Panorama of Pella (city). Virtual tour of Pella (city)
The famous ruler Alexander was born in this city. In the ancient city of Pella, every stone breathes thousands of years of history.
Alexander created a majestic empire that united peoples and countries. Much of that time has survived to this day. Everything here reminds of the creation of civilization, which even today keeps numerous secrets and mysteries.
Who decided to create a royal capital from a small town, historians do not know, but 2400 years ago, King Archelaus built a luxurious palace here, known as one of the best examples of ancient architecture and visual arts. The first mentions of the city have been heard since the time of the campaign of King Darius and the famous battle of the Spartans.
The growth of the influence of the Macedonian kings also expanded Pella. From a small city with a good location, where it was possible to perfectly defend against enemies, it grew to the title of the capital of the formidable Macedonian kingdom.
City of the king of kings
In the 4th century BC, the city became one of the largest cities in the young and rapidly growing kingdom. Here the rulers of Macedonia were born and died, which began to unite most of the Greek lands. The famous commander, the creator of the largest Hellenistic state, Alexander the Great or Alexander III the Great, was born in the city.
Alexander's heirs made Pell one of the largest and most splendid cities of the new empire. Then the city experienced periods of prosperity and decline, but after a major earthquake at the beginning of the 1st century BC, it was almost completely destroyed.
Restoring the memory of Pella
Only at the beginning of the 20s of our century, archaeologists were able to start excavations and search for an answer to the question of whether the capital of Macedonia was actually in Pella. The excavations delighted scientists. A huge number of well-preserved artifacts from ancient Greek times were found here.
The Archaeological Museum of Pella is a treasure trove of modern knowledge about the times of kings, the exploits of heroes and the battles for freedom.
Today, travelers can enjoy spending hours interacting with artifacts. ancient era. Scientists carefully studied everything that could be raised from the ruins and found the remains of a magnificent city.
It had its own palace, located on 6 hectares. In the center of the city there was a large area-agora for meetings and holidays, trade. The wide streets were carefully planned. The ancient inhabitants of Pell lived in 500 houses with one-story or two-story structures. The houses are richly decorated with mosaics, sculptures and paintings. The unique mosaics in Pell's houses have been preserved. It is considered the pinnacle achievement of ancient Greek culture because of the richness and brightness of the images, the realism of the images.
Ancient Pella is a reflection of the Greek civilization that created the foundation modern civilization. Today's Pella is rich in antiquities and a spectacular open-air museum town.
The expedition to the enterprises of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region has taken place! From November 21 to November 26, I visited about a dozen different enterprises northern capital and its environs, where I was lucky not only to make photo reports, but also to interview. The first enterprise that I examined was the Pella Leningrad shipbuilding plant, located in the city of Otradnoye. About him and will be discussed today.
The main products of the Pella plant are new generation tugs, modern, comfortable and reliable, because they successfully work in all major ports and naval bases in Russia. Individual specimens can be found abroad: in Latvia, Lithuania, even in Italy.
Practically in each of my Severodvinsk reports there is a tugboat manufactured by Pella. The tugs of the Northern Fleet "Viktor Tikhonov" and "Anatoly Tarasov", as well as the tug of the Severodvinsk enterprise "Zvyozdochka" "Alexander Zryachev" are real "workhorses" and perform the most difficult tasks, including the withdrawal of ships under construction and repair from the waters of the enterprises "Zvezdochka" ", "Sevmash" and the White Sea Naval Base.
The enterprise is located on two sites - old and new. The old one is located on the territory of the former Pellinsky Palace, where the plant management, the Pella-Mash machine-building division and the Pella-Fiord (fiberglass shipbuilding) are located. The new site is located on the border of the city and the region in the village of Sapernoye.
The old site is located on the territory of the former Pellinsky Palace, built under Catherine II. Today, from the palace, dismantled to the ground on the orders of Paul I, only the carriage and stable building and the wing of the Postal Station remain.
4. Carriage-stable building and wing of the Post Station of the Pellinsky Palace Complex.
In the 30s of the twentieth century, a trailer plant of the Ministry of Forestry of the USSR was built on this territory, and in 1950 shipbuilding was organized on it, after which tugboats, high-speed boats, pilot boats and other small vessels became the main products of the plant.
