Presentation on the history of the eternal city. Lesson-presentation "the eternal city and its inhabitants"

The city of Rome is celebrating its 2766th anniversary this year. The history of the city is its monuments, striking in their grandiosity and scope at all times. It is no coincidence that the city of Rome is called the Eternal. In today's lesson, we will take an unusual tour of ancient city, plunge into the atmosphere of Imperial Rome.

background

In II AD The Roman Empire reached its peak (see lesson). The center of a vast empire was the city of Rome. From it, 372 stone-paved roads led to all parts of the empire (province), and signs indicating the distance to Rome appeared every thousand steps. Rome and its main buildings, such as the Pantheon, were designed to embody the idea of the power and greatness of the empire.

Events

Major buildings in ancient Rome

During this period, more than a million people lived in Rome. Thousands of inhabitants from Italy and the provinces sought daily to get to Rome. Some came on trade matters, others wanted to get a profitable position in the service of the emperor. Someone came to watch the gladiatorial games in the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre), which could accommodate about 50 thousand people, or the chariot races in the Circus Maximus.

The main attraction of Rome was the Pantheon (the temple of all the gods). The Pantheon is crowned with a half-ball dome. The temple is built of brick and concrete, lined with marble inside (Fig. 1).

The central square of Rome was the Forum (Fig. 2). Here was the temple of Saturn, the temple of Vesta, the keeper of the hearth, the Milliarius column (from which the distance was measured not only in Rome, but also outside it), the buildings of the curia were located, in which the Senate met and court proceedings were held.

Rice. 2. Roman Forum ()

Each emperor sought to build his own forum. So the Forum of Caesar, the Forum of Augustus, the Forum of Trajan and others appeared in Rome.

The Romans loved to visit the theatre. The first permanent stone theater was built around 55 BC. e. commander Gnaeus Pompey the Great. The theater of Marcellus was built in 12 BC. e. and seated 11,000 spectators. The actors used masks and colorful clothes so that the audience understood who was in front of them - an old man or a young maiden. All roles in the Roman theater were played by men. Theatrical craft was considered an unworthy occupation.

One of the most visited public institutions in Rome were baths - terms (Fig. 3). In total, there were more than a thousand public baths in Rome. The largest and most luxuriously decorated baths were built at the behest of Emperor Trajan. Here the Romans came to relax and enjoy a pleasant conversation, sports grounds, swimming pools and libraries were also located here.

Rice. 3. Roman terms ()

Rome was largest city empire, it was called the eternal, golden, or simply - the City.

Bibliography

A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya. Ancient world history. Grade 5 - M.: Education, 2006.
Nemirovsky A.I. History Reading Book ancient world. - M.: Enlightenment, 1991.
Ancient Rome. Book for reading / Ed. D.P. Kallistova, S.L. Utchenko. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1953.

Dictionary.yandex.ru ().
Dic.academic.ru ().
Theater.helllab.ru ().

Homework

What public places were the most popular among the Romans?
What public spectacles were held at the Circus Maximus?
What public institutions were located at the Forum?
Why did the Romans visit the baths?

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In the 2nd c. farmers were transferred to Rome CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER. Trajan condemned Trojan conquered The Romans invented On lease On free land In the province Criminals Scammers Bribers Cement Concrete Whitewash. Dacia Parthia Syria

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LESSON PLAN. 1. ROME - "HEART" OF THE EMPIRE. 2. CITY BUILDINGS. 3. PUBLIC BATH. 4. "BREAD AND SPEACHES".

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TASK FOR THE LESSON? People from all the Roman provinces tried to move to Rome. What do you think attracted them to The eternal City» ?

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1. ROME - "HEART" OF THE EMPIRE. In Rome there was a huge number of buildings designed to emphasize the power of the empire. Triumphal arches were erected in many forums of the city in honor of victories over enemies Triumphal Arch

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1. ROME - "HEART" OF THE EMPIRE. To glorify the emperors, columns were built in many Forums. Bas-reliefs with scenes from the life of emperors were placed on the column itself, and multi-meter statues of emperors crowned the columns.

