What city was laid by Peter 1. Here the city will be founded
May 7 (18), 1704 Peter Ion the island of Kotlin, a fortress city, the port city of Kronstadt, was founded.
One of the first mentions of the island of Kotlin dates back to 1269 - an agreement between the city of Novgorod and the Hansa. In 1323, according to the Orekhov peace treaty, the island served as the border between the Novgorod land, and then Russia - on the one hand, and Sweden - on the other. February 27 (March 9), 1617 toStolbovsky peace treaty the island went to the Swedes.
To implement the idea of Russia's access to the sea and protection from Swedish ships of the lands of the Neva Bay andPetersburg Peter I conceived the construction of a fort fortress near the future capital. The emperor immediately appreciated the enormous strategic importance of Kotlin Island. In 1703, after the departure of the Swedish squadron to Vyborg for the winter, Peter I began to build a fortress on the island.
The model of the fortress was made by the emperor, and the construction was entrusted toA. D. Menshikov. By the end of 1704, near Kotlin, a wooden three-tiered tower with earthen embankments rose on the shallows. The foundation for its walls was wooden log cabins lowered into the water, filled with stones. The new fortress was armed with 14 guns, and to better protect the passage, a battery of 60 guns was built on the island itself. The work proceeded at a brisk pace, and already the following spring, the Swedes, opening navigation, discovered in the bay, which they until recently considered their own, a fortress appeared that blocked their approach to the Neva Bay.
On May 7 (18), 1704, the fortress was consecrated and named Kronshlot. This day is considered the date of foundation of the city of Kronstadt. The consecration of the new fortress took place in the presence of the sovereign and was accompanied by a three-day celebration. The commandant of Kronshlot was given an instruction in which precautionary measures were prescribed when meeting ships coming from the sea. The document said: "Contain this citadel, with God's help, if it happens, even to the last person."
The first fortification on Kotlin was the battery of St. John or St. Yana, built in 1705 on south coast islands. In the summer of 1706, a fortification of St. Alexandra.
In 1704, the settlement of Kotlin Island by service people began. The first settlers of the Kronshlot fortress were the regiments of Tolbukhin and Ostrovsky, who formed the garrison of the island. The original buildings were on the seashore. By 1710, about 80 houses had been built, mostly owned by military personnel. On January 16 (27), 1712, a decree was announced on the resettlement of 3 thousand families to Kotlin, and intensive construction of houses began.
The fleet in the first years of its existence, from early spring to late autumn, stood at Kronshlot and only after frosts left for St. Petersburg. Such a procedure for the annual entry of the fleet to the Kotlin roadstead was inconvenient. AfterPoltava victory in November 1709, the emperor ordered the construction of harbors, marinas and shops on the island.
In 1719, the construction of a canal with a dock began, which dragged on for many years due to a lack of people and material. In 1732, under Anna Ioannovna, a commission was formed to inspect the canal, headed by Major General I. L. Luberas, who proposed to expand and deepen the dock basin so that water would drain from the docks faster. The grand opening of the dock system took place on July 30 (August 10), 1752 in the presence of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. The length of the entire system was 2.24 kilometers. On August 1 (11), the largest 120-gun ship in the Russian fleet "Empress Anna" was brought into the dock.
In 1789, an iron foundry was built on the southern shore of the Dock Basin for the manufacture of shells for guns and ballast for the stability of ships.
In October 1804, in Kronstadt, earlier than in St. Petersburg, a water supply system was put into operation.
July 26 (August 7), 1803 from Kronstadt went tothe first Russian round-the-world expedition the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva" under the leadership of I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky, and on July 4 (16), 1819 - two scientific expeditionsF. F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev, M. N. Vasilyeva and G. S. Shishmareva .
In 1707, a foot-staff service appeared on the island, the task of which was to determine the fluctuations in sea level. In 1856, Russia's first naval astronomical observatory was built in the courtyard of the Kronstadt Navigator's School. And in 1865, on the initiative of Captain-Lieutenant I.P. Belavenets, the country's first observatory of magnetic compasses was founded. For many years it was the only one in Russia.
Everyone who has visited St. Petersburg at least once evokes delight and pride in what they see. Someone once said: "Petersburgers are lucky - they live in museums." And when you get to the very heart of St. Petersburg - Old city understand and perceive this phrase in its full sense. Here, each house is created in its own unique style, paved granite sidewalks and pavements, numerous bridges over rivers and canals, the fence of the Summer and Mikhailovsky Gardens, Temples and churches - all this causes delight, and the realization that this was created by our ancestors is pride. I propose today to visit St. Petersburg. For those who were there, it will be a “repetition of material”. For those who haven't been - study. And for those who live there, perhaps, in a sense, a discovery.