In 1957, the company was renamed the Leningrad Shipbuilding Plant. The capacities of the enterprise have grown over time, new directions have developed. So, in the 1960s, a new line of fiberglass shipbuilding appeared at the plant. The first examples of such vessels were the Nadezhda catchers for the Vostok fishing base, hydrographic vessels of the Kaira type, working boats Bekas, light vessels of all domestic deep-sea vehicles for the study of the World Ocean.
5. Boat project LM 4-87.
In 1965, the enterprise, as a pilot production, was transferred to the Central Research Institute of Shipbuilding Technology, and the historical name "Pella" - the Leningrad Shipbuilding Plant "Pella" - was returned to it.
Since the 70s, with the direct participation of the Central Research Institute of the Customs Union, the production of technological equipment for the shipbuilding industry has been mastered here: painting machines, pipe bending machines, thermal cutting machines for metal.
In 1992, the enterprise was privatized and became the Leningrad Shipbuilding Plant Pella Open Joint Stock Company (since June 21, 1996, the Leningrad Shipbuilding Plant Pella Open Joint Stock Company).
In 2012, the construction of a new site in the village of Saperny began, thanks to which it became possible to build ships and vessels with a greater length and draft and with more convenient launching.
6. New shipbuilding complex "Pella".
In 2016, the company leased the property of the Feodosia shipbuilding plant "More" (Crimea).
Today, Pella is a joint-stock company, which has 8 subsidiaries and affiliates, owns a territory of 33 hectares and assets sufficient to conduct a successful business.
First platform (old)
The construction of an order begins not only with sheet metal, but also with the receipt of the rest of the necessary equipment for the future vessel/ship.
7. PALFINGER PC 2300 loader crane stored in the warehouse for the future tug.
Then, in the hull assembly shop, the assembly of the structures of the future vessel begins.
8. Hull assembly shop. Here the assembly of large structures of the future vessel takes place.
9. Inside the hull assembly shop.
10. Factory management building. Also inside there is a dining room and a first-aid post with a massage room. Behind is a whole network of workshops for metalworking and assembly of machine tools.
After a large structure is assembled, it is transported to the workshop near the outfitting embankment. Finished blocks are transported from the hull assembly shop to the boathouse, where the finished hull is assembled from the blocks.
After completion of the ship's hull, its saturation with equipment and painting begins.
11. Project 16609 tugboat
The vessel is launched into the water with the help of trolleys and a transborder.
12. Construction of the tugboat project PE65. On the left, the rails of the transborder are visible.
Then tug in high degree readiness is taken out on slipway carts to the site and lowered into the water along an inclined slipway.
13. Transfer rails. It is on them that the order is launched into the water.
14. Raid tug "Volchok" near the outfitting embankment of the enterprise. Its construction is carried out for the Navy.
15. Road tug "Volchok" and slipway shop.
16. Random guests.
On the current territory of the plant, there are restrictions on the draft of ships under construction no more than 3.54 m due to the rapids on the Neva fairway. Therefore, now the plant has the opportunity to build vessels of the technical fleet: tugboats, pilot boats and other special vessels, with a draft of not more than 4 m and a length of up to 50 m in the amount of 12 - 15 units. in year. Of these, according to government orders from various federal departments, the plant annually produces at least 5-9 vessels.
17. Mast of the future tug.
Second site (new)
The construction of a new site began on July 16, 2012 in the village of Saperny Leningrad region on the site between the St. Petersburg Otradnoe road and the Neva river embankment.
On the new section of the river. There are no restrictions on rapids on the Neva, so Pella plans to organize serial construction there and descend to 10 sea vessels per year, up to 100 m long, up to 22 m wide, with a draft up to 8 m. Including:
from special vessels of the technical fleet: tugboats of increased capacity of reinforced ice class, hydrographic and other special vessels, including for ensuring the operation of infrastructure facilities of the Northern Sea Route;
loans from the fishing fleet (vessels for longline fishing of bottom fish, mid-water trawlers, research vessels for branch institutes of the Federal Agency for Fisheries), which are to be built in Russia in pursuance of paragraphs 1b and 2c of the List of Presidential Orders Russian Federation on the development of the fishery complex dated 21.03.2013. No. Pr613;
ships for the Russian Navy.
