Geographic coordinates of the settlement Crimea. Geography of Crimea

The Republic of Crimea occupies the territory of the Crimean peninsula.

The territory of the Republic of Crimea is 26.1 thousand square meters. km.

Length: from west to east - 360 km, from north to south - 180 km.

extreme points: in the south - Cape Sarych; in the west - Cape Priboyny; in the east - Cape Lantern.

The most important seaports- Evpatoria, Yalta, Feodosia, Kerch.

Adjacent regions: Krasnodar region Russian Federation, Kherson region of Ukraine.

The climate of the peninsula differs in its various parts: in the northern part it is temperate continental, on the southern coast with features of the subtropical. Crimea is characterized by a small amount of precipitation throughout the year, a large number of sunny days, and the presence of breezes on the coast.

The relief of the Crimean peninsula consists of three unequal parts: the North Crimean Plain with the Tarkhankut Upland (about 70% of the territory), the Kerch Peninsula and in the south - the mountainous Crimea extends in three ridges. The highest is the Main Ridge Crimean mountains(1545 m, Mount Roman-Kosh), consisting of separate limestone massifs (yayl) with plateau-like peaks, deep canyons. The southern slope of the Main Ridge stands out as the Crimean sub-Mediterranean. The Inner and Outer ridges form the Crimean foothills.

Crimean peninsula bathed in black and Seas of Azov.

The natural reserve fund includes 158 objects and territories (including 46 of national importance, the area of which is 5.8% of the area of the Crimean peninsula). The reserve fund is based on 6 nature reserves with a total area of 63.9 thousand hectares: Krymsky with a branch "Lebyazhy Islands", Yalta mountain forest, Cape Martyan, Karadagsky, Kazantipsky, Opuksky.

Crimea is a peninsula richly endowed natural resources. In its depths and on the adjacent shelf there are industrial deposits of iron ore, combustible gas, mineral salts, building materials, oil and gas condensate.

Of greater importance are natural recreational resources peninsulas: mild climate, warm sea, therapeutic mud, mineral waters, picturesque landscapes.

The largest rivers are Salgir, Indol, Biyuk-Karasu, Chornaya, Belbek, Kacha, Alma, Bulganakh. The most long river Crimea - Salgir (220 km), the most full-flowing - Belbek (water flow - 1500 liters per second).

There are more than 50 salt lakes in Crimea, the largest of them is Lake Sasyk (Kunduk) - 205 sq. km.

The population of Crimea as of January 1, 2013 is 1 million 965.2 thousand people. Including the economically active population is 970.3 thousand people, or less than 50% of the total population.

About 130 ethnic groups live in the Republic of Crimea. The largest ethnic groups are Russians (58.3%), Ukrainians (24.3%) and Crimean Tatars (12.1%).

Official languages: Russian, Ukrainian, Crimean Tatar.

Time zone: MSK (UTC+4).

Administrative-territorial structure: cities of republican significance - 11, districts - 14.

The capital of the Republic of Crimea is the city of Simferopol.

The representative body of the Republic of Crimea is the State Council of the Republic of Crimea.

The executive body of the Republic of Crimea is the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea.

The Republic of Crimea has symbols: coat of arms, flag and anthem.

borders and geographical position. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea (from 1954 to 1991 Crimean Oblast) is part of Russia.

The administrative borders in the north run along the Perekop shaft and the Sivash. In the north-east of the peninsula there is a long sandy spit - the Arabat Spit, and its northern, wider half belongs to the Kherson region of Ukraine. And the opposite "corner" of Crimea is occupied by the hero city of Sevastopol, which has special status and for the most part questions of economic life isolated from the Crimean Republic.

The capital of Crimea is the city of Simferopol (about 400 thousand inhabitants), the center of business and cultural life, links together all the roads of the peninsula.

The equidistance of Crimea from the Equator and the North Pole, the border position at the junction of Europe and Asia, forever determined its role as a crossroads of peoples and civilizations with an extraordinary variety of natural and historical monuments, as well as modern economy and culture.

