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GENERAL INFORMATION

Square - 17 819 000 square kilometers

The population of South America 331 000 000 Human

The highest mountains:

- Aconcagua ( Argentina ): 6 960 m .

- Ojos del Salado (Argentina- Chile ): 6 908 m .

Largest cities:

- Sao Paulo,

- Rio de Janeiro,

- Buenos Aires.

South America is the fourth largest continent on the planet.

It is washed by the Pacific Ocean from the west, and by the Atlantic from the east. The entire continent is located in the western hemisphere and is crossed by the equator in its northern part. The mainland is separated from Antarctica only by the Drake Passage.

Geography of South America

These are mountains and plains, forests and deserts. But main feature the gigantic, in terms of its scale, the Amazon River basin and the long chain of the Andes mountains stand out.

Climate of South America

The climate of South America varies depending on the distance from the equator. In the north, near the equator, there is a sultry equatorial zone, with some very cold places in the highlands of the Andes. And in the south, the frosty polar zone, due to its proximity to Antarctica.

Due to the heavy rainfall in South America, there are a lot of rivers that carry their waters to the Atlantic Ocean. The main rivers of the mainland: Amazon, Parana, Madeira, San Francisco.

There are almost no large lakes on the continent. Lake Titicaca in the Andes is the largest of the high mountain lakes.

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BRAZIL Statue of the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro Machu Picchu Cartagena Potosi Nazca Cusco Tiahuanaco San Luis Ollamtaytambo Urumamba Colca South America

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STATUE OF THE SAVIOR IN RIO DE JANEIRO This grandiose stone sculpture, erected almost a kilometer high, stands in Rio de Janeiro on the steep hill of Corcovado. It appeared as a result of an all-Brazilian open competition for the best monument that would express the idea of the unity of the nation. It was won by a simple man Hector da Silva-Costa, who proposed to sculpt the figure of Christ the Savior. On October 12, 1931, the grand opening of the monument took place, authored by the French sculptor Paul Landovsky

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CITY OF POTOSI The city flourished in the first half of the 17th century, when more people lived in it than in London itself! During these half a century, the Spaniards took 16 thousand tons of silver to Europe from this settlement! The phrase "Rich as Potosi" has become a proverb. When the reserves of precious metal in the mines dried up, the city fell into decay.

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CITY OF POTOSI Today, it has become a museum under open sky. Tourists are attracted by visiting the Mint, where brilliant doubloons with portraits of Spanish kings were minted and Mount Cerro Rico, from the top of which, according to legend, the great revolutionary of South America, Simon Bolivar, proclaimed the independence of these places from the Spanish crown.

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CITY OF CARTAGENA This locality Columbia is famous for the fact that in 1586 it was plundered by an English flotilla, which was controlled by a pirate who later became an English lord - Sir Francis Drake. The port fortifications were completely destroyed. Later, the inhabitants rebuilt them, mixing bull's blood into the solution for a fortress. Today, the old quarters of Cartagena are a single historical monument from the time of the colonial conquest of the mainland by the Spaniards.

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TIAHUANACO CITY It is located on the territory of Bolivia - on the lands that once belonged to the Incas. But it is believed that this settlement was founded long before them. The city walls are built of huge boulders, as if they were the work of giants. This is also hinted at by the majestic statues of people made of stone, towering next to the fortress.

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CITY OF POTOSI This is the highest city in the world. It is located at an altitude of 4000 meters above sea level. Potosi is also famous for its silver mines, where thousands of Indian slaves once worked.

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NASCA DESERT Modern scientists have several versions of the destination mysterious drawings. Perhaps the ancient people used them as objects of religious worship. There is a possibility that this is a huge calendar or even a spaceport for aliens from outer space. The mystery of Nazca is still waiting for its discoverers

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DESERT OF NASCA This plateau in Peru is located between the valleys of the Nazca and Ingenio rivers, 450 km from the city of Lima. There is a majestic historical monument, the purpose of which has not yet been unraveled. The territory of 500 square kilometers is covered with gigantic, up to 300 meters long, images of people and animals, lines, spirals and geometric shapes. Some of them are several tens of meters in size. And to appreciate the work of an unknown artist is possible only from a bird's eye view.

