Among the many seas of the world (there are more than 50 of them), a special group is made up of the so-called inland seas, to some extent surrounded by land. In this group, which in Europe alone includes the White, Baltic, Mediterranean and Marmara Seas, the Black Sea, in terms of isolation from the Ocean, is second only to the Sea of ​​Azov. Indeed, from Atlantic Ocean it is separated by the Bosporus, the Sea of ​​Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar. An equally difficult waterway leads from the Black Sea to the Indian Ocean.

Dimensions: The surface area of ​​the Black Sea is 423,000 km, and its water volume is 547,000 km. The greatest depth is 2212 m. The length of the Black Sea coastline, according to the latest estimates, reaches 4340 km.

The Bosphorus Strait, or Bosphorus, is, in fact, a narrow channel 31 km long, 35 to 0.7 km wide and with a minimum depth of 50 m. opposite side The Kerch Strait is located on the Black Sea, connecting it with the Sea of ​​Azov. The length of this strait is about 45 km, the width is from 3.5 to 42 km, and the minimum depth is only 10 m. However, the small Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov (surface about 39,000 km) is very shallow and a maximum depth of 13 m can be found in a very limited area in the very center of the reservoir.

Coastline The sea forms several bays, peninsulas and capes deeply protruding into the sea. The largest peninsula is the Crimean peninsula, ending in the west with the Tarkhankut peninsula, and in the east with the Kerch peninsula. On the eastern side of the Kerch Strait is the Taman Peninsula. The most protruding capes: Kaliakra in Bulgaria, Midia in Romania, Big Fountain, Tarkhankut, Khersones, Methan and Chauda in Ukraine, Utrish and Myskhako in Russia, Pitsunda in Georgia, Cham, Bafra, Boztepe, Iidzheburun and Oludzhs in Turkey. Most large bays and bays: Burgas and Varna bays in Bulgaria, Mamaia bay in Romania, Odessa, Teidrovsky, Egorlytsky, Dzharylgachsky, Karkipitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia bays in Ukraine, Novorossiysk and Gelendzhik bays in Russia, Samsun and Sinopsky bays in Turkey.

The landscape diversity of the Black Sea coast is very great. There are high mountains and vast valleys, humid areas with subtropical vegetation and arid regions, numerous estuaries, lagoons and river deltas.

The Black Sea is not rich in islands of continental origin. The largest of them, Serpent's Island (in ancient times - Levka, Fidonisi), with an area of ​​1.5 km and a height of up to 40 m above sea level, is located 37 km east of the Chilia branch of the Danube Delta. Another island, Berezan,
with an area of ​​\u200b\u200babout 0.5 km "and a height of up to 20 m, is located 1 km from the mouth of the Berezan Estuary. Another island, Kefksn, is located near the coast, 90 km east of the entrance to the Bosphorus. Several very small islands, in fact, rocks, are in the Burgas Bay.

Sandy islands washed up by currents can reach considerable sizes. These are: Tepdrovsky Island, or Tendrovskaya Spit, about 65 km long and about 30 km in area;

In any sea there are shelves - continuations of the continents under water. These are zones with depths of less than 200-150 m. In the Black Sea, due to the characteristics of its waters, the shelves are the only areas of the bottom inhabited by rich life. The total area of ​​the Black Sea shelf is about 100,000 km, "of which 64,000 km" are located in the northwestern part of the sea, opposite the coasts of Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria. The width of the shelf reaches here in some places 150-180 km. In other areas adjacent to mountainous terrain, the shelf narrows to 10, and in some places - to 2 km.

The central part of the sea - an area with depths of 2000-2212 m - is basically a flat bottom with slight depressions and elevations, covered with a layer of sediments with a thickness of 2 to 15 (!) kilometers. Some researchers consider the Black Sea deep-water basin to be the remnant of the Tethys Sea.

Echinoderms of the Black Sea

The mirror of the Black Sea has an area 422 thousand square kilometers.

Max Depth - 2210 m.

bowl of the sea holds 527 cubic kilometers of water.