Square. 25 thousand square kilometers for an island or peninsula is a lot. This is usually enough for the whole state. Crimea is slightly smaller than Belgium, Albania or Haiti, but larger than Israel, Cyprus, Lebanon, Jamaica. You can see that Crimea, like all these small countries, is diverse natural conditions, a combination of mountains and plains, is favorable for agriculture and has a convenient sea coast.

Relief. The flat Crimea differs little from the steppes of the neighboring regions of Russia and Ukraine, but in the west they pass into the limestone ledges of Tarkhankut, and in the east - into the hilly ridges of the Kerch Peninsula.

The Crimean Mountains stretched in three parallel ridges from Sevastopol to Feodosia for 150 kilometers. Their northern slopes are gentle, and the southern slopes are steep. The two lower ridges make up the Crimean foothills, cut into separate massifs by picturesque river valleys; and the Main Ridge rises as a solid barrier, the height of which almost everywhere exceeds a thousand meters (the highest point of Roman-Kosh, 1545).
From the cold winds, the ridge hides a narrow strip of land near its southern steep cliff - the famous Southern Coast of Crimea.

Climate. The southern coast of Crimea from Cape Aya in the west to Mount Kara-Dag in the east is called the sub-Mediterranean Sea for the proximity of the main features of its climate (sunshine, air temperature, precipitation), flora and fauna to the coast mediterranean sea, subtropics. The northern, flat part of Crimea has a temperate continental climate.

Summer in Crimea is hot and sunny everywhere, dry - only sometimes with short refreshing showers. Its borders can be considered the middle of May and the end of September; autumn pampers with quiet sunny days (even weeks), but also plentifully regales with rains. Winter differs little from autumn, but in the mountains it's just a miracle: dry frosty air, pure fluffy snow - tens of thousands of Crimeans go for the weekend to the Angarsk Pass and Ai-Petri Mountains. In spring, the deep-water Black Sea warms up near Yalta and Alushta more slowly than on the western or eastern coast of Crimea. Therefore, March and April, with their lush flowering, are especially good on the west coast and in the Foothills.

Relative humidity in the Crimea is almost always and everywhere low - within 65 - 80%, it is easy to breathe here even in the heat. The Yalta region, according to long-term data, has the lowest relative humidity in Europe. Passion for exotic, tourism in countries with a humid tropical climate has recently taken on a literally unhealthy character, especially for the cardiovascular system. It is worth recalling that for Europeans it is the dry subtropics that are the healthiest climate.

Rare plants and animals, unique landscapes, which the peninsula is so rich in, are under protected protection. Their total area is about 700 square kilometers, which is more than 2.5% of the territory of Crimea, one of the highest reserves saturation rates for the CIS countries. Many of the protected sites are visited by tourists, here you are required to take special care of nature.

Population Crimea, including Sevastopol, is about 2 million 700 thousand people, this is quite a lot, its density exceeds the average, for example, for the Baltic republics by 1.5 - 2 times. In August, up to 2 million visitors are on the peninsula at the same time.

Now the main part of the population is made up of Russians, then Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, a significant proportion of Belarusians, Jews, Armenians, Greeks, Germans, Bulgarians, Gypsies, Poles, Czechs, Italians. Small in number, but still noticeable in the culture of the small peoples of the Crimea - the Karaites and Krymchaks.

The language of international communication continues to be Russian. Also state languages The republics are Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar.

Economy. Our cities are known for mechanical engineering and the production of instruments. Crimea is one of the oldest granaries in the world. The gardens and vineyards of the sunny peninsula do not need special praise. And with regard to essential oil crops, Crimea simply has no equal. The food industry is of export importance. Dozens of rural canning shops maintain the honor of the Crimean brand. Well, the finest Crimean muscats are the best in the world, wines of other brands also meet the most demanding taste.

Currency exchange. Currency exchange in the Crimea has some features. Usually the most favorable exchange rate is in the center of Simferopol. The exchange rate at the railway station and Simferopol airport is somewhat lower. But the highest demand for currency is in Yalta and Alushta, so the hryvnia, dollar and euro are exchanged there at the lowest exchange rate. Exchange offices are numerous and work almost without breaks and days off.