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The general plan of the city was developed by another brilliant architect - Luisio Costa. From above, Brasilia resembles the figure of an airplane. On its "nose" were built the buildings of the Government, the National Congress and Supreme Court. The most impressive temple in this city is the cathedral Catholic cathedral, to which Niemeyer gave the unusual shape of a crown of thorns. CITY OF BRAZIL

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Another feature of Brazil is the lack of sidewalks and the limited number of pedestrian crossings. Half a century ago, it was believed that this settlement is a prototype of the cities of the 21st century, strictly subordinated to one architectural idea. However, this order now seems modern people somewhat monotonous. CITY OF BRAZIL

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CITY OF LIMA This city of 7 million people is located at the foot of the Andes on the Pacific Ocean. It was founded by the Spaniards in 1535. The main historical sights of Lima are associated with the colonial period. Tourists are invited to visit the main square - Plaza de Armas (Square of Weapons), the monastery of San Francisco and its underground catacombs, the Acho bullring, the Descalzos monastery, the Rimac quarter, Cathedral with the tomb of the conqueror of Peru Francisco Pizarro and the Government Palace.

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THE CITY OF CUSCO Translated from the language of the Quechua Indians, Cusco means "the navel of the earth." Until now, 500 years after the arrival of the Spaniards, the city of Cusco remains the crossroads of two cultures. Cusco has a rich colonial past - there are many churches here, such as the Church of La Company and the monastery of La Merced. The area around San Vlas, which is home to many artists and craftsmen, has not changed for hundreds of years. Masterfully finished by the famous Inca masons, the foundations of the houses have survived to this day. Red tiled roofs and cobbled streets give this ancient city its unique flavor.

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CITY OF LIMA The main historical sights of Lima are connected with the colonial period. Tourists are invited to visit the main square - Plaza de Armas (Square of Weapons), the monastery of San Francisco and its underground catacombs, the Acho bullring, the Descalzos monastery, the Rimac quarter, the Cathedral with the tomb of the conqueror of Peru Francisco Pizarro and the Government Palace.

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THE HISTORICAL CENTER OF THE CITY OF SAN LUIS The city center, which was built by the French in the 17th century, then occupied by the Dutch, and was under the control of the Portuguese, was built according to a right-perpendicular street structure. Thanks to a period of economic stagnation at the beginning of the 20th century, most of the buildings of interest as historical monuments, has survived to this day. It is a prime example of colonial architecture.

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South America Geographical position History of discovery Relief Minerals Climate Inland waters Natural areas Originality of the organic world Change of nature by man Population Economic activity population of the country

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Geographic location Together North America South forms a single part of the world. The two continents are connected by the long and narrow Isthmus of Panama. The outlines of the mainland are simple and graceful. Geographers compare South America to a bunch of grapes hanging on a stalk of the Isthmus of Panama among the waters of the oceans and seas washing it. The area of the mainland is about 18 million km2. South America is washed by the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean s, caribbean sea, Panama Canal, Strait of Magellan, Bahia Grande Bay and Drake Passage. In the northern part of South America, the equator crosses. Almost in the middle it is cut by the southern tropic. South America is divided by the Atlantic Ocean with Eurasia.