The shape of the Black Sea resembles an oval with the largest axis of 1150 kilometers. The largest length from north to south is 580 kilometers, and the smallest is 265 kilometers.

Average depth of the Black Sea - 1240 m.

The Black Sea is located o in middle latitudes: 41 - 46 degrees north latitude.

In the Black Sea water salinity on average - 18, in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov - 4, in the Mediterranean Sea - oceanic salinity of water - 37 grams per 1 liter of water.

It is connected by the Bosporus and Dardanelles with the Marmara and mediterranean sea, the Kerch Strait with the Sea of ​​Azov.

The only one large peninsula in the Black Sea - Crimean.

Major bays: Yagorlytsky, Tendrovsky, Dzharylgachsky, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Varna, Burgassky, Sinopsky, Samsunsky.

Total length of coastline - 3400 kilometers.

Islands in the Black Sea: most large island- Dzharylgach - an area of ​​62 square kilometers. Other islands are smaller, the most significant: Berezan and Serpentine - both less than 1 square kilometer in area.

Feature of the Black Sea consists in the fact that at a depth of more than 150-200 meters, the habitat of anaerobic bacteria begins, the result of which is the release of hydrogen sulfide. Organisms that need oxygen cannot live there. Life develops only in the upper layer of the sea. This layer makes up 12 - 13 percent of the total volume of the sea, while containing 80 percent of the entire fauna of the Black Sea. This sea ​​views, which penetrated here through the Bosphorus and brackish-water organisms, common in similar reservoirs throughout the planet. And fresh species appear from the rivers flowing into the Black Sea.

The Black Sea is poorer in species than the Mediterranean. But it's related to special conditions this reservoir.
Inhabit:
1. species that tolerate a wide range of water salinity.
2. types of this temperature regime - the water is moderately cold.
3. species that do not need great depths at any period of development.

All types of living beings can be divided into two large groups:
permanent and temporary.

2.5 thousand species of animals live in the Black Sea:
- 500 species - unicellular.
- 160 species - vertebrates (fish and mammals).
- 500 species - crustaceans.
- 200 species - molluscs.
- other invertebrates of different groups.

In the Mediterranean Sea, for comparison, there are about 9 thousand species of animals, and in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov - about 600 species.
Large mobile animals enter the Black Sea from the Mediterranean of their own accord. But big number species are constantly brought here, regardless of their desire, through the straits.

There are always two currents in the Bosphorus Strait:
1. Upper- carries desalinated water from the Black Sea to the Sea of ​​Marmara and further to the Mediterranean Sea.
2. lower- delivers more salty and warmer water to the Black Sea. With it (stream thickness 2-8 meters) planktonic organisms are brought into the sea. Lives found here sea ​​stars, brittle stars, sea urchins.

The flora of the Black Sea includes:
- 270 species of green, brown, red bottom algae.
- 350 species of microscopic plankton.
- a variety of bacteria.

Most planktonic algae use solar energy to build themselves from simple compounds. Some algae, like animals, can only eat cooked organic matter. Algae noctiluca (night light) is a predator.

Material used for the article:
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Agbunov M. V. Antique pilot of the Black Sea. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Nauka, Moscow, 1987.
Kuzminskaya G. Black Sea. Krasnodar 1977.
Animals of the Black Sea. Simferopol: Tavria, 1996.
Wikipedia

Kalamitsky Bay - part of the Black Sea, jutting out into west coast Crimean peninsula between capes Lucullus and Evpatoria. This bay is partially washed by the coast of Sevastopol in a small area from Cape Lukull to the administrative border with Bakhchisarai region(only 1.5 km approximately). The entire area around Cape Lucullus is protected by the state as a reserve and is an object of a unique natural fund. More than 125 hectares are occupied by the coastal aquatic complex, which is a hydrological monument of nature.