Before you go wandering through the streets and avenues, as always, let's take a short digression into history.
Historical Notes
The history of the land on which the city of St. Petersburg is now located dates back to about 12 thousand years ago, it was at this time that the first settlements of the ancestors of the Finno-Ugric peoples appeared here, after the glacier descended. From the middle of the 8th century, the banks of the Neva began to be settled by Eastern Slavs, and already at the beginning of the 9th century, the developed lands became part of the Old Slavic state, in part of the territory belonging to Veliky Novgorod. Almost from the beginning of the 13th century, this territory was in a constant state of war with the Swedes, and in 1617 the lands along the Neva River became part of the Swedish Ingermanland. However, already during the Northern War, the valley near the Neva River was recaptured and these lands became part of the Russian Empire. On May 16 (27), 1703, the great Russian emperor Peter I laid the "first stone" of the city of St. Petersburg (from the German city of St. Peter), as well as the original (Dutch) form official name Sankt Pieter Burch. It would be more accurate to say, the first fortress, on Hare Island, which would later be called Peter and Paul.
For the first decade, the main part of the city was the City Island (now Petrogradsky), there were many office buildings, Gostiny Dvor, craft workshops, military units and the Trinity Church. Since 1705, “the left bank of the Neva began to be rebuilt, the Admiralty Shipyard (the first industrial enterprise) appeared here, later summer palace Peter I with the Summer Garden and Winter Palace Peter. In 1712, Peter I proclaimed St. Petersburg the capital of the Russian Empire. After that, the city began to actively grow and develop, large-scale construction is underway, including the suburban palaces of Yekaterinhof, Peterhof and Oranienbaum. In 1725, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was opened in St. Petersburg, and in 1728 the first newspaper called "St. Petersburg Vedomosti" began to appear. Since 1762, the city has been “dressed” in granite, the city has been rebuilt by the best architects, creating masterpiece structures, bridges and buildings that we still admire to this day. In August 1914, St. Petersburg was renamed Petrograd, on March 5, 1918, the city was deprived of the title of capital, in 1924, on January 26, the city became Leningrad, and only in 1991, the historical name of St. Petersburg was returned to the city.
The legacy of the great
"Old" Petersburg is a story in pictures. Here, almost every house and building is an architectural monument, but even if it is not, then in any case it is a masterpiece of architecture. Let's take a walk along Nevsky Prospekt - main street St. Petersburg.
Nevsky Prospekt is one of the radial highways that stretches from the Admiralty to the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, by the way, it was this attraction that gave the name to the street. The widest place, in the Gostiny Dvor area, is 60 meters, near the Moika, the avenue narrows to 25 meters. The avenue crosses three waterways - the Moika River, through which the so-called Green Bridge is thrown, the Griboyedov Canal, the banks of which connect the Kazansky Bridge and the Fontanka River through the Anichkov Bridge (we will definitely stop on it a little later). Oddly enough, but the avenue does not go directly to the Neva anywhere. In general, Nevsky concentrated all the great things that connect our memories of the trip to the Northern capital. One way or another, in the area of Nevsky Prospekt and the streets and numerous streets that cross it, many attractions have accumulated.
Kazan Cathedral. In the very center of the city there is an Orthodox cathedral church - the Kazan Cathedral, the majestic facades of which proudly rise above the Nevsky on one side and the Griboyedov Canal on the other. The height of the building is 71.5 meters. The first mention of the place on which the majestic temple is located today dates back to 1710, this year a wooden chapel is being built here, later a church appears in its place, the stone temple was founded in 1733, according to the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna. Initially, the church was called "Christmas", the author of the project was the famous architect of that time M. Zemtsov, a little later, the icon of the Kazan Mother of God was transported here from the Trinity Cathedral, and gradually the Church of the Nativity began to be called Kazanskaya. By the end of the 18th century, a decision was made to build a new temple, as a result of which Paul I announced a competition for the best project in 1799, the project of Andrei Voronikhin, the former serf count A.S., received approval. Strogonov. It was Count Stroganov who became responsible for the construction of the monumental structure; in 1811, the construction was completed. It is noteworthy that only Russian architects and builders took part in the creation of one of the majestic buildings of the capital of Peter the Great. A grandiose colonnade of 96 thirteen-meter columns, bronze sculptures of Alexander Nevsky, St. Andrew the First-Called, John the Baptist and Prince Vladimir, crowning the cathedral, the largest bell weighing 4 tons, the luxury of interior decoration - a truly masterpiece building that deserves attention.