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1. ROME - "HEART" OF THE EMPIRE. The building of the Colosseum, intended for organizing spectacles and holding performances, has become the symbol of the city. It accommodated about 50 thousand spectators of the Colosseum in Rome.

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The Pantheon is the temple of all gods. Daylight. D-8.5 m. Niches. Lightened the dome. The height of the dome is 43 m. The walls are lined with marble. The bricks of the dome were held together with pumice cement.

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Domus-dwelling of a rich Roman Cabinet. Living rooms. Sloping roof - Atria. Atrium-heated guest room. Leased premises Canteen-triclinium.

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Insula-city buildings. Public toilets. Taverns. Rooms for nobility. The rooms of the rich. Poor rooms. Garbage and slops were thrown into the street

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2. CITY BUILDINGS. In cold weather, houses were heated. The Romans were the first to come up with a central heating system. During construction, special fireplaces were installed on the lower floor. Warm air heated the floor and pipes specially made in the walls of the building. The heated stone retained heat for a very long time.

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3. PUBLIC BATH. In the 3rd century, there were 1000 private and 11 public baths in Rome. The Baths (baths) of Emperor Caracalla were considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the city. Baths of Caracalla.

The city of Rome is celebrating its 2766th anniversary this year. The history of the city is its monuments, striking in their grandiosity and scope at all times. It is no coincidence that the city of Rome is called the Eternal. In today's lesson, we will make an unusual tour of the ancient city, plunge into the atmosphere of Imperial Rome.

background

Events

Major buildings in ancient Rome

The main attraction of Rome was the Pantheon (the temple of all the gods). The Pantheon is crowned with a half-ball dome. The temple is built of brick and concrete, lined with marble inside (Fig. 1).

Rice. 2. Roman Forum ()

Each emperor sought to build his own forum. So the Forum of Caesar, the Forum of Augustus, the Forum of Trajan and others appeared in Rome.

Rice. 3. Roman terms ()

Rome was the largest city of the empire, it was called the eternal, golden, or simply the City.

Bibliography

A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya. Ancient world history. Grade 5 - M.: Education, 2006.
Nemirovsky A.I. A book to read on the history of the ancient world. - M.: Enlightenment, 1991.
Ancient Rome. Book for reading / Ed. D.P. Kallistova, S.L. Utchenko. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1953.

Dictionary.yandex.ru ().
Dic.academic.ru ().
Theater.helllab.ru ().

Homework

What public places were the most popular among the Romans?
What public spectacles were held at the Circus Maximus?
What public institutions were located at the Forum?
Why did the Romans visit the baths?

On the left bank of the Tiber lived a tribe of Latins. In one of their cities, King Numitor ruled. He had a younger brother Amulius. He took away power from Numitor, and forcibly made the king's daughter Rhea Sylvia a vestal priestess of the goddess of fire and the hearth of Vesta. Now the girl must live in the temple of Vesta and throw firewood into the hearth of the goddess Vesta. She was forbidden to marry and have children. But Rhea Silvia gave birth to two twin boys a year later. She swore that these were the children of the god of war, Mars.

Upon learning of this, Amulius ordered the children to be drowned and Rhea Silvia locked up in a dungeon. The servants threw the basket with the brothers into the Tiber and left, but the basket caught on a tree branch and did not sink. A she-wolf came running to the cry of the children. She fed the children with her milk, and soon a shepherd found them and took them to his home.

The children were given the names Romulus and Remus, raised them. The children grew up as shepherds and hunters. Having learned about the secret of their birth, they decided to take revenge. They, armed, came to the house of Amulius and killed him. And power was returned back to Numitor. In the places where the she-wolf found them, they decided to found a city.

The brothers quarreled. Rem chose one of the hills for the city, and Ronol chose the other. When Romulus was building the wall of the city, Remus scoffed at this and Romulus hit Remus, The blow was fatal. Romulus founded the city and named it Rome after his own name. Romulus became the first king of Rome.