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History of the discovery Scientists believe that the inhabitants of Europe, Africa, Oceania could swim to the shores of America. At the end of the XV - beginning of the XVI century. The development of science and navigation led to great geographical discoveries. A huge continent grew on the path of the ships of H. Columbus, when in 1492 the brave sailors rushed west to the shores of India. It became clear that new lands unknown to Europeans were discovered. But the idea of their existence was first expressed by Amerigo Vespucci, who took part in two expeditions to new lands. Following the travelers, the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors rushed to America. Among the first scientists - explorers of South America was the German geographer and traveler Alexander Humboldt. At the beginning of the XIX century. in Brazil, a Russian complex expedition led by G.I. Langsdorf and N.G. Rubtsov. Then the Russian botanist N.I. worked here. Vavilov in 1923-1933

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Relief In the relief of South America, two parts stand out. The east is occupied by plains, and the Andes mountain ranges stretch to the west. Plain-flat-mountain East is located on the platform. West Side the mainland is the result of the interaction of two lithospheric plates. The formation of the Andes continues, there are frequent earthquakes, volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes are associated with the shaking of the seabed and the formation of tsunamis. In the mountains, earthquakes are accompanied by rockfalls, landslides, and snow avalanches. The east of the mainland does not have sharp fluctuations in elevation in the relief. Earthquakes are rare here active volcanoes. The prolonged destruction of the platform and vertical movements led to the formation of the Brazilian and Guiana plateaus. The Andes form the longest mountain ranges on land.

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Minerals South America is rich in mineral deposits. On the plateaus of the East there are deposits of iron, manganese ores, nickel, bauxite deposits containing aluminum. Oil, natural gas, and coal have been found in the depressions and troughs of the platform. The Andes are especially rich in non-ferrous and rare metals. The introduction of magma into sedimentary rocks led to the formation of the world's largest deposits of copper ores, as well as molybdenum, tin, silver, etc.

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Climate South America is the wettest continent on Earth and not as hot as Africa. Part of South America is located in the temperate climate zone. Average monthly temperatures in most of the mainland range from +20 to +28 0C. Precipitation on the mainland is unevenly distributed. In the center of the mainland, droughts are not uncommon, and sometimes unexpected colds come.

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Inland waters Since South America is the wettest continent of the Earth, it is not surprising that nature has created here the largest river basin in the world with the grandiose Amazon. The area of the river basin is almost equal to the whole of Australia. The Amazon is full of water all year round. When the water rises, the river floods vast areas, forming impenetrable swamps. On the rivers flowing from the Andes, the Guiana and Brazilian plateaus, there are many rapids and waterfalls. Big lakes on the mainland a little - Maracaibo and Titicaca. The rivers of South America play an important role in the life of the population. On the low plains they are navigable. Power plants were built on rivers with rapid currents. In dry places, water is used to irrigate fields.

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Natural areas A characteristic feature of the mainland is the presence of impenetrable moist evergreen equatorial forests growing on red-yellow ferralite soils. They are called selva here, which means “forest” in Portuguese. In the savannahs of the Southern Hemisphere, tree vegetation is poorer. To the south of the savannas lie the subtropical steppes, which in South America are called the pampas. In the south of the mainland, in a temperate climate with low rainfall, a semi-desert zone was formed. This harsh region is called Patagonia.

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The originality of the organic world The organic world of South America, like Australia, is very diverse. Along with plants that grow in Africa and Australia, such as palm trees, acacias, bottle trees, South America has its own species - hevea rubber, cocoa tree, cinchona, from whose bark medicines are obtained. Almost destroyed the most valuable forests of araucaria - coniferous trees growing in the east of the Brazilian plateau. Selva is wetter than African forests, richer in plant and animal species. Here grow trees such as ceiba, reaching a height of 80 m, a melon tree. There are many beautifully blooming orchids in the forest. Many selva plants give not only valuable wood, but also fruits, juice, bark for use in technology and medicine. In the savannas grow quebracho, the bark of which contains the tannins necessary for leather dressing. The vegetation of the steppes is grasses, among which feather grass, wild millet, etc. predominate. animal world. Some animals (anteaters, armadillos, cougars) are found in almost all natural areas of the mainland. Many animals are adapted to life in trees: chain-tailed monkeys, sloths. Even frogs and lizards live in trees, there are many snakes, including the largest snake on Earth - the anaconda. Ungulates live near the water - tapirs are the largest rodent on Earth - capybara capybara weighing up to 50 kg. There are few predators, among them the jaguar is the most famous. The world of birds is also rich: tiny hummingbirds that feed on the nectar of flowers, parrots, toucans, etc. There are many different butterflies, beetles and other insects. In the lower tier of the forest and in the soil, a lot of ants live, many of which lead a predatory lifestyle. In comparison with the African savannas, the fauna of the South American savannas is poorer. Small deer, wild pigs-bakers, armadillos with a shell of horn shields, anteaters, and ostrich rhea live here. The open spaces of the pampas were once characterized by fast-running animals: pampas deer, pampas cat, llamas. There are rodents in the deserts. Among them, viscacha is a rodent with a body length of 60-70 cm. Coypu (marsh beaver) lives along the banks of reservoirs. Among the fish, the most famous are predatory piranhas, electric eels, sharks, a 4-meter-long pyraruk commercial fish. Caimans (a species of crocodiles) live in the river, as well as mammals - freshwater dolphins. Among the animals living in the Andes, there are very ancient species, such as the spectacled bear. Of the rodents, the chinchilla is remarkable for its valuable fur. On the ledges of the mountains, the largest birds of prey on our planet nest - condors with a wingspan of up to 3 m.