Savior on Spilled Blood. Literally turning the corner, you will see another majestic building - the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood. The multicolored domes rise 81 meters above the Griboyedov Canal. The temple is a museum, it was erected on the very spot where the Tsar-Liberator Alexander II was mortally wounded, inside the temple there is a part of the cobblestone pavement on which the king's blood was shed. The construction of the temple was completed in 1907. In the 1920s, the temple even served as a vegetable store, during the blockade there was a mortuary, in the post-war period the building was given to the Maly Theater for storage, and only in 1968 the State Inspectorate for the Protection of Monuments took the temple under its "guardianship", currently one of the most beautiful buildings in St. Petersburg has been restored and belongs to the list of architectural monuments.
Tasha Tashireva
for women's magazine website
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The city is located at the mouth of the river. Neva, on Hare Island, May 16, 1703 by Peter I - after a series of victories in the Northern War with Sweden (1700-1721) for access to the Baltic Sea. “From now on, we will threaten the Swede. Here the city will be founded To spite the arrogant neighbor. Here we are destined by nature to cut a window into Europe” (Pushkin).
"From here we will threaten the Swedes"
“After the capture of Kanets, a military council was sent, whether to fix the trench or another place it is more convenient to look for (because it is small, far from the sea and the place is not much strong from nature, in which it is supposed to look for a new place), and in a few days it was found to that comfortable spot- the island, which was called Lust-Elant, where on the 16th day of the Maya the fortress was founded and named St. Petersburg, where part of the army was left ... ".
IMPERIAL CAPITAL
On May 1, 1703, Russian troops during the fighting of the Northern War took the Swedish fortress Nyenschanz (at the confluence of the Okhta River into the Neva). The military council headed by decided that this fortress was not suitable for further strengthening: Nienschanz "is not much strong by nature," as the king himself said. In addition, Nienschanz was quite far from the sea, and the Swedes had the opportunity to gain a foothold on one of the islands of the Neva delta. The Russians would then still be cut off from the sea.
Having independently examined the islands of the delta, Peter found exactly what he needed: Hare Island, located at the fork of the Neva into two branches, not far from the sea. From all sides, the island was washed by water, which would have become a natural barrier in the event of its assault. From the island it was possible to keep enemy ships at gunpoint, from wherever they entered the Neva.
On May 16 (27), 1703, on the day of the Holy Trinity, a fortress was laid on the island. This day is considered the day of foundation of St. Petersburg. But the fortress got its name only on June 29, when, on Peter's day, the church of Saints Peter and Paul was laid here. Peter called new fortress"St. Petersburg", the same name was given to the city emerging around Hare Island. The Apostle Peter, according to Christian tradition, was the keeper of the keys to paradise, and this also seemed symbolic to the Russian Tsar: the city, bearing the name of his heavenly patron, was to become the key to the Baltic Sea. Only a few years later, the fortress began to be called Peter and Paul - after the name of its main cathedral.
The plan of the future fortress was drawn by Peter himself. It was necessary to build fortifications very quickly in order to be in time for a short summer. Indeed, by the autumn of 1703 the fortress was “roughly finished”. In the early years, its walls were poured out of the ground to speed up, while the construction of stone fortifications began three years later - in 1706.
Immediately after the laying of the fortress on the banks of the Neva, it was cut down in three days. wooden house for Peter. The king wanted his new dwelling to look like the Dutch buildings he loved, so the walls of the wooden house were painted with oil paint to look like brick. Peter lived in this house for a short time and only in the summer, but in memory of the founder of St. Petersburg, Peter's house has been preserved to this day.
The new city began to grow next to the fortress on the neighboring Berezovy Island, this island was even called City Island (now it is the Petrograd side). Already in November 1703, the first temple of the city was opened here - in memory of the fact that the fortress was founded on the day of the Holy Trinity, it was also called Trinity. Rebuilt a few years later in stone, the Trinity Cathedral was for some time the main temple of the capital. It was here that in 1721 Peter I took the title of emperor.
NEW CAPITAL
"And before the younger capital
Faded old Moscow
As before a new queen
Porphyritic widow."