City on the hills and its inhabitants

The Romans believed in the legend of the twin brothers and were proud that the founder of their city was the son of the god of war, Mars. But there is another assumption about the emergence of the city of Rome. Several settlements lived on the hills of the Tiber near the sea. They gradually united, built common fortifications and chose common rulers. So from these settlements on the Palatine, Capitoline and other hills, the city of Rome arose.

The ancient Romans lived in round huts, the walls of which were made of wicker and covered with clay on top. Near the huts there were a garden and a kitchen garden, and outside the city there were fields and pastures.

The Romans grew barley and wheat, grapes and flax. They raised cattle, pigs, horses and donkeys. They were engaged in blacksmithing, weaving, making pottery.

Fighting with others Latin cities, stole cattle from neighbors, seized weapons and slaves, and most importantly - pastures and arable land.

The architecture of the "Eternal City" and its inhabitants

Thousands of inhabitants of Italy and the provinces are striving to get to Rome. Some came on trade matters, others wanted to get a profitable position in the service of the emperor. Everyone was attracted by gladiatorial games, chariot races, triumphs and all kinds of holidays. The city was decorated with palaces on the Palatine Hill, statues of gods and emperors, temples and porticos, numerous fountains. Triumphal arches and columns reminded of the victories of the rulers of Rome.

The huge amphitheater of the Colosseum, which accommodated about 50 thousand spectators, stood out for its size and beauty. Another attraction of Rome was the Pantheon (temple of all gods). The Pantheon is crowned with a half-ball dome. There is a huge hall inside the temple. In the center of the dome is a hole through which light pours. The Pantheon is built of brick and concrete, inside it is lined with brownish-golden marble.

Interior view of the Pantheon

Mansions on the city hills.

The richest Romans lived in their own mansions, which were located on the hills, where the air was healthier and cleaner. There were no windows in the main room of the house, four columns supported the ceiling. It had a through quadrangular opening, under which there was a pool, where rainwater fell. In this room, the owner of the house received visitors who came on business. And he invited only close friends to go inside the house, for example, to the courtyard-garden surrounded by porticos. Flowers were fragrant in the garden, fountains beat. The mansion had several bedrooms and dining rooms, the master's study, and a room for slaves.

High-rise buildings in the lowlands between the hills.

Most Romans could not afford their own home. They rented housing in five-six-story houses that belonged to the rich and gave their owners a hefty income. In such a house, the lower floors were rented out as shops and taverns, and in the upper floors - rooms and apartments. The poor huddled in closets under the roof tiles.

It is not easy for a person who does not know the city well to find the right street or house. There were no signs with their names on the streets, no numbers on the houses. To make a mistake with the address, to take one multi-storey building after another was worthless: all these houses were depressingly monotonous, and the streets on which they were located were dirty and narrow. Because of the tightness, there was no room for trees and flower beds. Passers-by were in danger: flying from the windows broken dishes, all sorts of garbage, slop poured.

Life in high-rise buildings was full of inconvenience. There were no ovens. On damp and cold days, the residents were heated by braziers, where charcoal was poured. There were no real kitchens in the houses: food was also cooked on braziers. The poor often ate dry or on the go, buying hot meals and a mug of cheap wine from street vendors.

The windows in the houses did not have glass and were closed with shutters in bad weather. Then even during the day it was necessary to light a lamp. Water was not supplied to the apartments, it was taken from the city fountains and dragged up the steep stairs. Dirt and stench accompanied the Romans, who lived in high-rise buildings.

Multi-storey buildings in Rome

After spending the day in the stuffy streets under the hot southern sun, the Romans felt the need to wash themselves from head to toe. Every day they visited the terms - the so-called baths. In total, there were about a thousand baths in Rome, the entrance fee to them was small. The Saami built large and luxurious baths at the behest of the emperors. These baths, richly decorated with statues, mosaics and wall paintings, were located in shady parks. Before swimming on the playgrounds for sports exercises, those who wished to play ball, competed in running, wrestling and weight lifting. Having run, covered with dust and sweat, they went to wash. But before, in comfortable locker rooms, clothes were given to the watchman for storage. Then they moved to a room with warm water, a steam room or plunged into a pool under open sky. The baths were intended only for bathing. They had libraries and classrooms. Here you can meet friends, learn last news and gossip, make a fashionable hairstyle, eat delicious food.