Crimea - the golden mean of the earth

This land is beautiful, washed by one of the most festive seas of the globe.
K. Paustovsky.

We each have the inalienable right to love our own motherland and to assert that there is no land more beautiful, more fertile, more unique. Only a fool will argue, but a wise person will agree, although he will add: “Of course, you are right, dear friend, but my homeland is also beautiful ...”

Crimeans behave only in this way and not otherwise: after all, millions of people from all over the world come to Crimea every year. Of course, the Crimeans agree that somewhere else there are blessed corners of the earth. They do not ask: “Why did you come to us, and not we to you?” Undoubtedly, the Crimeans are wise people, they say in such cases: “Of course, you are right, dear friend, but my Crimea is also beautiful, let me tell you about it.”

Let's open the map and orient ourselves on the terrain. The southernmost point of Crimea (44° 23") is Cape Sarych, near the village of Foros, located between Sevastopol and Alupka. The northernmost point (46° 15") is located on the Perekop Isthmus, near the village of Perekop. This means that Crimea is located at the 45th latitude, in the middle between the North Pole and the equator. Perhaps someone else has some thoughts on this, but in the middle means in the middle, and not somewhere else. At the 45th latitude, by the way, are the geographical center of France, such European cities like Budapest, Bucharest, Milan, Bern, Canadian city Montreal, the American cities of Minneapolis and Portland. They're fine with latitude, but longitude...

The westernmost point of Crimea (32°29") is Cape Priboyny (Kapa-Mryn) on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, the easternmost (36°39") is Cape Lantern on Kerch Peninsula. So, the Crimea is located near 30 ° east longitude, that is, in the middle between the Greenwich meridian and the Urals, separating Europe and Asia. Please open the map of the world, do not be lazy. At what longitude is it folded in half, where is its middle? Of course, along the line of 30 "East longitude. St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkov, Ankara, Cairo, Lake Victoria, the highest point in Africa - Mount Kilimanjaro, the North and South Poles are approximately at this longitude. They were lucky with the longitude, but here's a good one latitude fell only to the Crimea.

If you look at the sky, then it will point to the Crimea. The Milky Way is called the Chumatsky Way in Ukrainian. The south-pointing nebula seemed to have been created for the correct orientation of our ancestors, the Chumaks, who traveled to the Crimea for salt.

Before closing the map, let's take another look at the peninsula depicted on it. What does Crimea look like? Of course, in the heart. A heart shaken by the Creator's Intention. A heart admiring the incomprehensible wisdom and infinite beauty of Nature. Crimea still looks like arms outstretched for hugs and a cross sent down to people to comprehend the great unity of Faith, Love and Hope. Cross connecting North and South, West and East. But most of all Crimea looks like a flower dropped by the Creator on the Earth.

Of course, you are right, dear friend, your homeland is beautiful, but my Crimea is also beautiful! Let me tell you a little more about him.

The area of the Crimean peninsula exceeds 26 thousand km2, the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km. Yes it smaller than Switzerland, the Netherlands or Belgium, but Crimea is almost 56 times larger than Andorra, 82 times larger than Malta, and 165 (!) times larger than such a venerable European principality as Liechtenstein. We will not compare Crimea with such small states as San Marino.

In many countries of the world there is not a single sea, and in Crimea there are two of them: Black and Azov. The Black Sea forms off the coast of the peninsula three major bays: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia; There are also three large bays near the Sea of Azov: Kazantip, Arabat and Sivash.

Crimea in the north is connected to the mainland by a narrow eight-kilometer strip of land called the Isthmus of Perekop. The Kerch Strait, whose width is 4-5 km, separates the Crimean peninsula from the Taman - the western tip Krasnodar Territory Russia. The total length of the borders of the peninsula exceeds 2500 km, the coasts are not indented, except for a very winding coastline parts of the peninsula near Sevastopol. There are 50 lakes-estuaries with a total area of 53,000 km2 in the seaside strip of the plain Crimea. Of course, this is not as much as, say, in Finland or Norway, but Crimean lakes valuable because they are filled with brine, a concentrated saline solution that has absorbed the power of the sea, sun and earth.