A.S. Pushkin. Bronze Horseman
"THE HERE TO BE"
Petersburg was founded as a result of a thoughtful plan of Peter I and many people around him. At the end of April 1703, the tsar, looking for a place for a future fortress, carefully examined the coast of the Neva. He explored the territory not alone, but accompanied by various specialists. The foundation of fortresses at that time required reconnaissance on the ground, analysis of drawings, depth measurements, discussion of many technical issues with fortifiers, gunners and sailors. Feofan Prokopovich wrote in his “History of Emperor Peter the Great” that the tsar, “sitting on water ships, from the Kantsov fort along the Neva River, take care of its islands, even to the sea mouth, diligently began to reason, not without advice and other skillful people in this matter (people )". We know that at that time there were two fortifiers in Peter's retinue: the French engineer-general Joseph Gaspard Lambert de Guerin and the German engineer V. A. Kirshenshein. The first one made drawings of the Noteburg-Schlisselburg fortress being restored after the storming of 1702, while the second one made the first two plans of the fortress on the Neva island. Until his death in 1705, Kirshenshein led the construction of the Peter and Paul Fortress. The role of Lambert, the successor of the school of the great French engineer Vauban, is also great. It is no coincidence that in the fall of 1703 Lambert received the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called as an award. Peter I was never generous in awarding the highest and only order of Russia of that era. Perhaps this is how he especially noted the merits of the general engineer in founding a fortress on the island. In addition, after the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696, the king himself gained extensive experience in fortification. After all, then he had to choose a place for the foundation of Taganrog, as well as the fortress of St. Peter at the mouth of the Don for a long time. It is no coincidence that one of the working drawings of the fortress on Hare Island was made, as historians suggest, by the hand of the king.
On the night of May 6-7, another memorable event took place. Thirty boats with guardsmen under the command of Peter I and Menshikov attacked the Swedish ships that were standing at the mouth of the Neva - a shnyava and a boat - and boarded them. Not only Menshikov, but also the Russian autocrat himself took part in the fleeting hand-to-hand fight. For this feat, the sovereign was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
PETERSBURG - "CITY ON BONES"?
Until now, the idea of St. Petersburg, built on the bones of its first builders, is stable. Does this myth correspond to reality? The answer to this question is related to the solution of a number of problems. What categories of the population were involved in the construction of the city in the first ten years? What was the real number of the first builders, and how many of them died at this construction site? What were the main causes of morbidity and what sickened the workers? Of particular interest is the position of the authorities regarding morbidity and mortality in the Neva Delta: did they look at it indifferently or did they take any measures? ..
O.G. Ageeva, considering Petrovsky Petersburg through the prism of the Russian public consciousness of the early 18th century, dwells in detail on the issue of interest to us. For the first time in historiography, the author goes against the generally accepted opinion and claims that there was no large mortality in St. Petersburg. The researcher deduces his calculations for general mortality in St. Petersburg from a document for 1716, according to which 27 out of 3,262 working people died on the construction of the future Nevsky Prospekt, which is 0.74 percent. Based on this percentage, O.G. Ageeva calculates that annually the St. Petersburg construction site carried away about 150 people, which for 1703-1715. was about two thousand people. Thus, the author comes to the conclusion that the figures reported by foreigners are overestimated by 50-100 times, and this phenomenon is nothing more than rumors, a myth, reflecting the reaction of the population "to the discomfort of St. Petersburg life"
BETWEEN EAST AND WEST
The foundation of the new capital on the western border of the state was not only the embodiment of the plans and ideals of the founder, but also determined the entire future fate of the city in the historical and political reality of Russia, and in its cultural and state mythology. Starting from this era, such opposite characteristics as ancient/new, historical/mythological, received features of concentric/eccentric, native/foreign opposition. Behind this opposition was the antithesis of two indigenous state-cultural models.
"East" and "West" cultural geography Russia is invariably portrayed as saturated symbols based on geographical reality, but in fact imperatively dominating it. Characteristically, in Russian literature, geography becomes one of the dominant artistic means of expression. Thus, for example, in Dostoevsky's work, the development of the author's main ideas naturally leads to the expansion of geographical space. In the work of the young Dostoevsky, Petersburg, as it were, embraces the entire artistic space and, accordingly, receives the right to represent Russia. In the final work - "The Brothers Karamazov" - Petersburg embodies rather the disease of Russia, its "fears and horrors" (Gogol's expression), - accordingly, "recovery" is conceived as Russia's overcoming of the Petersburg beginning in itself. Dostoevsky's work begins as a natural development of the Petersburg myth and is no less connected with the "Petersburg space" than Pushkin's "The Bronze Horseman".
RETURN
ON THE RETURN TO THE CITY OF LENINGRAD ITS HISTORICAL
NAMES ST. PETERSBURG
The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR decides:
Return to the city of Leningrad its historical name - the city
Saint Petersburg.
First Deputy Chairman
Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR
R.I.KHASBULATOV
Literature:
Related materials:
Peter I
The personality of Peter the Great stands apart in the history of Russia, since neither among his contemporaries, nor among his successors and descendants was there a person who could make such profound changes in the state, so infiltrate the historical memory of the Russian people, becoming at the same time semi-legendary, but the most striking her page. As a result of Peter's activities, Russia became an empire and took its place among the leading European powers.