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Human modification of nature Human impact on nature in South America began when indigenous people, engaged in agriculture, burned out areas of forests for this, drained swamps. From the 16th century predatory use began natural resources. A significant part of the pampas is plowed up or used for grazing. The pastures are overgrown with weeds. Pampa has lost its original appearance. It has been turned into endless fields of corn and wheat, cattle grazing. The Amazon forests are being destroyed very quickly. Construction of the Transamazonian highway(5000 km) opened the way to the selva. The problems of environmental protection in South America arose at the beginning of the 20th century. But it has only recently begun to be implemented. About a hundred species of mammals and birds are now included in the Red Book. The area of protected areas on the entire continent is only about 10/0. Many countries in South America create nature reserves and National parks which also serve as centers of tourism.

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Population The composition of the population is very complex. The first people appeared here almost 15 - 17 thousand years ago. These were the ancient Indians. From the 16th century The colonization of South America by Europeans began. The conquest of the mainland by Spain and Portugal brought incalculable misfortune to its native population. Indians were herded into reservations, others were turned into slaves. They began to import blacks to work on plantations from Africa. Representatives of all three races of mankind now live in South America. Descendants from marriages of Europeans with Indians are called mestizos. Descendants from marriages of Europeans and blacks are called mulattoes, and Indians and blacks are called sambo. The majority of the population of South America speaks Spanish, in Brazil - Portuguese. Indians speak hundreds of different languages. The languages of the Quechua, Aymara, and other peoples are the most common. The mainland is sparsely populated. Approximately 280 million people live here. The population is unevenly distributed

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Economic activity of the population A part of the population works in mines, mines and quarries, in the oil fields. In factories located near the coast, metal is smelted, cars, tractors, airplanes, river and sea vessels. A significant part of the population of the mainland is employed agriculture. On plantations they grow coffee, cocoa crops, cotton, sugarcane, rice, soybeans. Cattle and sheep are bred in dry savannas and steppe regions in the south of the country. In the forests of the Amazon, the juice of wild rubber plants, wax, and nuts are collected. The city of Manaus became the center of the electronics industry.

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Countries There are not as many countries in South America as there are in Africa. The borders of modern states were formed at the beginning of the 19th century. As a result of the struggle of peoples for independence against the Spanish and Portuguese colonizers. Almost all countries in South America, except for two, have access to the oceans. The largest countries in terms of area lie within the flat East of the mainland - Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela. Groups of Andean countries are Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile. The smallest country on the continent is Suriname.

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South America Compiled by: Starkova Natalia Vadimovna MDOU No. 18 "Teremok" NMR

South America is a continent located in the Southern and Western Hemispheres. It is surrounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. This land is rich in amazing natural beauties, it keeps the secrets of ancient civilizations, colorful peoples and tribes lost in the jungle live here.

Everyone knows that America was discovered by Columbus in 1492. But it got its name in honor of the navigator from Florence Amerigo Vespucci. It was he who first suggested that the lands found were not India, but the New World.

