Ancient gorgippia now. On the site of Anapa stood the ancient city of Gorgippia

The ancient world left a rich legacy to subsequent times. In many ways, it was perceived by the early Middle Ages ( Agriculture, craft, construction, coinage). The Greek and especially the Latin alphabets formed the basis of the alphabets of all the peoples of Europe. The fresco and mosaic technique was inherited from the Middle Ages. However, in all its richness, the largely forgotten ancient culture began to be revealed only in modern times.

About ancient painting Northern Black Sea very little was known. In the excavations of the last century, crypts with wall paintings were found. But this painting has not survived to this day. We judge the art of those distant times only by the images on the vessels, coins, sarcophagi and sculpture.

In 1975, the expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences unearthed in the city of Anapa a unique monument of the ancient era - a crypt with numerous frescoes telling about the exploits of the legendary hero ancient world Hercules. Images of Hercules and his exploits were still known only on vessels, coins and in sculpture. But in monumental painting this image is seen for the first time.

There are not so many cities on the territory of our country that have a two-thousand-year development path behind them. Among them is the one that arose in the 5th century BC. e. on the banks of the Pontus Euxine. ancient historian Strabo calls the city "the capital of the Sinds" - a mysterious and little-known tribe that lived in these places even before the appearance of the first ships with Greek merchants and colonists. Gorgippia was located extremely well: the goods of the Crimea, the Caucasus and the deep regions of the mysterious Scythia met here at busy markets with products of skilled craftsmen from Greece, Egypt, and the countries of the East. The city flourished. But in the 3rd century A.D. e. Gorgippia perishes as a result of an enemy invasion, and this ends the ancient stage of her history.

Systematic excavations of Gorgippia began since 1959. The work of archaeologists is extremely difficult. The large resort town is densely built up: excavations can be carried out only in the places of new buildings and in the yards of modern houses. And yet, the expedition led by I. T. Kruglikova, senior researcher at the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, managed to explore various parts of the ancient city and determine its layout over 15 field seasons. The main thoroughfare of Gorgippia stretched along the sea, lanes scattered from it. In the first centuries of the existence of the city, the streets were paved with cobblestones and fragments of clay amphoras. On such pavements, even cart tracks have been preserved, and bronze coins lost in antiquity have been found. Pavements of a later time (I-III centuries AD) - huge flat stones laid on a layer of clay and rubble. The streets of Gorgippia were repeatedly repaired and rebuilt three times during the existence of the city.

On the site of the hotel "Anapa" was the acropolis of the ancient city: large public buildings towered here, marble statues stood and inscriptions were placed telling about events in the life of the city.

What did the people of Gorgippia do? It is not difficult to answer this question. A number of production complexes have been excavated - fish salting tanks, wineries with crushing platforms, pottery kilns, traces of metallurgical production have been found. The quarters of potters have been most fully explored. Ceramic workshops supplied the townspeople with amphoras and tiles, crockery, weights and figurines, and later with bricks.

Basements of houses have been preserved from the residential buildings of ancient Gorgippia. Their walls were built of stone or made of raw bricks, the roof was covered with tiles of various shapes.

In the summer of 1975, while digging a foundation pit on Gorky Street, builders stumbled upon the vault of a large stone crypt. He was only 80 centimeters from the surface of the earth. The burial chamber was carved into the rocky ground and went to a depth of up to three meters. Huge stone blocks weighing up to a ton each formed the walls of the tomb. The vault was built according to the most precise mathematical calculations so that a number of keystones held the entire arc of the multi-ton ceiling. The entrance to the crypt was a well, also carved into the rock and lined with stone. It was through him that the sarcophagi with the remains of the dead were once lowered into the tomb, and then the stone doors of the crypt were closed, the wooden bolt was pushed in and everything around was tightly packed with small stones. But this did not save the tomb from looting. Breaking through the vault, the robbers managed to get into the crypt. They lifted the heavy lids of the stone sarcophagi, placed two stones under each of them, and through the gaps that had formed, dragged the dead to the floor. After removing expensive clothes and jewelry and clearing niches in the walls, the robbers left the crypt. Now we can guess that it was a rich crypt.

The burial chamber with an area of 14 square meters and a height of 3.5 meters served as a family tomb: it contained three identical sarcophagi hollowed out of stone blocks. Large stone lids were fastened to the sarcophagi with a solution of lime, and one of them with a lead staple. The robbers took away things, but the wall paintings, unique in beauty and content, were preserved in the crypt.