3 Comments
Zemtsov Anton Vyacheslavovich/ CEO zemant.com | Member of the RVIO
It was not a struggle for access to the Baltic Sea, but the conquest from the Swedes and the liberation of the ancestral lands of northwestern Rus', lost as a result of the Time of Troubles and because of the outrages with the extravagance of Ivan the Terrible.
This land has always been ours, even when Rurik was invited to Veliky Novgorod in 862. It was and is Novgorod land.
Valuev Anton Vadimovich
March 14, 1730, during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna, the coat of arms of St. Petersburg was approved by decree of the Governing Senate. It is believed that the coat of arms of the Vatican, the City of St. Peter, served as its prototype. The prototype of the coat of arms appeared in 1712. The historical coat of arms of St. Petersburg was subsequently confirmed in 1780, supplemented in 1857 and already in our time re-adopted in 1991, in connection with the return of its historical name to the city.
Valuev Anton Vadimovich/ Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
On May 27 St. Petersburg will celebrate its 311th anniversary. Born by the genius of Peter, St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad - St. Petersburg, cultural capital Russia, has always played an important role in the history of our Motherland. A unique life, a difficult fate, an unbending will form a special character, the soul of our city. Petersburg is a city - a warrior, a city - a worker, a city - a scientist. Here the past, present and future are inseparably combined. To live in Petersburg and to be worthy of its glorious deeds and traditions is a great honor for every person and citizen. Happy holiday, happy birthday, beloved city!
Valuev Anton Vadimovich/ Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
From December 14 to December 16, 2015, the next, IV International Cultural Forum, created at the initiative of the Government, took place in St. Petersburg Russian Federation, the Ministry of Culture and the Government of St. Petersburg. The forum was solemnly opened by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. In his speech, the President outlined the main priorities of our country in the field of culture, science and education, creativity in general - in the context of modern challenges to these foundations of every civilized society from international organized crime and terrorism. The main idea of the message addressed to Russia and the world was that World culture and its monuments should be under special international protection, and any encroachment on historical and cultural monuments should be considered as a particularly serious crime. Many figures of Russian and world culture took part in the work of the Forum, among them the head of UNESCO Irina Bokova. As a result of the forum, numerous important decisions and projects on the development of the cultural policy of Russia were reached, the Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky Prize was awarded, and the initiative to hold the International Delphic Games in St. Petersburg in 2016 was approved. In addition, on December 16, during the final plenary session of the Forum in St. Petersburg in the Atrium of the General Staff Building of the State Hermitage, the first version of the Declaration on the Protection of Culture in the Zones of Armed Conflicts was presented. Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation Vladimir Rostislavovich Medinsky was named the main newsmaker of Russian culture.
The Russian Tsar, the first Emperor of the Russian Empire Peter I was born on June 9 (May 30, old style), 1672. The only son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676) from his second marriage to Natalya Naryshkina (1651-1694).
As a child, Peter was educated at home, from a young age he knew German, then studied Dutch, English and French.
By using palace masters mastered many crafts (carpentry, turning, weapons, blacksmithing, etc.). The future emperor was physically strong, agile, inquisitive and capable, had a good memory.
In April 1682, Peter was enthroned after the death of the childless Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, bypassing his half-brother Ivan. However, the sister of Peter and Ivan, Princess Sophia, and the relatives of Alexei Mikhailovich's first wife, the Miloslavskys, used the Streltsy uprising in Moscow for a palace coup. In May 1682, supporters and relatives of the Naryshkins were killed or exiled, Ivan was declared the "senior" tsar, and Peter the "junior" tsar under the ruler Sophia.
Under Sophia, Peter lived in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow. Here, Peter I showed interest in military activities, he created "amusing" regiments, which later became the basis of the Russian army, was fond of firearms and shipbuilding.
In the second half of the 1680s, clashes began between Peter I and Sophia, who strove for autocracy. In August 1689, Peter I received news that Sophia was preparing a palace coup. He hastily left Preobrazhensky for the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where troops loyal to him and his supporters arrived. Armed detachments of nobles, gathered by the messengers of Peter I, surrounded Moscow, Sophia was removed from power and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent, her close associates were exiled or executed.
After the death of Ivan Alekseevich in 1696, Peter I became an autocratic tsar.
Possessing a strong will, purposefulness and great capacity for work, Peter I throughout his life replenished his knowledge and skills in various fields, devoting Special attention military and naval affairs. In 1689-1693, under the guidance of the Dutch master Timmerman and the Russian master Kartsev, Peter I learned to build ships on Lake Pereslavl. In 1697-1698, during his first trip abroad, he completed a full course in artillery sciences in Koenigsberg, worked as a carpenter at the shipyards of Amsterdam (Holland) for six months, studying ship architecture and drawing plans, and completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding in England.