Roman poetry and philosophical and political thought.

In Rome, many people were engaged in philosophy.

Life of the rich and the poor in Rome

Rome in the imperial period was decorated with magnificent forums, public buildings - theaters, baths, amphitheatres. luxury imperial palaces and the houses of the Roman nobility, porticoes and basilicas were slender architectural ensembles, decorated with sculptures and reliefs. Horace wrote bitterly about the disappearance of the former simplicity and modesty, inherent in the earlier ancient Romans. However, the poor population of Rome lived in rented premises, four-story or five-story insulas, dilapidated, crumbling and often exposed to fire. Juvenal gave sketches of the life of the poor, constantly suffering humiliation, suffering from the high cost of living in the capital of the world.

About agriculture in Rome

Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella, a native of Spain, lived in Italy for a long time and knew well the peculiarities of the development of Italian agriculture, the occupation of which he considered the most honorable for a Roman citizen. Columella wrote the treatise On Agriculture. In it, he noted the negative consequences of the expansion of his possessions by Roman landowners - poor tillage, refusal to cultivate higher varieties of grapes, olive trees, and the poor quality of slave labor.

The only pure and noble way to increase your fortune is Agriculture... Now we neglect the independent management of our estates and do not attach any importance to putting an experienced person as a vilik (manager), and if it is ignorant, then very energetic, who will soon become familiar with what he does not know ... In the acquisition of land, as in any business, there must also be a measure. One should own as much as necessary to give the impression of people who have bought the land in order to become its masters, and not to put the burden on themselves and wrest from others the opportunity to use this land. This is usually done by nobles who own entire countries, which they cannot even bypass and who leave them to be trampled down by herds and devastation by wild animals, or they keep citizens and slaves who are indebted to them.

When everything is thus arranged, it requires the master to show the greatest concern for everything, and especially for people. The latter or columns, or slaves, free currents, or chained.

On individual estates, where it is difficult for the owner to visit, all categories of land will be in a better condition if its free columns are cultivated than slaves, especially grain fields, which are much less than vineyards and trees, degrade from the owner's columns and suffer the most damage from slaves who hand over bulls to the side, slaves graze them and other livestock poorly, do not carefully turn the land, indicate a much greater consumption of grain than they gave a good shoot. s; the amount of grain collected for the current for threshing, they daily reduce by cheating or negligence, since they themselves steal it, and do not protect it from other thieves.

Christianity

Christianity is one of the world religions, the central image of which is Jesus Christ (Greek Chistus - the anointed one), according to Christian doctrine, the founder of the religion, the God-man, who died on the cross to atone for human sins, then resurrected and ascended to heaven. The name of Christ gave the name to the religion. It is currently assumed that a real historical figure stood behind the image of Jesus Christ.

Bible

The Bible is a collection of writings of different times and different characters of the 8th century. BC. - 2c. BC, which are considered Holy Scripture. The Bible consists of two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is a collection of selected works of ancient Jewish literature. The New Testament is a collection of books of proper Christian origin, outlining the foundations of Christian doctrine and mythology. The books of the Bible are divided into chapters and chapters into verses.

The Old Testament consisted of three sections. The first section includes the Pentateuch (five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, the authorship of which is attributed to Moses). The second section consists of the Books of the Prophets, attributed to the political and religious leaders of the Jewish people, which tell mainly about their deeds. The third section includes the Scriptures containing psalms, parables, two books of wisdom, chronicles, Song of Songs. The books of the Old Testament are recognized as sacred by the Jewish and Christian religions.

The New Testament consists of four gospels about the life of Jesus (from Matthew, from Mark, from Luke, from John), the Acts of the Holy Apostles, the Epistles of the Apostles, and the Revelation of John the Theologian. The books of the New Testament are recognized as sacred only by Christianity.