From the height of the foot of the Statue of Christ offers a breathtaking view of Rio de Janeiro and its surroundings Statue of Christ on Mount Corcovado in Rio de Janeiro- This business card Brazil. Its height is 38m, and its arm span is 28m.

The most big country South America - Brazil. It is famous for its magnificent carnivals.

In 1541, the Spaniard Francisco Orellana discovered the longest and deepest river in the world - the Amazon. The length of the river is almost 7000 km.

The Colombian river Caño Cristales is considered one of the most beautiful and unusual in the whole world. Its uniqueness is given by a large number of multi-colored algae. Like red, yellow and green threads, they fill the pond with amazing shades.

Catatumbo lightning is a natural phenomenon that occurs over the confluence of the Catatumbo River into Lake Maracaibo The phenomenon is expressed in the occurrence of many lightnings continuously for a long time, mainly at night and with strong variation depending on the season

South America is rich in waterfalls. The most powerful and full-flowing waterfalls are located on the border of Brazil and Argentina. This fantastic complex of Iguazu Falls is considered one of the seven natural wonders of the world.

Angel is the name of the most high waterfall in the world. It is located in the South American country of Venezuela. The height of the waterfall is over 1000 meters. This miracle of nature is located in hard-to-reach places, so not everyone can be lucky enough to see it.

Hand of Atacama The sculpture is located in the Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth. The hand is set at an altitude of 1100 meters above sea level, and its real height is eleven meters. The sculpture is designed to show the vulnerability and helplessness of a person.

Off the coast of this continent is the natural lighthouse of Itzalko (or Izalco), known to sailors all over the world. In fact, it is a volcano, about 2 kilometers high. Every 8 minutes, magma pours out here and a 300-meter column of smoke rises. The reliability of such a lighthouse has been tested by the continuous 200-year activity of the volcano.

The amaranth tree has massive roots that provide support, especially during extreme storms and floods.

Puya plant. It grows at altitudes of about 4000 meters. This giant grass grows to a height of 10 meters and has thousands of flowers and millions of seeds. True, it takes 150 years to bloom, which makes it the slowest blooming flowers. Moreover, after flowering, the plant dies.

South America is home to the world's largest beetles (lumberjack beetles)

The most poisonous frogs live here. Red-backed poison frog Spotted dart frog Bicolor Phyllomedusa

Habitat of the smallest monkeys (marmosets)

the largest butterflies (agrippina butterfly) the most dangerous fish (piranhas)

Anaconda - the name of this creature terrifies many people, both in South America and around the world. If she were just the largest snake on the planet, but the anaconda is also the most voracious snake that can even swallow a caiman crocodile, what can we say about a person? Although ... Anaconda is not poisonous at all.

The capybara is a mysterious animal. The trick of the capybara is that this animal periodically lives either in water or on land.

Native Indian tribes still live in the highlands of Peru and Bolivia.

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South America

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The mainland is almost completely isolated from other continents. Communication with North America through the Isthmus of Panama was formed only in the middle of the Cenozoic era. The main part of South America is located between the equator and the southern tropic.

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Extreme points: northern - Cape Galinas, southern - m. Frouerd, eastern - cape Cabu Branco (translated from Portuguese - "white cape"), western - cape Parinhas. Coastline the mainland is slightly indented. The banks are mostly flat and straight. Only the southwestern coast of the mainland is indented by fjords (narrow, long bays), there are many small bays, islands, and straits.

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Settlement by Indians

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The discovery of America by H. Columbus is one of the greatest events of the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries. However, there are a number of hypotheses, legends and documents about the voyages to the shores of America by the inhabitants of Africa and Europe long before Columbus. The great event of 1492, when the Spanish ships under the command of H. Columbus reached the shores of the New World, was prepared by the whole course of history - the development of science (Columbus believed that the Earth has the shape of a ball), navigation, the interests of trade, the search for new ways from Europe to Asian countries. H. Columbus made four trips to the shores of America (1492-1504), but did not understand what he discovered New World. He was not interested in the scientific side of his discoveries, but pursued the selfish goals of discovering and capturing new territories, sought military force turn open lands in the colony of Spain. The idea that the open lands are not the western shores of India, as Columbus believed until the end of his life, but a new part of the world, was first expressed by the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci, after whom the mainland was named (1507).