18.Administrative building on the territory of the new site.
On the new site of the Pella shipbuilding enterprise, the construction of ships is carried out in almost the same way as on the old one. It all starts with the delivery of sheet metal and equipment to the warehouse.
19. Multi-ton sheets of metal are moved through the body-working shop with the help of several overhead magnetic cranes.
20. Sheet metal waiting for processing
After the metal has arrived at the enterprise, work begins with it in the body-working shop.
21. Hull processing shop.
Metal sheets pass through dozens of different machines, after working with which an ordinary sheet turns into a part of a future vessel / ship.
22. SMT hydraulic press.
With the help of machines located in the body-working shop, a sheet of metal can be given almost any shape.
23. Boscert hydraulic press brake.
24. Sheet bending machine.
The length of the vessel is 63.8 m, width - 10.8 m, maximum draft - 3.8 m, speed - 12 knots, cruising range - 1 thousand miles, autonomy - 20 days, crew - 16 people, expedition members - 20 Human.
In the near future, our portal will publish an interview with the deputy director of the Pella enterprise. The interview will tell in detail about the work of the enterprise, orders, achievements, prospects and problems.
You, for sure, have heard more than once about a certain Macedonian state? In any case, about his king - the great Alexander of Macedon, for sure. So, the city Pella – ancient capital the great Macedonian kingdom, the place where Alexander the Great was actually born.
During the reign of Philip II and Alexander the Great, Pella flourished and was the largest city in Macedonia. Today, the ruins of an ancient family lie in the very center of the region on, 40 km from. Every year, many tourists come here to wander around the once prosperous rich city.
The excavation site is a huge archaeological park and a museum, on the territory of which the ruins of the city that have come down to us are located. Here you can see Sanctuary of Aphrodite And Temple of Demeter, as well as the famous palace ruins with mosaic floors. These mosaics are one of the main treasures of Pella. Made of river pebbles, they depict pictures of the everyday life of the ancient Greeks and events from myths - the abduction of Helen the Beautiful, the battle of the Amazons or the deer hunt. All researchers and experts unanimously declare that this level of skill was not only rare in ancient world, but the mosaic technique itself significantly influenced the development of art in Greece - for the first time, the image seems to be “voluminous” due to the use of pebbles of different shades. By the way, pay attention to how skillfully the pebbles are matched to each other - not only in size, but also in shape!
Another local attraction is the central square of ancient Pella - Agora - designed by the famous Greek architect Hippodame. Despite the ancient age, the agora had its own water supply and sewerage system. Around the main square are the ruins of the once luxurious houses in the Doric and Ionic style, and in the center of the city there is a low hill. Acropolis and the ruins of the palace complex with a total area of almost 6 hectares - that was where to turn around! ... The large, rectangular area of \u200b\u200bthe agora was surrounded by Doric porticos, behind which there were shops and pottery workshops, to the north of the square was the temple of Aphrodite with ritual halls and the Sanctuary of the Nymphs.
Most of the unique mosaics and other artifacts found during excavations are now stored in, lying across the road from main territory excavations. The museum has a collection of more than 3 thousand exhibits: jewelry made of gold and precious stones, magnificent ancient exhibits - architectural and topographic drawings, vases, statues and figurines, coins of the Hellenistic and Macedonian period, and much more.
On the territory of the museum there is a cafe where you can have a snack and a cup of coffee, there is also a souvenir shop. Entrance to the territory archaeological sites– 6 euros (including visit to the museum).
The sources do not contain the exact date of the transfer of the capital of Ancient Macedonia from Eg to Pella, just as there is no name of the one who did it. However, most likely, this happened in the 5th century. BC e. during the reign of King Archelaus. The name of the new Macedonian capital is traditionally derived from the word πέλλα (ancient Macedonian “stone”). The reason for this, most likely, was the main pride and attraction of the city since its foundation - a high stone citadel. By the beginning of the IV century. BC. Pella has become largest city region. The best Greek architects, artists, sculptors, poets, musicians and philosophers came to the court of the Macedonian rulers. Here he lived and found his last refuge Euripides, more than once sang in their works of beauty new capital. He was echoed Xenophon, calling Pella the best and largest of all cities in Macedonia.