During the reign of Peter I carried out major reforms aimed at overcoming the backlog of Russia from the advanced countries of the West.
Transformations touched all spheres of public life. Peter I expanded the landlords' property rights over the property and personality of serfs, replaced the household taxation of peasants with poll tax, issued a decree on the possession of peasants, who were allowed to be acquired by the owners of manufactories, practiced the mass registration of state and yasak peasants to state and private factories, the mobilization of peasants and townspeople into the army and for the construction of cities, fortresses, canals, etc. The decree on single inheritance (1714) equalized estates and estates, giving their owners the right to transfer real estate to one of the sons, and thereby secured noble ownership of land. The Table of Ranks (1722) established the order of rank in the military and civil service not according to nobility, but according to personal abilities and merit.
Peter I contributed to the rise of the country's productive forces, encouraged the development of domestic manufactories, means of communication, domestic and foreign trade.
The place of the Boyar Duma was taken by the Senate (1711), boards were established instead of orders (1718), the control apparatus was represented first by "fiscals" (1711), and then by prosecutors headed by the prosecutor general. Instead of the patriarchate, the Spiritual College, or Synod, was established, which was under the control of the government.
Administrative reform was of great importance. Peter I initially formed a two-stage system of administrative-territorial division and local government (provinces headed by governors or governors-general were formed in 1708), from 1719 a three-stage system: the provinces were divided into provinces (headed by provincial governors), they included counties, headed by commandants (there were also zemstvo commissars in the cities).
In 1703, Peter I founded the city of St. Petersburg, which in 1712 became the capital of the state. In 1721 Russia was proclaimed an empire.
As a military leader, Peter I is among the most educated and talented builders of the armed forces, commanders and naval commanders of Russian and world history of the eighteenth century. His whole life's work was to strengthen the military power of Russia and increase its role in the international arena. He had to continue the war with Turkey, which began in 1686, to wage a long-term struggle for Russia's access to the sea in the north and south. As a result of the Azov campaigns (1695-1696), Azov was occupied by Russian troops, and Russia fortified on the banks Sea of Azov. In the long Northern War (1700-1721), Russia under the leadership of Peter I achieved a complete victory, gained access to the Baltic Sea, which gave it the opportunity to establish direct ties with Western countries. After the Persian campaign (1722-1723), the western coast of the Caspian Sea with the cities of Derbent and Baku went to Russia.
During the years of the Northern War, Peter I created a regular army and navy. Recruitment service (1705) and compulsory military service of the nobles, who received an officer's rank after graduating from a military school or serving as privates and sergeants of the guard, were the basis for the organization of the armed forces. Organization, weapons and equipment, rules of training and tactics, rights and obligations of all ranks of the army and navy were determined by the Military Charter (1716), the Marine Charter (1720) and the Marine Regulations (1722), in the development of which Peter I participated.
Paying much attention to the technical re-equipment of the army and navy, Peter I set up the development and production of new types of ships, new models of artillery pieces and ammunition, created a coherent system for basing the fleet on the Azov, Baltic and Caspian Seas. A large number of rowing and sailing ships were built.
Taking care of the morale of the troops, Peter I awarded distinguished generals with the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called established by him in 1698, soldiers and officers with medals and promotions (soldiers also with money). At the same time, Peter I introduced severe discipline in the army with corporal punishment and the death penalty for serious military crimes.
The principles of organization of the regular army and navy introduced by Peter I and the rules of military art developed by him predetermined the development of military affairs in Russia for many decades, were the basis of the "Petrine" military school, from which the outstanding generals and naval commanders Peter Rumyantsev, Alexander Suvorov, Fedor Ushakov, later came out. Mikhail Kutuzov, Pavel Nakhimov and others.
Peter I skillfully used the favorable circumstances of the international situation and showed the ability to compromise in relations with other states. He repeatedly personally negotiated and concluded agreements, while using the contradictions between European countries. Under him, for the first time in the history of Russia, permanent diplomatic missions and consulates abroad were established, and outdated forms of diplomatic relations and etiquette were abolished.
Major reforms were also carried out by Peter I in the field of culture and education. A secular school appeared, the monopoly of the clergy on education was eliminated. Peter I founded the Pushkar School (1699), the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701), the Medical and Surgical School; the first Russian public theater was opened. In St. Petersburg, the Naval Academy (1715), engineering and artillery schools (1719), schools of translators at the colleges were established.
Peter I ordered the publication of the first Russian printed newspaper, Vedomosti (1702). Replaced the Cyrillic number system with Arabic numerals (1705-1710) and the Cyrillic script with civil script (1708-1710). Contributed to the development of Russian book printing.