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In 1519, ships of the Portuguese round-the-world expedition of F. Magellan sailed off the coast of South America, who rightly assumed that by circling South America, one could enter the Pacific Ocean. F. Magellan opened atlantic coast South America and the strait between the two oceans, later named after him. Following the navigators, the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors rushed to America, turning the mainland into their colonial possessions. Many discoveries and studies of the continent are associated with the period of colonial conquests. They were attracted by legends about the fabulous riches of new lands. So the Italian navigator, who was in the Spanish service, S. Cabot, in search of the "silver kingdom" in 1527, opened the mouth of the Parana River, sailed far up the river. The Spanish conquistador F. Orellana with his detachment in 1542 was the first European to cross the continent, sailed along the Amazon from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean.

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During the period of colonization, the nature and population of the continent were studied non-systemically. The Spanish and Portuguese authorities tried not to allow expeditions of scientists into their possessions. Only at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. the nature of the mainland was studied by the remarkable German scientist A. Humboldt. The journey of A. Humboldt together with the French botanist E. Bonpland was the greatest in terms of scientific results. During his travels, A. Humboldt visited the Orinoco River, climbed some peaks of the Andes. He described the nature and population of the countries through which his path passed, established many connections between geographical phenomena, substantiated the idea of altitudinal zonality on the example of the Andes, and also explained the role of the cold Peruvian current for the climate of coastal regions.

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The famous naturalist Ch.Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands in the 30s of the 19th century during a round-the-world voyage on the Beagle ship. Observations of the unusual nature of the archipelago, where representatives of the organic world of the south and north meet (lianas and mosses, penguins and parrots, sea lizards, iguanas and seals), and each island forms its own subspecies and species of the same birds, helped the scientist substantiate the theory of the origin of species.

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The nature and peoples of South America were also studied by Russian researchers. In the first half of the XIX century. The Russian expedition of G.I. Langsdorf and N.G. Rubtsov worked in the interior regions of Brazil. The materials collected by the expedition, stored in the museums of Brazil, are still being studied by scientists. The climate of South America was studied by the Russian climatologist A.I. Voeikov. Biologist N.I. Vavilov in the 30s of the XX century. During expeditions to the mainland, he established the geographical centers of the ancient centers of agriculture and the origin of a number of cultivated plants, including potatoes.

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Here is the largest low-lying plain in the world - the Amazonian lowland and the longest mountain range of the Earth - the Andes. The Andes contains the highest large lakes the world - Titicaca. The highest waterfall in the world is Angel. The Amazon has the largest river system.

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The relief of South America is characterized by a clear division into two parts: flat in the east and in the center and mountainous in the west.

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Guiana Plateau. Waterfall.
The relief of the eastern part was formed on an ancient platform. The vast Brazilian and Guiana Plateaus formed in the area of the shields (the outcrop of the platform foundation to the surface). The flat Amazonian and La Plata lowlands are in the platform troughs, where the crystalline foundation of the platform is covered by a layer of sedimentary rocks.

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The Andes is one of the most majestic mountainous countries on Earth. They stretch in two, and sometimes three parallel ridges along the entire western edge of the mainland. The mountain ranges are separated by intermountain depressions, troughs, dissected by deep gorges. The peaks of the Andes rise above 6000 m, many of them are volcanic cones.

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The highest point - Mount Aconcagua reaches 6960 m. The tops of the mountains are covered with snow and glaciers. Seven glaciers descend from Aconcagua. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often occur in the Andes. The most catastrophic events occurred in the Andes in 1960, 1970 and 1985. They claimed the lives of several tens of thousands of people.