Frescoes of the ancient era are known: they were found both in rich houses and in burial structures. Most often, the murals only imitate the laying of walls.

The same thing happened in the Anapa crypt. The plinth, which goes above the floor, is depicted as a meter-wide red strip encircling the walls. In the first centuries A.D. e. in the construction technique of the ancient world, a fashion appeared to veneer the walls of rich buildings with colorful marble and even amber; complex ornaments were laid out from thin stone tiles. Reproduction of stone cladding appeared on the walls of less wealthy houses. Crypts - the houses of the dead - were painted in imitation of the houses of the living. In the Anapa crypt, above the red plinth, there is a meter-wide strip imitating the variegated marble wall cladding: wide red ovals on a white, yellow or blue background, zigzags, specks in circles. And between them - picturesquely depicted columns with ornamented capitals. In this belt, the exact marking of the drawings made with a compass and the symmetry in the overall structure of the ornaments are striking. Above it was a strip with drapery hanging on hooks with fringe and tassels. In the bends of the fabric there are expressive faces, probably masks. An even more interesting tier follows above, telling about the life and twelve exploits of the great hero of Hellas - Hercules. He fights with a lion and a snake-headed monster - the Lernean Hydra, catches a Kerinean doe, shoots Stymphalian birds with deadly arrow feathers from a bow, brings Geryon's cows, tames a Cretan bull and performs other immortal feats. Lion's skin, club and burns with a bow is always with him. The movements of Hercules and the monsters he defeats are full of realism and expression. This also includes a domestic scene, probably depicting a meal: a bearded man in the center, two women in veils and two young men on the sides. Who are they?

There is a beautiful painting in front of the entrance to the crypt: a man and a woman sitting in chairs, a young man standing in front of them. Perhaps it is on this scene that the three buried in the crypt are represented? The figures are framed by painted trees, peacocks, floating turtles, above the heads of those sitting there is a circle with a snake.

Plants, wreaths of branches, motley circles and animals are depicted above the entrance: two goats turned towards each other, a scene of baiting a spotted deer by two dogs.

On the ceiling of the crypt, a wide circle is outlined with a compass, a six-petal rosette is inscribed in it. The circle is surrounded by a colorful ornamental border, the petals are painted in different colors. Garlands and rose petals are scattered across the white background of the vault.

All paintings are made in the technique of frescoes with natural paints on wet plaster, the thickness of which varies from 1 to 2 centimeters.

The combination of the inlaid painting style, which imitates stone wall cladding, with the floral style, including plant motifs, images of birds and animals, makes it possible to date the Anapa crypt of Hercules to the second century AD. e.

During the excavations, the crypt was constantly filled with groundwater, which threatened to destroy the frescoes. In order to preserve priceless paintings for centuries, the crypt was dismantled in blocks and taken out of the foundation pit of a house under construction.

As a matter of fact, the story about the works of 1975 does not end with the story about the fate of the crypt of Hercules. In order to dismantle and take out the excavated tomb, it was necessary to expose the masonry of the crypt from the outside. Digging a trench with an excavator, scientists discovered another crypt nearby. He, like the first, was also carved into the rock. On its floor were two stone sarcophagi with massive stone lids. Two girls were buried in one. Their eyes were covered with gold eyecups, their lips were covered with gold muffs, gold breastplates were placed on their chests and a silver vessel with a fine pattern was placed. Each of the buried was given a golden wreath. All these things have been preserved: they are made of thin gold leaf.

The second sarcophagus was decorated with stone-carved columns, niches and delicate flowers. The lid is connected to the sarcophagus by an iron plate filled with lead seals at both ends - an undoubted evidence that the burial was not disturbed. This sarcophagus contained various kinds of items - both specially designed for burial (golden eyecups, a muzzle, petals covering clothes, a wreath), and personal belongings of the deceased (two massive gold rings with the finest gems on dark agates, a gold bracelet with turquoise and glass insert, a massive neck hryvnia, a golden fibula (pin), a buckle with inlay, an iron dagger with a golden handle in a wooden scabbard with a golden trim. On the scabbard - a peacock and repeatedly repeated motif: an eagle tormenting a hare. Both items are decorated with grenades and turquoise). In addition to personal military armor, parts of a horse harness decorated with gold lining, silver and bronze jugs, and a glass vessel were placed in the sarcophagus. A noble warrior was buried here.