A place of honor in the center of the city was occupied by a church built in the last quarter of the 4th century BC. e. agora, being architectural gem Pella, unique both in design and in size. The Agora was designed by the famous Greek architect Hippodames and covered an area of approximately 7 hectares, which was 10 city blocks. The area of the agora was surrounded by a Doric colonnade, behind which there were shopping arcades and pottery workshops. Temples of Aphrodite, Demeter, Cybele and the Sanctuary of the Nymphs were erected nearby.
Pella was one of the first cities known to have a centralized water supply for every residential building and wastewater disposal. The walls of the circular courtyards were decorated with frescoes. There were also unique pebble mosaics. Among them, the most famous are the images of a griffin lion fighting a deer, the abduction of Helen, Dionysus riding a leopard, as well as scenes of the royal hunt for a deer and a lion with the participation of Alexander and, in all likelihood, his closest friend Hephaestion. These mosaics adorned the floors of wealthy houses, especially the famous house of Dionysus. The level of skill with which they are made is recognized as an undeniable rarity in the ancient world.
The royal palace itself, which was designed by the famous Greek artist Zeuxis, was erected on the central hill and occupied a significant area, probably about 60 thousand square meters. It consisted of several large architectural groups arranged in two rows. In each of them around central square The courtyard housed a number of rooms. Due to its location and high foundations, the palace, when viewed from the city, seemed to float in the air. The size of the complex indicates that, unlike the palace at Aigai, Pella's palace was not only a royal residence, but also the seat of government.
Single Description ancient city belongs to the 2nd century. BC e.:
“Pella stands on a hill looking at the winter sunset; swamps around it, impassable neither in summer nor in winter, - they are fed by floods of rivers. The fortress of Fakos rises like an island among the swamps in the place where they come closest to the city; it stands on a huge embankment, capable of withstanding the weight of the walls and not suffering from the moisture of the swamps surrounding it. From afar it seems that the fortress is connected to the city wall, although in fact they are separated by a moat with water, and connected by a bridge, so that the enemy would not be able to approach, and any prisoner imprisoned by the king could not escape except through the bridge, which is easier protect everything. There, in the fortress, was the royal treasury ... "
(Titus Livius)
Such was the city that gave the world a man who changed the course of history.
Son of Macedonian King Philip II and his wife, the queen Olympics, was born on the night of July 20-21, 356 BC. The newborn prince was named by his mother Alexander.
The boy spent the first years of his life in Pella in the women's quarter of the palace, under the supervision of the queen, who raised him according to her own convictions. Olympias instilled in her son her passion for mysticism and passion for ancient cults. Until the age of seven, the prince grew up mainly surrounded by women - his mother and nurse Lanika, then the upbringing of the boy was taken up very thoroughly.
The first teacher of Alexander was a relative of Olympias invited to Pella from Epirus, Leonid. The stern mentor did his best to alienate the prince from the court. The system by which he raised the boy was more like the Spartan one: regular trips to the mountains without water and food supplies, everyday exhausting training, mastering the skills of combat and hunting, and a meager meal once a day - this was the childhood of seven-year-old Alexander. Indulgences, sweets, decorations - everything was suppressed in the most decisive way. It got to the point that for some time the boy was forbidden even to be present at the royal table. Leonid pursued the goal of making a seasoned warrior out of the prince, indifferent to wealth and luxury, despising the pomposity of the court and able to do without any joys in life - both bodily and spiritual. Plutarch reports the following about the results of this approach to Alexander’s upbringing: “Even in his childhood, his restraint was revealed: being otherwise frantic and unrestrained, he was indifferent to bodily joys and indulged in them very moderately; the ambition of Alexander led to the fact that his way of thinking was serious and sublime beyond his age. The science of the formidable Molossian somewhat undermined the health of the future king, but at the same time it also had invaluable benefits, instilling in him uncompromising stamina.