Peter I laid the foundation for the state librarianship, opened the country's first scientific library in his palace in summer garden in St. Petersburg. He founded the first Russian public natural science museum - the Kunstkamera. In 1700, a new calendar was introduced with the beginning of the year on January 1 (instead of September 1) and the reckoning from the "Christmas", and not from the "Creation of the World".
In the field of healthcare, Peter I initiated an increase in the number of pharmacies due to their opening by private individuals. He founded military hospitals in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kronstadt. For the cultivation of medicinal herbs, he founded apothecary gardens in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Astrakhan, etc. Established the position of chief Russian doctor - archiatrist (1716), who later headed the Medical Office.
He drew attention to the search for and development of sources of medicinal waters in Russia, founded the country's first resort - Marcial Waters (1719).
Peter I was married twice. From his first marriage with Evdokia Lopukhina, Peter had two children - Alexei and Alexander. The latter died in infancy. In 1712, Peter married Ekaterina Alekseevna (Marta Skavronskaya; later Empress Catherine I). With Catherine, Peter I had 11 children, seven died in infancy and two more - Peter and Natalya - in childhood; only Anna Petrovna and Elizaveta Petrovna survived.
Peter I died on February 8 (January 28, old style), 1725, was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
(Additional
In the journal of Peter I there is such an entry: “After the capture of Kanets [Nyenschantz], a military council was sent, whether to strengthen the trench, or it is more convenient to look for another place (it is small, far from the sea, and the place is not much strong from nature), in which it is supposed to look for a new place, and for several days a convenient place was found for that island, which was called Lust Eland [that is, the Merry Island], where on the 16th day of May ... the fortress was founded and named St. Petersburg. The first Russian newspaper Vedomosti reported that the tsar "He ordered to build a new and unwelcome fortress ... and he pointed to his state naming by the nickname Petersburg." The first building was Peter-Pavel's Fortress, which was erected when the Neva was divided into two branches - the Big and Small Neva, flowing into the Gulf of Finland. The fortress, thus, closed the entrance to the ships to the Neva and further to Ladoga lake. More than 20 thousand people worked on its construction. Following the fortress, they began to build houses on the left and right banks of the Neva, on Vasilyevsky Island. In the cold and mud, knee-deep in water, struggling with the floating, swampy soil, the workers built new town, which the tsar in a letter to Menshikov will call new capital states. (Officially, St. Petersburg will become the capital of the state in 1712.) Many of the builders died from overwork, hunger and disease. But the city grew, turning into one of most beautiful cities peace. It was here that Peter managed to realize the idea of a regular city, a city built according to a certain plan (Before that, Russian cities were built up without a plan, chaotically.) The future capital was built from scratch, which greatly facilitated the introduction of regular planning and development techniques. The experience of foreign specialists was used on an unprecedented scale, the material and human resources of the entire country were mobilized. The reorganization of the entire construction business also helped to a large extent: the creation of the Chancellery from buildings, which led the construction of the city, the introduction of new engineering and design solutions.
In the first years of the existence of St. Petersburg, extensive hut construction was launched. In the course of it, Russian craftsmen mastered wooden structures of the so-called "Prussian model". For this time, high mansard roofs "in the Dutch manner" with a fracture of the slopes and a rather complex system of wooden truss structures became characteristic. The technical novelty of St. Petersburg was also unusually high spiers crowning the most important city buildings, which was widespread in northern European countries. An outstanding structure of this type was the spire of the Peter and Paul Cathedral (height 45 m), built by the architect Dominico Trezzini.
With the scale of stone construction (approximately in 1715), its structural and engineering foundations were also improved. In St. Petersburg, the manufacture of both ordinary and special, moisture-resistant bricks according to the Dutch recipe is being established. All this did not take long to give results. The city was created in short time- temporary wooden St. Petersburg was quickly replaced by hut and then stone. On Vasilyevsky Island, the closest associate of Peter A. D. Menshikov is building a stone palace. It hosted receptions of foreign ambassadors and various entertainment evenings. The buildings of the Admiralty and the Senate, the buildings of 12 colleges and many others are being built in the city. Moreover, the king often looks at the drawings of buildings, makes his own edits to them. By the end of the reign of Peter I, the city was already surprising visiting foreigners with grandeur and beauty. In one of the scientific works in 1751, the author wrote: "... this city is so widespread, embellished and exalted that it has a notable advantage over many of the most important and anciently exalted cities in Europe ...". For St. Petersburg, a regular development plan, which gradually took shape and became its city-forming basis, was of decisive importance. The precise instrumental layout of the streets, while maintaining their absolute straightness (there were no dead ends in the city), determined a new quality of regularity itself.
