports - 37.6 billion dollars.

The commodity structure of exports in 1998-2002 was dominated by products with a high degree of added value: the groups "machinery and equipment" (57-59%; mainly communications equipment, sound processing equipment, automated data processing systems, household and industrial electrical appliances) and "manufactured products" (29-31%). Agricultural products accounted for 7-8% of exports.

The main contingent of imports was also "machinery and equipment" (50-52%) and "processed products" (35-38%). The share of energy carriers in imports is 6-8%, and Russian energy carriers account for 70% of all energy supplies to Hungary.

In 2002, more than 90% of Hungarian exports went to European countries (EU, Central and Eastern European countries, Baltic States, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus). 75% of imports came from there. The most significant foreign trade partners of Hungary are Germany (share in trade turnover 29.6%), Austria (7.0%), Italy (6.7%) and France (5.2%). The place of the Russian Federation in the top five foreign trade partners of Hungary (share - 3.8%) is determined mainly by the dynamics of energy supplies, which occupy 83% of the total volume of Russian supplies to Hungary, as well as the possibility of increasing Hungarian exports to the Russian Federation (in 2002 - 1.3% of total exports).

A favorable business climate in the country, a fairly high position in the rating of international agencies attract foreign capital. To con. 2002 was accumulated 24.5 billion dollars of foreign investment (3rd place in Eastern Europe after Poland and the Czech Republic). In the 2nd floor. 1990s the influx of foreign investment amounted to approx. 2.0 billion dollars annually (maximum in 1995 - more than 3.5 billion dollars). 70% of investments are associated with the acquisition of privatized enterprises, 30% - the construction of turnkey enterprises. In 2001-02, due to the deterioration of the world economic situation, there was an increase in the outflow of capital and the transfer of enterprises located in Hungary to other countries.

Science and culture of Hungary

Hungary has a significant scientific potential and actively participates in international cooperation programs. Research is being carried out at a high level in the fields of solid state physics, nuclear physics, optics, physical chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, applied mathematics, sociology, economics, and linguistics. Agricultural science is famous for seed production (corn) and breeding cattle.

Ignaz Semmelweis (1811-65; discoveries in obstetrics), Lipot Fejer (1880-1959; founder of the Hungarian mathematical school), Janos Bolyai (1802-60; independently of Lobachevsky developed the principles of "new geometry"), Janos-György Kemen (1926-94; creator of the programming language "Basic"), Lorand Etwe sh (1848-1919; creator of the gravitational variometer), Leo Szilard (1898-1964; one of the creators of the first nuclear reactor), Edward Teller (1908-2003; study of thermonuclear reactions), Zoltan Bai (1900-92; founder of radar astronomy), Janos Neumann (1903-57; mathematical foundation of quantum mechanics), Janos Kornai ( born in 1928; substantiation of the inevitability of shortages in a planned economy), Norbert Wiener (1894-1964; creator of cybernetics), etc.

Among the Nobel laureates there are 13 Hungarians (all of them - except I. Kertes - had citizenship of other countries): 1905 - Philip Lenard (physics), 1914 - Robert Barany (medicine), 1925 - Richard Zsigmondy (chemistry), Albert Szent-György (medicine), 1943 - György Hevesy (chemistry), 1961 - Gyorgy Bekesy (medicine ), 1963 - Enyo Wigner (physics), 1971 - Denes Gabor (physics), 1986 - John (Janos) Polanyi (chemistry), 1994 - György Olah (chemistry), John (Janos) Harsani (economics), 2002 - Imre Kertes (literature).

The system of scientific research is headed by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (founded in 1825), which includes 35 academic institutes.

Financing of developments is carried out on a competitive basis. Budget funds are distributed through state and mixed funds. The main ones are: the National Fund for Scientific Research, the Central Fund for Technical Development, the Fund for the Development of Higher Education, etc.

The education system includes: primary schools(universal compulsory education begins at the age of 6 and lasts for 8 years), vocational schools, technical schools or gymnasiums (training lasts 3-4 years and provides a secondary education. Most of them are state-owned, but there are many church ones, while there are very few private ones), universities, institutes and higher schools (provide higher education). A reform is being carried out in the direction of optimizing the number of teaching staff and rationalizing the education system.

In Hungary, fees for higher education have been abolished and the competitive procedure for entering universities (except for paid departments) has been preserved; state scholarships are paid to well-performing and needy students. A course has been set for the creation of large university centers. Financing of universities is carried out on a regulatory basis, taking into account the qualitative parameters and the number of students, the number of which exceeds 200 thousand people. (2002).

The national culture has rich traditions, however, due to the country's peripheral position in Europe and linguistic isolation, relatively little is known outside of Hungary.

The most notable contribution to the development of Hungarian culture was made by the writers and poets Sandor Petofi (1823-48; lyrical and revolutionary poems, the poem "Knight Janos"), Kalman Miksat (1847-1910; the founder of critical realism in Hungarian literature), Endre Ady (1877-1919; poems of social protest), Gyula Iyes (1902 -83; realist poet), playwright Imre Madach (1823-64), composers Franz Liszt (1811-86), Bela Bartok (1881-1945), Zoltan Kodály (1882-1967), Imre Kalman (1882-1953), painter Mihaly Munkácsy (1844-1900), sculptor Zsigmond Kisfaludy-Strobl (1884-1975), film directors Zoltan Fabry (1917-84), Miklós Jancso (born in 1921) and others.

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