Kalamitsky bay. Geography

Kalamitsky Bay is a picturesque place. The width of the bay at the entrance is 41 km, 13 km from the entrance to the coast. The depth reaches 30 meters. The bay in the north rests on the city of Evpatoria. The shores in the south of the bay are clayey and high shores, in the north they are low sandy, where beaches are equipped in many places. Salt lakes are found not far from the coast, behind sandy embankments. The largest of them:

• Saki,
• Sasyk,
• Gull,
• as well as the medical lake Kyzyl-Yar.

Several rivers flow into Kalamitsky Bay (Belbek, Alma, Bulganak and Kacha). Directly on the shore of the bay there are several tourist attractions. settlements, including Coastal, Corner, Novofedorovka, Andreevka, Nikolaevka, and.

There are different versions regarding the name of the bay. The most common one associates the name with the city of Kalamita, which was built by the Genoese. The city has not survived to this day. Translated from Greek, Kalamita translates as "good cape."

Attractions and places of rest

Not far from Cape Lukull is the settlement of Ust-Alminskoe. This is a Scythian settlement that arose at the turn of the 2nd century BC. Its true name is not known. In fact, there were many ancient settlements in this part of the Crimea, but not all of them have survived. For example, due to soil collapses in the sea, more than half of the settlement of Ust-Alma was irretrievably lost.

There are many private hotels and boarding houses along the coast of the bay. Tourists who wish to come here will find a place to stop.

Some of them, for example, the Volna recreation center (information on) are located near the sea, but also not far from lakes or estuaries.

The city of Evpatoria is considered a children's health resort precisely because of the favorable climate and shallow water of the Kalamitsky Bay. The beaches are mostly sandy. Kalamitsky Bay warms up very quickly and often the swimming season begins in May and ends in September.

Sometimes you just wonder how nature could create on its own, without the help of man and modern machines, unique natural objects. Some will think that there is nothing supernatural in natural monuments, zones and attractions are not present, they should be treated as a given. Oceans, seas, bays, mountains, waterfalls, deserts - all this, in their subjective opinion, is ordinary.

However, it is worth noting that for most people on the planet, everything that surrounds us and created by nature is seen as unique, divine, beautiful and delightful. Today we will talk about the Taman Bay - a place where two seas miraculously joined together. We will reveal the secret regarding the water in this unique place, let's talk about the day, which is completely covered with grass, and talk about how tourists and residents of the Taman Peninsula speak about the bay.

A small geographic reference

Taman Bay is located very close to Krasnodar Territory on the peninsula of the same name. The Taman Peninsula lies between two seas loved by many Russian tourists and not only, Azov and Black, in the water area. By the way, the Sea of ​​​​Azov has recently turned into resort area, because many tourists were able to see in the salty oasis beautiful place for summer holidays. The center of the peninsula is the city of Temryuk, an administrative unit of the Krasnodar Territory. talking about main city Taman Peninsula, I would like to note that it is quite ancient. The date of its foundation is 1556, and in fact many cities of Russia start counting their formation from the 17th or even the 18th centuries.

Dimensions

Taman Bay itself is small: its length is about 16 km, and the entrance point stretches for 8 km. It is worth saying that the depth here reaches 5 meters. On Taman Peninsula lowlands prevail. In some places, huge estuaries (natural oases where the soil sinks below sea level) have formed. However, these reservoirs, despite their size (length of 7 km or more), are very shallow.

Settlements scattered along the perimeter of the bay

Taman Bay accommodates several significant settlements on its shores: Taman itself, the village of Volna Revolyutsii, Sennoy, Yubileiny, Primorsky and Garkusha. This place has never been and is not now a favorite area for tourists. According to some unofficial data, in each village of the peninsula for the entire summer period about 50-100 thousand people come. This figure seems ridiculous along with the number of visits Black Sea resorts our country.

In Soviet times, such an influx of tourists to the Taman Bay deprived many local residents of food, because food was brought to the settlements based on the number of local residents. However, no one suffered from hunger, because each house had subsidiary farms. Now many locals with great pleasure will provide visitors with housing for a minimal fee.

Salt or fresh water?