The next tutor of Alexander in Pella was an Acarnanian Lysimachus. He encouraged the boy's enthusiasm for legendary tales and the Homeric epic, and to the delight of Alexander he called him Achilles, Philip - Peleus, and himself - Phoenix (Phoenix was the name of Achilles' teacher). The complete opposite of the tough Leonid, this man immediately fell in love with the prince. A friendship so close developed between them that, after many years, Lysimachus refused to remain in Macedonia and, despite his advanced age, followed his beloved pupil to Asia.
Among other Pella teachers of the prince, the names of Philiscus, whose son Oneisikrit, along with other philosophers, accompanied Alexander on the Indian campaign, and the mathematician Menechos, the former student of Plato.
Since nothing better existed at that time, Alexander received in Pella primary education in the Greek system: grammar, gymnastics, music and drawing. In the process of learning, general knowledge of geometry, astronomy and arithmetic was also given. Much attention was paid to athletic development, for which competitions in running, jumping, javelin and discus throwing, as well as wrestling were often arranged. It is known that Alexander played the cithara and sang well, and so well that Philip forbade him to do this in public: in his far from modest opinion, this was only befitting for actors and eunuchs.
At the same time, the palace witnessed a diplomatic meeting between the prince and the Persian ambassadors. The Persians did not coordinate their arrival with the military affairs of Philip, and when a rich embassy arrived to Pella, the king was not in the capital. Seven-year-old Alexander considered it the only possible way to receive honored guests himself. This meeting left an indelible mark on the memory of the Persians. And if they initially counted on the best reception and treats, then the conversation with the son of the Macedonian ruler took them by surprise: the boy did not ask them a single childish question. Instead, he asked the ambassadors a lot about the roads in Persia, the route by which they arrived, about the Persian king himself, his army, and about which countries he is at enmity with, and with which he is friendly. Obviously, the Persian envoys did not take the child seriously and only eventually realized that in answering Alexander's questions, they themselves told everything that would have taken more than a dozen spies.
Philip spent most of his time on campaigns, so he could only educate his son from time to time. And although he understood that no one would teach the prince the science of ruling and fighting better than him, the ruler did not have the opportunity to do it himself. However, he had a desire to give Alexander the best education and introduce him to the high culture of Greece. The cultural direction in which Alexander was brought up before that did not suit the king too much: one cannot go far on tales of gods and heroes. The heir to his throne needed a mentor not just good, but the best of the best. And Philip did not hesitate in his choice, inviting Aristotle to Pella. For some time the philosopher studied with Alexander in the capital, but soon, together with the prince and other pupils, he moved to a school built specifically for this purpose in Miez.
When Alexander turned sixteen, Philip decided that it was time for his son to get used to the realities of life. Having taken the prince from the idyllic Mieza back to Pella, the king began to involve him in governing the state. Having set off on a campaign against Byzantium (340 BC), Philip left his son as regent under the supervision of experienced advisers, entrusting him state seal and with it the right of royal power. Over the next two years, Alexander successfully coped with the responsibility assigned to him, while the king fought in Thessaly, Phocis, Thrace, Illyria and Scythia.
Having ascended the throne, Alexander stayed in Pella for a few months, but in general he spent a little less than sixteen years there.
It remained the capital of Macedonia for several more centuries. The city fell into decay for unknown reasons (probably due to an earthquake) by the end of the 1st century.
In today's Pella, little reminds of its former greatness. Only the ruins of the once majestic city - a small fragment of the created Philip II great kingdom, the heyday of its power owed to his son Alexander. Only the snow-white columns are still directed upwards, supporting no longer the ceilings, but now, it seems, the sky itself. Pella is another example of a bitter joke of the time: whether it is a person or a city, the more significant his place in history is, the less his descendants remain from him afterwards. Only his glory continues to live for centuries as a guarantee of immortality.
Symi Island
Symi Island is one of the most beautiful and most visited in the Dodecanese. First of all, the port, which is called the most beautiful in Greece, strikes with its beauty. The city climbs in terraces up the slopes of the hills facing the shore. It was built mainly in the 19th century. Houses with balconies and tiled roofs, painted in various warm colors. The city is declared an architectural monument, and the reconstruction of old buildings and the construction of new ones is strictly prohibited.