Roman clothes

The Romans put on a tunic directly on the body - a woolen shirt with short sleeves, which they belted and tugged so that in front it went down just below the knees. Only the poor allowed themselves to walk around the city in only one tunic around the city. Wealthy Romans wore a toga over their tunic. It was a large piece of oval-shaped woolen cloth. The toga was wrapped in such a way that the right shoulder remained open. It was difficult to do this, beautifully arranging sweets, without the help of a slave.

The toga was white. Citizens holding important government positions wore a toga with a wide purple stripe around the edge. The victorious commander wore a toga dyed purple and embroidered with gold.

A Roman who wished to take the post of consul appeared in a snow-white toga, bleached in a chalk solution. This toga was called candida. Hence the word "candidate" arose, that is, a person seeking to occupy some position.

Features of Roman names

Every Roman had three names. For example, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The first - Tiberius - was a personal name. The second indicated belonging to one or another patrician or plebeian family (Tiberius was from the Sempronian family). The third name - Gracchus - was a family nickname. Sometimes, for special merits, another nickname was assigned. So, the famous commander Publius Cornelius Scipio, after the victory over Hannibal, received the nickname African. There were few personal names, the most common: Mark, Publius, Lucius, Gaius, Tiberius, Gnaeus.

Women had only a generic name. For example, the sister of Tiberius Gracchus was called Sempronia, and his mother, who was the daughter of Scipio, Cornelia.

If the master let the slave go free, he gave him his family name. So, the author of the Roman comedies was a slave from Africa, Released for his talent to freedom. They began to call him Terentius Afr.

Notable Roman people

Many in Rome famous people who wrote works, did something scientific, invented something, etc.

Guy Sallust Crispus (86-35 BC) - Roman historian, belonged to the popular party led by Julius Caesar, held a number of government positions. After the death of Caesar, he stopped politics and began to engage in literature. He wrote such works as: "Conspiracy of Catiline", "War with Jugurtha", "History". Sallust's narratives are concise, emotional, contain well-aimed, aphoristic phrases.

Titus Livy (59 BC - 17 AD) - Roman historian, wrote the well-known work "Roman History from the Foundation of the City" in 142 books.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus - Greek historian, contemporary of Titus Livius, wrote the work "Roman Antiquities", which consisted of 20 books. Dionysius tried to date an overview of Roman history from legendary times to 264. BC. The significance of his work is that he used the works of early historians-annalists, gave information that differs from the messages of Livy.

Polybius (c. 200-120 BC) is one of the greatest ancient Greek historians. He was critical of his sources, attached great importance to the historian's personal acquaintance with the peoples he studied, the theaters of military operations, believing that one should trust one's eyes more than ears. Traveled a lot. Wrote a "General History" in 40 books.

Mark Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) - a brilliant orator, lawyer, writer, statesman. His speeches, letters, treatises provide valuable material for studying the most diverse aspects of the life of Roman society in the most difficult period full of dramatic events. His philosophical treatises are a valuable source for characterizing the intellectual life of Rome. Cicero's speech against Gaius Veres exposes the unlimited arbitrariness of the governor of the province, his shameless robbery of the people of the province in order to enrich himself.

Mark Porcius Cato is a prominent statesman, orator, historian, author of the historical work "Beginnings" and the treatise "Agriculture". The most honorable occupation for a Roman citizen Cato considered agriculture. In the treatise "Agriculture" he gave a description of an exemplary villa of medium size, typical of central Italy, new means of farming that ensure the rapid enrichment of the owner, advice on how to rationally exploit slaves, organize supervision over them, and make the most profitable use of the fork.

Appian - a native of Alexandria, a Greek, a Roman citizen, was enrolled in the estate of horsemen and became a major official. In his old age, he wrote "Roman History", in which he outlined the events from the founding of the city to the first decades of the 2nd century BC. n. e. "Roman History" is built in a peculiar way. Each of her 24 books represents the history of a particular people. Appion, negatively referring to the slave uprisings, nevertheless, covers them quite fully. For Appion, a slave uprising is "war".