At the beginning of the XX century. about 40% of the table salt of the Russian Empire was mined in the Crimea. It is well known that D. I. Mendeleev said that using oil as a fuel is tantamount to burning banknotes. Paraphrasing the words of the great chemist, we can say that using Crimean salt as a table salt is like salting soup with gold. The environmentally chaste chemical industry of the peninsula at the Saki and Krasnoperekop chemical plants produces various compounds of sodium, calcium, magnesium, bromine from lake and Sivash salt. However, the therapeutic use of the Crimean estuaries is much more famous, but this will be a separate discussion.

Once on the South Coast of Crimea, palaces were erected by monarchs and their entourage. It was here that the ruler of the next historical period invited Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to divide the post-war world. Why did the distinguished guests of Crimea prefer it to all other places on Earth? Yes, because they were attracted by the unique Crimean climate, whose undeniable advantages are due to several reasons.

The first is the aforementioned equidistance from the equator and the North Pole, which determines the great longitude of the summer day, and not the miserable 12 hours in the tropics, and a sufficient amount of beneficial warmth - namely heat, and not equatorial heat or polar cold.

The second is the union of the sea and mountains. On hot sunny days of summer, Crimea is refreshed by a breeze, a cool breeze from the sea. In the evening, cool hours, it is replaced by warm air from the mountains.

The third is the unique position of the peninsula relative to the general circulation of the atmosphere, the predominance of westerly winds and stable anticyclones with clear weather and, as a result, a record number of sunny days, the absence of the sweltering heat that air flows from Africa carry, and, of course, the minimal impact of cold air masses from north, from which the mountains serve as an additional barrier.

The Crimean mountains are small, their maximum height (Mount Roman-Kosh) reaches 1545 m, much less than Everest, but this height is quite enough to create south coast a paradise of the subtropics, without simultaneously erecting an insurmountable barrier between the warm sea and the northern, steppe part of the peninsula.

Perhaps, in some other place on Earth, the expression "golden mountains" is an exaggeration, a metaphor, but not in the Crimea. Crimean marls serve as a raw material for the production of cement, facing slabs are made from marble-like limestones, beautiful white buildings have been built from blocks of the famous Inkerman stone from the time of Chersonesus to the present day. Due to their high strength, richness of color shades and good polishing properties, diabases, which have a magmatic origin, are used for the manufacture of monuments and facing slabs. On Karadag and in other places there are such minerals (gems) as agate, jet, onyx, opal, carnelian, brocade jasper.

Yes, there are gems! Even clay in Crimea is precious. Formed from volcanic ash, Crimean bentonite, popularly called keel, soapy earth or mountain soap, has very unusual properties. Formerly used for wine clarification, soap making, washing and bleaching, today it is used in high technology.

The flat plateaus of the Crimean mountains connect the properties of the plains and mountains, representing another "golden mean" of the Crimea. Uncovered from the merciless sun, the yayles seem to the uninitiated as a symbol of dehydration, but this is not at all the case: lined with porous limestone, they absorb precipitation like a sponge in order to accumulate water droplets that feed the Crimean rivers together with shady forests.

Everything is in the Crimea, but in order not to jinx it, its inhabitants like to grumble just in case. And how to find a reason for grumbling in this paradise hard enough, they are habitually annoyed by the lack of water. Indeed, there are only 1657 rivers on the peninsula and only 150 of them are less than 10 km long. The total length of the watercourses is 5966 km, more than the length of the Amur from the mouth to the sources of the Argun, but somewhat less than the Nile.

However, it must be honestly said that the natural water resources of the peninsula were clearly insufficient in its steppe part. We have heard a lot of bad things about global land reclamation projects, most likely it is true. Probably, the turn of the northern rivers to the south threatened the Earth with an ecological catastrophe, but the turn of the southern river to the south, i.e. the creation of the North Crimean Canal, solved many problems of the peninsula.