The debate about this continues to this day. They are led by historians, Greek scholars, writers and ordinary people. An educated, unmarried, free-minded woman, leading an absolutely independent lifestyle. These are considered the getters of ancient Greece. Among these ladies were those who played fundamental roles in the public life of Greece. The houses of such hetaeras were the center for communication between politicians, artists, and public figures.
Family in the understanding of the Greeks
Word artists in Ancient Greece
In this article, I will briefly introduce the Greeks, who sang life and beauty in their work. First of all, these are poets: Homer and Hesiod are the largest representatives of epic poetry, the plots of which are mainly great wars, joys and sorrows of an entire people; Sappho, Archilochus, Alkey, Alkman, Pindar and Bacchilid are representatives of lyric poetry, who recited their poems accompanied by lyre and music in general;
Achillion is the palace of the sad empress.
Among the many attractions of Corfu, the amazing Achillion sparkles with a special pearl. It is located in the small town of Gastouri, 10 kilometers from the capital of the island. This palace is also called the Palace of the Sad Empress. Who is this empress and why the palace is so named, this article will tell you.
Pella (Greek Πέλλα) - the capital of Ancient Macedonia from the end of the 5th to the middle of the 2nd century. BC Birthplace of Alexander the Great.
For the first time, the name of Pella was heard by Herodotus when describing the campaign of the Persian king Xerxes against Greece in 480 BC. e.; Herodotus called Pella a city located in the region of Bottia, inhabited by the Botti tribe. Stefan of Byzantium noted in his geographical treatise: formerly Pella in Macedonia was called Bounomos or Bounomeia. During the reign of the Macedonian king Alexander I (498-454 BC), the lands of Macedonia rapidly expanded to the north and east due to the displacement and absorption of the Thracian and other tribes. Under the son of Alexander I, King Perdikka II, Pella was already part of Macedonia, and the Botti tribe moved to peninsula of Halkidiki. When the Thracian king Sitalk invaded Macedonia in the 2nd half of the 5th c. BC e., the Macedonians took refuge in a few fortresses, making partisan attacks against the enemy. Perhaps it was then that Perdikka II decided to make Pella, located in a protected place, almost in the center of Emathia, his capital. It is not known who exactly and when moved the capital of Macedonia from the sacred Aegis to Pella, but at least the son of Perdikkas, the Macedonian king Archelaus (413-399 BC), built a luxurious palace there, for the painting of which he invited a famous Greek artist Zeuxis. Euripides was buried here. At the beginning of the IV century. BC e. Pella became the largest city of Macedonia, the place where its kings lived, although the former capital of Egi continued to carry out ritual functions. The Macedonians at that time called cities relatively small fortresses, and themselves, unlike the rest of the Greeks, lived mainly in rural areas. The heyday of Pella, judging by the archaeological finds, came at the end of the 4th century. BC e., under the successors of Alexander the Great. The great conqueror himself, after taking the throne, stayed in Macedonia for a few months. The only description of the city in the II century. BC e. left Titus Livius: “The Consul left Pydna with the whole army, the next day he was at Pella and set up camp a mile from the city, stood there for several days, examining the location of the city from all sides, and made sure that the kings of Macedonia had not settled here in vain: Pella stands on a hill looking at a winter sunset; swamps around it, impassable neither in summer nor in winter - they are fed by river floods. The fortress of Fakos rises like an island among the swamps in the place where they come closest to the city; it stands on a huge embankment, capable of withstanding the weight of the walls and not suffering from the moisture of the swamps surrounding it. From afar, it seems that the fortress is connected to the city wall, although in fact they are separated by a moat with water, and connected by a bridge, so that the enemy would not be able to approach, and any prisoner imprisoned by the king could not escape except through the bridge, which is easier protect everything. There, in the fortress, there was also the royal treasury…” After the Roman conquest of Macedonia in the 2nd c. BC e. Pella remained for some time the center of one of the 4 administrative districts into which the Romans divided Macedonia...