Next to the sarcophagi, scientists saw perhaps the most interesting things on the floor - a bronze incense burner with colored enamels forming an oriental floral ornament, and a glass bowl, very expensive at that time, made of transparent blue, green and colorless types of glass. Gold foil was placed between two layers of colorless glass. On the floor, scientists found four bronze strigels with handles decorated with enamels. With strigels, athletes cleansed the body of sand adhering to the oil. Silver spoons, glass jugs, two bronze lamps with bird heads on curved handles were also found here. Judging by these things, the second crypt dates back to the 2nd-first half of the 3rd c. n. e.

Crypts with wall paintings, like those of Anapa, were excavated on the territory of the Black Sea region in the 19th century, but for various reasons they have not survived to this day, and painting has irrevocably perished for science.

Nowadays Anapa looks so stylish and modern resort that tourists who are not particularly fond of history do not even suspect that the ancient Greek city of Gorgippia, one of the richest cities of the Bosporan kingdom, used to be here. It was erected in the second half of the 6th century BC. and successfully flourished for about ten centuries, until, during one of the raids, the enemies burned it to the ground, and life in it slowly died out.

Gorgippia is located in Anapa on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea in the center of one of the most famous resorts Russia in the West Krasnodar Territory.

Initially, the ancient settlement was called differently - the Harbor of Sind (at first representatives of the Sind tribe lived here, and only then the Greeks settled) and it existed as an independent city-state with well-established ties with nearby settlements - Panticapaeum, Bata, Hermonass, Phanagoria.

There is nothing surprising in the fact that some time later, in the IV Art. BC, the Greek colonies located along the northern coast of the Black Sea decided to unite into one state - the Bosporan kingdom. As a result, the Sind harbor was renamed in honor of the king's brother Gorgipp, who was appointed governor here.

Gorgippia turned out to be not just a trade and craft center, which it has been until now, but also a border fortress, and soon became one of the most important and wealthy cities in the region (the city was so successful that it even had the right to mint its own coins - silver drachmas ).

Museum city

The remains of this settlement in our time can be seen in the Anapa Museum, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich occupies about 2 hectares. First of all, these are the foundations of the ancient quarters, dated II-III Art. AD, highway, wells, winery, remains of defensive fortifications. Here you can see fragments of facing materials of sanctuaries and columns of the settlement, sarcophagi and tombstones.

There is also an indoor museum, exhibition halls which contains found figurines, marble sculptures, painted utensils, amphoras, coins, weapons.

City view

Despite the fact that at present only cellars remained from the residential buildings of the city, scientists and historians still managed to more or less establish how Gorgippia looked like several millennia ago. The work of archaeologists turned out to be difficult, since Anapa is built up very densely, and excavations can only be carried out where construction is underway or in the yards of modern houses.

Gorgippia was small - its area was 38 hectares (0.38 sq. km.), And the width main street was about eight meters. The main highway of the city stretched along the coast, came close to the city gates, and outside Gorgippia led to a wide trade route that united the Crimea with the Caucasus Pass.

For the first six centuries of its existence, the streets of Gorgippia were paved with cobblestones and fragments of clay jars (traces of passing wagons were preserved on the pavements of this type found).

Roads of a later period, related to I-III Art. AD were laid out of huge flat stones, laid on a layer of clay and rubble. This coating turned out to be so durable that the dump trucks loaded with earth driving along it during the excavations did not cause him the slightest harm.

Residents built houses mainly along the coast. The houses of ordinary inhabitants of the city were built of clay. Wealthier inhabitants used stone, burnt bricks and tiles in the construction of their dwellings. The windows of the houses were covered with bull bubbles.

The houses of the nobility were located in the city center, on the main square. Gorgippia contained small buildings. The buildings were low, had no more than two floors and consisted of three or four rooms. On the first floors there were, most likely, shops or craft workshops.

Interestingly, during the construction of Gorgippia, ancient architects provided for a system of water pipes and drains - one of these channels was discovered during excavations: it went along one of the streets, approached a sump in which water was filtered, as a result of which garbage remained at the bottom, and purified water was discharged to the sea.

Gorgippia was divided into quarters, in each of which a certain category of the population lived - the quarters of potters were best preserved: during the excavations, numerous amphorae, dishes, figurines were found.