Crimean drinking water is generally weakly mineralized, which is beneficial for the human body, but if you are used to water enriched with sewage from industrial giants, you should not be upset prematurely. After all, in the Crimea there is everything, even black water. Water saturated with hydrogen sulfide mineral spring Aji-Su in the village of Kuibyshevo Bakhchisarai region forms a black precipitate from biologically active gummins and bitumens, healing in hot therapeutic baths. In total, more than a hundred healing sources have been explored in the Crimea. mineral waters, abounding in many trace elements - from fluorine to radium.

Geographical position, climate, steppe areas on the tops of mountains, transparent and black waters - we are everywhere talking about the combination of opposite principles. If you mix all the colors into one, you get a dirty gray color. To avoid misunderstandings, we will immediately make an official clarification: Crimea is the Golden Mean, and not mediocrity. The colors of his palette sparkle without mixing, and at the same time create a unique flavor.

Combining the steppe and subtropics, the Crimea not only does not mix them, but complements them with a zone of forests and forest-steppe. Yayla is not a half-steppe-half-mountain, but a unique natural phenomenon, which is difficult to find analogues. Combining different beginnings, Crimea retains their originality and supplements them with new, only inherent qualities. The natural sciences unanimously prove the island origin of the Crimea - we will talk about this more than once and give the arguments of scientists - therefore, on the peninsula, in addition to the amazing combination of steppe and Mediterranean nature, there is a great variety of endemic species of plants and animals found only on the peninsula.

Among the natural massifs of Crimea, man-made landscapes are scattered in a bizarre mosaic: intertwining architectural styles of many centuries and peoples of the city, town and village, majestic parks, well-groomed fields, lush gardens, fragrant plantations of roses and lavender, unique vineyards. Since 1963, a period of intensive irrigated agriculture began in the Crimea. Almost 40 types of vegetable crops are grown in open and closed ground. The quality of Crimean products is famous far beyond the boundaries of the Autonomous Republic.

Essential oil enterprises in the cities of Simferopol, Bakhchisarai, Alushta, Sudak and the urban-type settlement of Nizhnegorsky produce rose, lavender and sage oils. One of the leading industries in the Crimea is food. The largest fishing port on the Black Sea was built in Sevastopol with refrigerators, canning and ship repair plants. However high level development of the food industry of the peninsula is due not only to high-quality agriculture peninsulas and rich resources of the seas. Its development is facilitated by a relatively high level of food consumption, especially in summer time. Thus, the question of hospitable entertainment for guests is put in the Crimea on a grand scale.

Crimea is the unity of the sea, steppe and mountains. Worth taking in steppe Crimea a layer of soil from the surface of the earth, and on the surface there will be a wonderful, easy-to-work building material - limestone-shell rock. Buildings with a layer of shell rock in their walls, like the sea, keep warm in winter and cool in summer.

One should not think, however, that only shell rock is hidden under the fertile Crimean soil. The iron ores of the Kerch basin are so shallow that their development is carried out in an open way. These ores are unique in their high manganese content, so this element is added in a minimal amount or not at all when smelting alloyed steels.

Since the mid 60s. industrial development of natural gas fields is underway on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, in the Northern Crimea and on the Arabat Spit. An extensive system of gas pipelines made it possible to gasify most of the settlements, transfer thermal power plants to environmentally friendly fuel and enter the country's unified gas pipeline system.

The top of the industrial pyramid of the Crimean Autonomous Republic are high technology Keywords: electronic, automotive, defense industry, construction of supertankers.

The comprehensive development of the Crimean industry is based on an extensive network of communications. There are two railway lines in Crimea. Sea transport carries out small coastal communication in the Azov-Black Sea basin and distant international flights. However, the main transport of the Autonomous Republic is automobile. It accounts for about 90% of domestic freight and passenger traffic. In the early 60s. the mountain trolleybus route Simferopol - Yalta was put into operation, which makes it possible to connect the capital of the republic with the South Bank by convenient and inexpensive transport.

The environmental safety of the Crimean industry has a long tradition. Back in 1931, the first in the USSR, the most powerful power plant in Europe operating on wind power was built in Balaklava. The blades of the generator had a diameter of 30 meters. The unique power plant was destroyed during the war. In 1986, a solar power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was built in the Crimea. The total area of mirrors is 40 thousand m2. Several environmentally sound projects have been implemented on the peninsula, using tidal energy, solar and geothermal energy to generate heat for residential buildings, sanatoriums and hotels.