During the construction and settlement of the city, it was not without curiosities. The tsar, having declared St. Petersburg the capital, a “window to Europe”, having opened the Naval Academy here, forced noble nobles and officials, noble undergrowths, to move here. Many did not like this, and under various pretexts they tried to avoid moving to an unfamiliar city. Noble children preferred, for example, instead of the Naval Academy to study at the Moscow Theological Seminary. Adults resorted to other tricks. So, once a rumor spread that in September the city would suffer from a severe flood. It was said that the height of the water would reach the level of a tall alder that stood near one of the churches. Of course, there was panic among the population. Many began to leave the city. Peter was indignant at this rumor, ordered to find the culprit. It turned out to be a man who was resettled here from the center of the country. Peter ordered the tree to be cut down, and the peasant to be kept under arrest until September. When September came and the peasant's prediction was not confirmed, he was taken to the place where the alder grew, and "rewarded" with fifty blows of the whip. Soon another rumor spread - that in one of the churches the image of the Mother of God sheds tears. This was followed by the explanation that " The Mother of God is dissatisfied with this country [place], and with her tears she announces great misfortunes to the new city, and perhaps to the whole state. Peter immediately appeared in Petersburg, went to that church and ordered the icon to be taken to the palace. In the palace, in the presence of officials and clergy, he began to examine the icon and found small holes in the eyes. On reverse side the icons were dimples filled with oil. When the church got warmer, the oil would heat up and flow out. Revealing the "secret", the sovereign said to those present: “Now you all saw the reason for the imaginary tears. I have no doubt that everywhere you will talk about what you have convinced yourself with your own eyes. This will serve as a proof of emptiness and a refutation of the stupid, and perhaps even malicious interpretation of this false miracle. The image will remain with me; I will put it in my Kunstkamera.”
Barely six months had passed since the beginning of the construction of the city, when the first foreign merchant ship arrived here. Petersburg took on the appearance of a sea capital, and the state received the most important Trading port. The “window to Europe”, which the Russian tsar dreamed of, was cut through.
The acquisition of access to the Baltic Sea allowed Peter to solve the second task of his military reform - to create a navy here, although this was a heavy burden on the shoulders of taxpayers. But the tsar, starting with his fun, always paid special attention to the fleet, sparing no effort, no money, no time on it. He was an experienced shipbuilder, captain, admiral. As already mentioned, even in the period of preparation for the second Azov campaign, the tsar in Voronezh and other cities ordered the construction of ships and himself took part in this. Behind the same business we see Peter on the Northern Dvina and in Arkhangelsk. In 1702–1703 shipbuilding began in the Baltic. During the first quarter of the 18th century 386 ships of various ranks were built at the shipyards of St. Petersburg and Olonets, which played a decisive role in the Russian victories over the Swedes at Gangut and Grengam.
In the preamble to the “Naval Charter” of 1720, Peter wrote: “ Initiating the Ustaf of the Sukhov Military Way, now, with the help of God, we proceed to the Sea, which was started the same way before, namely, with the blessed and eternally worthy memory of our father for sailing to the Caspian Sea, but then why, for the sake of that, not a performer, and on us deigned to lay this burden of the highest ruler, we leave it to His incomprehensible destinies. AND because this matter is necessary for the state (according to this proverb, that every potentate, which has one land army, has one hand, and which the fleet has, has both hands), for the sake of this Naval staf was committed ... " Thus, in the northwest, Peter "grew two legs." This made it possible to intensify military operations in the Baltic states, which the Russian command took advantage of.
During 1703–1704 Russian troops in the Petersburg region repelled several attacks by the Swedes, who sought to return what they had lost. At the same time, the Russian command did not refuse to take Narva and concentrated significant forces in this direction. In late May - early June 1703, Russian troops captured the fortresses of Yam, Koporye, Marienbaum, driving the Swedes out of Izhora. “And so, with the help of God, Ingria is in her hands,” Peter wrote to Admiral F. M. Apraksin.
In the summer of 1704, Russian troops concentrated in the Derpt (Tartu) - Narva region and on the night of June 13 (24) attacked the Derpt fortress. The fortress garrison surrendered. Russian losses were 317 killed and 400 wounded. The Swedes lost 811 people killed, 1388 people were taken prisoner. The Russians also got 132 guns. On August 20, after a ten-day artillery shelling and storming of the fortress, the fate of Dorpat also befell Narva. During the assault on the Russian side, 359 people were killed and 1340 people were wounded. The Swedes lost 2,700 men, including 1,848 prisoners. The capture of Dorpat and Narva ended the fighting in the Baltic, the territory of which was captured by Russia. The fortresses of Narva, Derpt, Yamburg, Kronstadt, Shlisselburg became a reliable defense of the reclaimed lands.
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