A number of industrial complexes were also discovered in the city (almost all the items found can be seen on the territory of the museum equipped here):

tanks in which salted fish;
premises with pressing platforms in which wine was made, and in them - barrels with a capacity of about 6 tons;
pottery kilns;
traces of metallurgical production have even been found.

crypts

In the seventies of the last century, during construction in Anapa, a unique monument of Hellenic culture was found - a painted tomb of Greek aristocrats, which the researchers called the "Crypt of Hercules." It was cut down in rocky soil and was located a meter from the earth's surface (at the same time, the height of the walls was more than three meters).

The walls of the tomb were made of one-color stone blocks, and the vault was designed so that it could easily withstand heavy ceilings. It was possible to get into the tomb through a well (the sarcophagi were lowered down through it). After that, the entrance to the stone well was securely closed and covered with pebbles (unfortunately, this did not stop the robbers who were able to get into the crypt, pull out and rob the dead, and also take out everything valuable from the tomb).

The only thing they could not take with them was the unique wall frescoes made with natural colors. Most of them are now in Moscow for restoration, but the sarcophagi are kept in the Anapa Museum.

The walls above the floor along the entire perimeter of the tomb were surrounded by a red stripe, and various vegetation, motley circles and hunting scenes were painted above the entrance. Above is another strip with large red ovals or zigzags. Between the ovals were drawn columns with decorated capitals. Above this strip hung a drapery fabric with fringes and tassels, and above the fabric were painted pictures telling about the 12 exploits of Hercules, because of which the crypt got its name.

Next to the stories about the life of the Greek demigod is a drawing depicting a meal: a bearded man was sitting at the table, on the sides of him were two women in veils and two young men. Also in the tomb there was another drawing depicting a seated woman and a man, near which a young man stands. Around these figures are trees, peacocks, turtles, and above the heads of the couple you can see a circle with a snake. On the ceiling of the tomb there is a circle with an ornamental border, in the center of which there is a multi-colored six-petalled rosette.

It is interesting that this tomb was not alone: next to the "Crypt of Hercules", the researchers found another tomb with two sarcophagi (the robbers did not know about it, and therefore did not rob it). A noble Gorgippian was buried in the first sarcophagus, and two girls (about their social position gold jewelry and other decorative funerary objects found right there testified).

crash

About who destroyed Gorgippia, Germonass and other cities of the Bosporan kingdom, written evidence has not come down to us. In the second century, after fierce battles, the city fell under the rule of the Roman Empire for some time, then at the beginning of the third century the Goths invaded here, and the city itself was almost completely burned down during a fire after 238.

Although locals, who survived during the disaster, were able to restore the destroyed dwellings, could not build the destroyed defensive walls: after numerous raids they did not have money and strength for construction work. A hundred years later, the Huns came to this territory, and the story of the life and prosperity of the cities of the Bosporus Kingdom was completed.

Ancient city (4th century BC - 3rd century AD) of the Bosporan state on the eastern coast of the Black Sea (modern Anapa). City blocks, ceramics, household items, burials… Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Gorgippia- Anapa place names World: Toponymic Dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001 ... Geographic Encyclopedia

Gorgippia - ancient city(IV century BC, III century AD) of the Bosporan state, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea (modern Anapa). City quarters, ceramics, household items, burials. * * * GORGIPPIA GORGIPPIA, ancient city (4th century BC 3 ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Gorgippia- (Greek Gorgippia) an ancient city on the eastern coast of the Black Sea (modern Anapa). G. arose on the site of the settlement of Sinds that existed here (See Sinds) (Sinds Harbor) with the advent of Greek colonists (6th-5th centuries BC). ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

GORGIPPIA- (Greek Gorgippia) antique. city to the east. coast of the Black Sea (modern city of Anapa in the Krasnodar Territory). On the site of the Sind settlement that existed here (Sind Harbor), with the advent of the Greek. colonists (6-5 centuries BC) arose the city of Sind (Sindika); has entered … Soviet historical encyclopedia

Gorgippia- antique city to the east. coast of the Chernogo m., (modern city of Anapa in the Krasnodar Territory). In place of beings. here the settlements of the Sinds (Sind Harbor) from the appearance. Greek colonists (6-5 centuries BC) arose the city of Sindh (Sindika); entered the Bosporus ... ... Ancient world. encyclopedic Dictionary

Gorgippia- Anapa ... Toponymic Dictionary

Museum name = Archaeological Museum "Gorgippiya" original = file = size = signature = founded = location = Anapa, nobr|ul. Naberezhnaya, 4 visitors = director = travel = link = Commons = "Gorgippia" ... ... Wikipedia