L. Anya Flor - wrote a review of Roman history, focused on the wars that Rome waged at first with its Italian neighbors, later with the peoples of the Mediterranean.

Guy Suetonius Tranquill - lawyer, secretary of Emperor Hadrian, wrote the work "Biography of the Twelve Caesars", in which he gave biographies of Roman emperors from Caesar to Domitian Flavius. Using the imperial archives, Suetonius left a lot of interesting data, but at the same time he paid attention to minor facts and anecdotes.

Dion Cassius Kokkeyan - a native of the city of Nicaea. During the reign of Emperor Komodo, he received the right of a senator and held public office. Wrote "Roman History", representing another attempt to present the history of the Roman state from the founding of the city to 229. n. e.

Titus Lucretius Car created a wonderful philosophical poem "On the Nature of Things", which was distinguished by high artistic merit. Lucretius, a staunch follower of the ancient Greek atomism, represented in the teachings of Epicurus, expounded in the poem the materialistic doctrine of nature and society. He argued that matter is eternal and infinite. Everything, the poet wrote, consists of indivisible principles - atoms that cannot be created or destroyed. Lucretius tried to give a scientific explanation of the origin of man and society and free people from religious superstition and fear. The poem of Lucretius big influence on the subsequent development of philosophical thought.

Lucretius wrote the first book in 931-934. In it, he taught knowledge, tried to extract the spirit of man from superstitions.

Publius Virgil Maron is the largest poet of the principate period - the "golden age" of Roman literature, the eldest of the members of the literary circle. He sang of a peaceful life, established with the advent of Augustus to power, the princeps, the ancient simplicity of morals. A major work of the poet is "Bucoliki" - a collection of shepherd's songs in which rural life, love and silence are sung. Another work - "Georgics" is also devoted to rural occupations: arable farming, viticulture, cattle breeding. The most famous work of the poet was the "Aeneid", an epic poem about the wanderings and exploits of Aeneas - the hero of the Trojan War, the legendary founder of the Roman state, the divine ancestor of the Julius family. Virgil, imitating Homer, wrote in sonorous, strong verses about the greatness of Rome, the princeps, declared the right of the Romans to rule over other peoples. IN ancient rome The Aeneid received universal acclaim.

Quintus Horace Flank, the son of a freedman, a member of the Maecenas circle, created the best lyric poems in Latin poetry. In graceful, perfect in form satires, odes, messages, we find various plots. Like Anacreon, he wrote about love, the joys of friendship, the transience of life, the delights of rural life. The work of Horace, the singer of the principate, was characterized by political motives. The poet severely condemned civil soldiers, disastrous for the Roman people, worried about the fate of the state, which he compared with a ship dependent on the raging sea elements. Horace attached high social importance to the work of the poet. His poem "Monument" caused many imitations.

Publius Ovid Nason was an outstanding Roman poet. He devoted his early cheerful elegies to love motives. At the age of 8 n. e. for an unknown reason, Augustus exiled Ovid to the city of Toma, located on the western coast of the Black Sea, far from Rome. There, Ovid, yearning for his homeland, relatives and friends, wrote beautiful, sorrowful messages, rightly ranked among the best works of world poetry.

Decimus Junius Juvenal, a Roman satirist, in angry verses denounced the vices of his time: the despotism of the emperor's power, the depravity of the Roman aristocracy, the wealthy freedmen, the general decline in morals. His satires are full of sympathy for the poor, suffering from the high cost of living in Rome, the contempt of the people around them. Juvenal writes with bitterness about the humiliating, pitiful situation of representatives of intelligent professions - teachers, lawyers, poets, who receive an insignificant salary for their work. Juvenal's satires are a vivid and valuable source for studying the life of various social strata of Roman society.

Phaedrus is a Roman fabulist, a former slave from Macedonia, set free by Augustus. The material for his work was Aesop's fables and the Roman reality surrounding the poet. He showed the plight of the poor, deceived and offended by the rich, opposed the violence and oppression of the nobility, condemned the vices and injustice of those in power.