Many people are interested in the question of what kind of water is in the Taman Bay. The unequivocal answer is salty, although quite recently this could be argued, and for this reason. Since two seas meet in the bay: the Sea of ​​Azov and the Black Sea, and the water area of ​​the bay is mainly located in the Azov half, the conclusion suggests itself. The Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov is considered fresher, although it cannot be called completely devoid of salt, and the Black Sea, as you know, is salty.

Freshwater fish live in the Sea of ​​​​Azov, and it is rightfully considered one of the richest places in the country in terms of catch. This is due to the fact that the sea has a huge number of river tributaries. Once upon a time, Taman Bay, the photo of which can be seen in the article, had fresher water and was famous among fishermen. Over time, more and more water from the Black Sea entered the bay, mixing there and displacing freshwater fish. Now it is almost gone there, but tourists have increased. Perhaps they now consider the bay to be completely Black Sea because of its salinity.

Unique bottom

The bottom of the Taman Bay is completely covered with grass. It may seem surprising, but she somehow miraculously adapted to the water and feels great there. Many tourists are initially frightened by this tickling feeling that accompanies them during entry into the water. A place where there is no grass growing at the bottom is a trampled wide spit. Such smooth bottom surfaces are formed in places of mass congestion of swimmers.

Another unique feature of the bottom of the Taman Bay is the presence of fragments of ancient clay jugs and amphoras among the grass, coarse sand and pebbles. For archaeologists, such small pieces of lost relics are of no value. However, the fact that the brown remains of antiquity lie under your feet makes the place truly unique. By the way, many people want to know which sea is Taman Bay. More precisely, can it be considered part of some kind of sea? So, despite the fact that the bay mostly lies in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, many consider it to be the confluence of two seas: the aforementioned and the Black.

Why do many now rest in the waters of the Kerch Strait?

Due to the fact that at present many people prefer to relax from the hustle and bustle of cities and major metropolitan areas it was by the sea, but at the same time spending every vacation in a new place, enjoying unexplored impressions, a huge number of tourists discovered Taman Bay. The reviews that are found on the Internet are full of positive statements and assurances to go there next year. Tourists are attracted by the sparseness of the bay and the amazing beauty of the steep coast.

(Characteristics of the Black Sea, the composition of the water in the Black Sea, the Black Sea and Ancient Greece, rivers flowing into the Black Sea, bays of the Black Sea, recreation on the Black Sea, plant and animal world Black Sea)
Black Sea located in the middle latitudes, approximately between 41 and 47 degrees north latitude and 28 and 42 degrees east longitude. The northern shores belong to Ukraine, the eastern - to Russia, Georgia and Abkhazia, the southern - to Turkey, the western - to Romania and Bulgaria. For almost 400 km, the Black Sea washes Krasnodar region, beneficially influencing its climate. Through the straits Bosphorus, Dardanelles and through Sea of ​​Marmara Black Sea waters merge with the Mediterranean, and through Kerch Strait With Sea of ​​Azov.

Black Sea known to mankind since ancient times! Over the course of millennia and centuries, it has changed several names. The first Greek navigators called it Pont Aksinsky i.e. inhospitable. However, later the ancient Greeks changed their mind and began to call it Pont Aksinsky, that is, a hospitable sea. In Rus' in the old days Black Sea called Pontic, and Russian by sea.

Scientists explain the modern name in different ways. Some - the Turks called Karadeniz(as a football player of FC Rubin), that is, the inhospitable "Black" Sea, because all the conquerors who came to its shores received a decisive rebuff from the tribes inhabiting it. According to another hypothesis, the name is associated with storms and the fact that the water during a storm darkens in it. And there is a third version, which is connected with the fact that metal objects lowered to the great depths of the Black Sea turn black under the influence of hydrogen sulfide.

The ancient Greeks, sailing along the Black Sea coast, saw here the settlements of the Scythians, Taurians, and in the east - the Colchians. By the names of these tribes, the Greeks called the Black Sea coast Kavakaz Colchis, Crimea - Tauris, and the Northern Sea - Scythia.