Archaeological Museum "Gorgippia"- Coordinates: 44°53′46″ s. sh. 37°18′39″ in. / 44.896111° N sh. 37.310833° E etc. ... Wikipedia

Archaeological Museum "Gorgippia"- ... Wikipedia

Books

The ancient city of Gorgippia, E. M. Alekseeva, An illustrated edition on the history and art of the ancient city of Gorgippia, one of the most major centers ancient civilization in the south of Russia, which played a significant role in the economic ... Category: History Publisher: Editorial URSS, Manufacturer: Editorial URSS, Buy for 882 UAH (Ukraine only)
The ancient city of Gorgippia, E. M. Alekseeva, The book is devoted to the history of Gorgippia, one of the largest centers of ancient civilization in southern Russia, which played a significant role in the economic and cultural life Northwestern… Category:General works on the history of the ancient world Publisher:

Anapa is a resort town on Black Sea coast Krasnodar Territory. Most tourists come here on their summer holidays, dreaming of swimming in the sea, sunbathing and visiting the water park. But if the described option seems too boring for you, you can always go on excursions. One of the most unusual and interesting places to visit in Anapa - Archaeological Museum"Gorgippia".

Resort town full of history

Unenlightened tourists are dismissive of the Krasnodar Territory when it comes to historical sights. In Greece and Spain, literally at every step you can see ancient ruins, but what can the Russian south boast of? Actually and Krasnodar region has at least interesting story, full version which, perhaps, we have yet to find out.

On the site of modern Anapa, there was once the ancient Greek city of Sindh Harbor. Thanks to archaeological finds, it was possible to establish that it was founded no later than the 6th century BC. e. In the 4th century BC. e. locality passes into the submission of the Bosporus kingdom and receives a new name - Gorgippia in honor of the ancient ruler Gorgipp. The city is rapidly developing and is famous as a handicraft and shopping mall. On the territory of Gorgippia there was a large quarter of master potters. In the second century BC. e. the city received the right to issue its own coins.

In the 2nd century A.D. e. Gorgippia is flourishing - the streets are decorated with skillful statues and obelisks, pompous temples are being built, wealthy citizens do not spare money to create elaborate tombs and necropolises.

What happened to the rich ancient city? Why is only the Gorgippia Archaeological Museum left of it today? In the 3rd century A.D. e. the city began to be constantly subjected to barbarian raids. The once flourishing settlement ends its history in the 4th century AD. After the next invasion of the Huns, Gorgippia disappeared forever from the world maps.

Museum expositions

They were started in the 19th century. In their course, it was possible to establish that the ancient city occupied more than 40 hectares and is located under modern Anapa, at a level of only about 1 meter.

Today, the archaeological museum-reserve "Gorgippia" is located in the center resort town and covers an area of 1.6 hectares. Excavations and research activities are still ongoing here. A 0.7-hectare site is open for tourists, which is fully explored and is an open-air museum.

Archaeological Museum "Gorgippia" invites everyone to a walk through the real ancient city. During the tour you will see with your own eyes: the foundations and basements of residential buildings, streets, defensive buildings, wineries, drains, wells and a necropolis. Today it is the only archaeological museum in Russia that invites everyone to the excavation sites. On the territory of the reserve there is also a pavilion, which exhibits the most valuable and interesting exhibits.

Collection gems

The exposition of the museum presents an interesting collection of ceramics. During the tour, tourists will have to find out how pithoi differed from amphoras, and what other forms of vessels were most often used by our distant ancestors. In addition to household utensils, the Gorgippia Archaeological Museum delights guests with a collection of women's jewelry and bijouterie. The real pearl of the exposition is an ancient loom. No less interesting to see are statues and fragments of marble slabs with inscriptions in ancient Greek. Also in the museum's collection there are samples of weapons, tools and details of complex mechanisms.

Many unique and valuable exhibits are constantly exhibited in major museums Russia - in Moscow and St. Petersburg. But, despite this fact, the permanent exhibition in the Gorgippia itself is very interesting and informative.

Opening hours and prices

Anapa Archaeological Museum-Reserve "Gorgippia" is open from Tuesday to Sunday inclusive. You can visit the exposition from 09:00 to 18:00. The cost of an adult ticket is 120 rubles, for children and beneficiaries the entrance costs 80 rubles. The following categories of citizens have the right to view the museum's collection at a reduced price: students, pensioners, the disabled, participants in wars, military contract servicemen, orphans. To receive a discount when purchasing a ticket, you must present an appropriate document confirming the preferential category.