Bays of the Black Sea

There are few bays in the Black Sea, the largest of them Odessa, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Tamansky and Sinopsky. The coast of the Krasnodar Territory is extremely poor in terms of bays, with the exception of Gelendzhik and Novorossiysk (bays). Of the bays for receiving ships, the most convenient Tsemesskaya and Gelendzhikskaya.

The Black Sea is poor in islands, the largest - Serpentine(0.17 sq. km). Of the peninsulas, the most significant - Crimean, Kerch and Taman.

Characteristics of the Black Sea

The total area of ​​the Black Sea is 413,488 sq km. The volume of water is 537,000 cubic meters. km. The sea represents deep depression oblong shape with a fairly flat bottom and steep slopes (from 6 to 20 degrees). The greatest depth is 2245 m, the average is 1271 m.

They flow into the Black Sea Danube, Dniester, Southern Bug, Dnieper, Rioni, Chorokh, and within the Krasnodar Territory - over 80 small rivers. Half of the river flow falls on the Danube. The annual flow from land to the Black Sea is 400 cubic meters. km, the same amount evaporates from the surface of the sea. The Black Sea receives 175 cubic meters per year. km of salty Mediterranean water and 66 cu. km of Azov water of low salinity.

Most of all, the Black Sea water contains sodium chloride (77.8% of the total salt content), magnesium chloride (10.9%), calcium sulfate (3.6%). In addition, the Black Sea water contains about 60 more chemical elements: iodine, bromine, silver, radium, etc.

The Black Sea is the warmest in our country. Temperature in the Black Sea in winter in the open part + 6..7 degrees of heat, in the south + 8..10, in the northwestern part it often drops to -1 and ice fast ice forms there. In summer, the water temperature averages +24 degrees, near Sochi it can warm up to +28 degrees. At a depth of 50-70 meters the temperature is stable +6-7 degrees.

Surface currents in the Black Sea are weak, their speed usually does not exceed 0.5 m/s. The main causes of surface currents are river runoff and wind.

Ebb and flow in Black and Seas of Azov very weakly expressed. Their amplitude is 3-10 cm. Secular changes in sea level - an increase of 20-50 cm in a hundred years.

During storms in the Black Sea, waves up to 10 m high and 150 m long develop. Waves are usually much smaller.

The force of the waves hitting the shore is enormous. In the Sochi region, it reaches 20 tons per 1 sq. km. m.

Flora of the Black Sea quite rich and varied. In coastal waters there are thickets of brown algae - cystoriasis. On sandy and mudflats there are whole underwater fields of sea grass - zosters. Deeper there are extensive thickets of red algae - phyllophora.

Fauna of the Black Sea very diverse, but due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, it is concentrated mainly in the upper 200-meter layer of water. There are sharks in the Black Sea - katrans but they are harmless. Of the large mammals in the Black Sea, there are many dolphins - bottlenose dolphins and gray dolphins, they often swim up to the very shore and swim among vacationers.

Rest on the Black Sea you can choose according to your taste - you can, like 30 years ago with grandmothers on folding beds, or you can in expensive hotels. Almost all cities and towns Black Sea coast Krasnodar Territory are built up with private hotels. The prices in them are cheaper to fly to Turkey. The summer season on the Black Sea begins in mid-May and ends at the end of October. In Sochi, in some years you can swim until mid-November.

Ancient Greece and the Black Sea

Black Sea in ancient times

During the era of the Great Greek colonization on the coast Black Sea many cities were erected, which by the beginning of the 5th century BC. turned into economically stable policies, closely associated with city-states Aegean Greece. The largest of these were Heraclea Pontica and Sinope on south coast(modern Türkiye), Apollonia and Istria- in the western (respectively, modern Bulgaria and Romania), Olbia, Theodosius, Panticapaeum and Phanagoria- in the north (modern - the first two Ukraine, Phanagoria - Russia, Krasnodar Territory), Dioscurias and Phasis on the eastern coast of the Black Sea (modern Russia and Georgia (or Abkhazia)).

Materials for abstracts on the Black Sea.