How to get there? Address and directions

The exact address where the archaeological museum "Gorgippiya" is located is Anapa, Naberezhnaya street, house 4. This is the very center of the resort town. Next stop public transport called "Astrakhan". Bus travel and fixed-route taxis Nos. 1, 2, 6, 16 and 18. The exact coordinates of the museum-reserve for motorists: 44.896262; 37.310507.

Far beyond the Krasnodar Territory, the resort city of Anapa and the village of Taman are known (find them on the map)

Walking along their embankment, our contemporaries, without knowing it, step on the land, the history of which goes back to the distant past.

In the VI century. BC e. on the banks Black(the Greeks called it Pont Euxinus) and of Azov(Metotides) of the seas the Greeks began to appear, creating large settlements (or colonies).
They were skilled seafarers and engaged in trade, so they often made long journeys on their ships. They preferred to settle near the local population so that they could trade with them.

In the IV century. BC e. from these colonies was formed Bosporan kingdom(we look at the time tape in a notebook) with the capital Panticopaeum ( modern city Kerch).

Phanagoria(the village of Sennoy) was founded around 542 BC. e.

In the IV century. BC e. Phanagoria was included in the Bosporus Kingdom and served as the second (after Panticapaeum) capital of the Bosporan Kingdom and a flourishing trading center.
IN antique Phanagoria looked like a typical ancient Greek city.

It was surrounded by powerful fortress walls, on the paved streets and squares there were bronze and marble statues, there were many wells lined with stone. In the central part of the city there were temples, a theater, various public buildings, as well as rich private houses. On the outskirts of Phanagoria there was even a quarter of potters, which was called Keramik.
The economy of Phanagoria was based on agriculture, viticulture and winemaking, as well as trade with the population of the Kuban region, with the cities of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Various goods were transported through the city: clothing, jewelry, wine. Fish, bread, meat, furs and many other goods that were brought to Phanagoria from nearby settlements were in special demand among merchants from Greece.

The second city we'll talk about is Hermonassa.

It was located where the village of Taman is now located on the Taman Peninsula.
The history of Taman began from the time when the ancient Greek colony Hermonassa was founded on this place. It happened in the 6th century BC. e. Hermonassa was the second (after Phanagoria) most important city of the Asian Bosporus, covering Taman Peninsula and Kuban. In general, in the VI century BC. The Taman Peninsula was actively developed and settled by the Greeks.
Judging by the finds of archaeologists, the main activities of the settlers were trade, agriculture, and cattle breeding. The cultural layer of the settlement is saturated with fragments of ancient amphora and dining room ceramics, bones of domestic animals. Often there are copper coins, which from the 4th century BC. minted in panticapaeum and Phanagoria.

Those of you guys who were in the Ataman ethnographic museum could see with your own eyes a tiny part of Hermonassa

This is my photo taken by me in Atamani :)

ancient rich city Gorgippia(Anapa).

At first, representatives of the Sind tribe lived on the territory of modern Anapa, their settlement was called Sindh harbor and had well-established ties with nearby settlements - Panticapaeum, Bata, Hermonass, Phanagoria. Then, in the 4th century BC, the Greek colonies united and became known as the Bosporan Kingdom, and Sind harbor was renamed Gorgippia.
Gorgippia turned out to be not just a trade and craft center, which it has been until now, but also a border fortress, and soon became one of the most important and wealthy cities in the region (the city was so successful that it even had the right to mint its own coins - silver drachmas ).
What did the people of Gorgippia do? Archaeologists have excavated production complexes - fish-salting tanks, wineries with crushing platforms, where juice was poured for fermentation into pithoi, pottery kilns, traces of metallurgical production were found.
The quarters of potters have been most fully explored. Ceramic workshops supplied the townspeople amphorae and tiles, crockery, weights and figurines, and in later times - bricks.

I invite you guys for a virtual tour to the Anapa Archaeological Museum, where you can get acquainted with the household items of ancient Gorgippia-Anapa.

Homework:
1. Carefully read the text, mark unfamiliar words. Try to find their meaning.
2. Write down in your notebook three questions that you had when you read the text.
3. Find on the splash map the cities of Anapa, the village of Sennoy, Taman, the Taman Peninsula, the Black and Azov Seas (their ancient names)