Intercity trolleybus communication very clearly demonstrates the level of environmental requirements for the development of the Crimean industry.

One could talk about Crimean science for a very long time, about the great scientists who worked here, but instead of a huge list of discoveries, we will limit ourselves to a single brief remark: several sciences were created in Crimea, including virology, marine physics, and helioseismology.

People of many nationalities inhabit the Crimea, all of them are representatives of an endemic species called "Crimeans". Crimeans are hardworking, sharp-witted, hospitable and prone to fun. Men are wise, strong, women are kind and unusually beautiful. In a word, they are the same as the rest of the people on Earth, and only one thing distinguishes them from the rest of the inhabitants of the planet: they are more patient with the geographical boasting of visitors. Crimeans attentively listen to the guests, treat them with amazing Crimean wines, feed them with dishes from ecologically clean Crimean products, take them to caves, reserves, beaches, dolphinariums, tasting rooms, arrange sea excursions... Further - the entire content of the book.

The population of Crimea in summer and early autumn increases but many times. When millions of guests go home, it turns out that there are about 2.5 million true Crimeans. According to data for 1998, 363.8 thousand people lived in the capital of Crimea, Simferopol, 167.4 thousand in Kerch, 371.4 thousand in Sevastopol, and 113.5 thousand in Evpatoria. Given the small number of the above-described endemic species, we propose to list it in the Red Book and, if there is no way to stop all talk about the unsurpassed (?!) charms of other lands, then at least give the Crimeans a word in defense of their homeland.

Alas, this is not always possible, because during the holiday season Crimeans are a minority on the peninsula. But they came up with a way out and told about themselves and their region in the coat of arms.

Emblem of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea

Columns are a symbol of the ancient Crimean civilization, the memory of Naples, Panticapaeum, Tmutarakan, Chersonese, Theodoro, and other cities and kingdoms that once existed on the territory of Crimea. Griffin is a symbol of the guardian and protector of Crimea. The blue pearl in his paw symbolizes the uniqueness of Crimea, the unity of all its peoples, religions and cultures. The Varangian shield is a symbol of the intersection of trade routes, and its red color is a symbol of courage and bravery of the peoples of Crimea. The rising sun at the top is a symbol of rebirth, prosperity, warmth and light.

In general, everything that was reflected in the words of the wise writer is embodied: “To each is rewarded according to his faith ...”

The geographical position of Crimea

The Crimean Peninsula has a relatively small territory: for comparison, we can say that it is 20 times smaller in area than the Iberian and Balkan Peninsulas, and 15 times smaller than Kamchatka and Asia Minor. Crimea is located 44 and 46 degrees N. sh., i.e. this is the southern territory, it corresponds to the south of France, Ciscaucasia or the Great American Lakes in North America.

Crimea is an integral part of the vast continent of Eurasia, while it is located almost at an equal distance from both the North Pole and the equator, since a latitude of 45 degrees crosses the peninsula near the city of Dzhankoy. Approximately here is the border of two climatic zones: the temperate zone and the subtropics, therefore, in the Crimea, on this small peninsula, one can observe atmospheric and natural processes and phenomena characteristic of both belts.

The Crimean peninsula occupies a relatively small territory - in area it is 20 times smaller than the Iberian and Balkan Peninsulas, 15 times smaller than Kamchatka and Asia Minor. But Crimea has become famous, significant and attractive largely due to the peculiarities of its nature, and above all, its peculiar geographical position.

Perekop isthmus - extreme north point Crimean peninsula. It is removed from Cape Sarych (extreme southern point) at 207 km. From the extreme western point - Cape Kara-Mrun, located on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, to Cape Lantern on the Kerch Peninsula - east - 324 km. And three capes, like the three legendary biblical whales lying in the Black and Azov Seas, seem to "support" the peninsula afloat.

In shape, Crimea resembles a slightly distorted rhombus, but if you turn on your imagination, you can see in the outlines of the peninsula - a bird that dives into the waters of the Black Sea. But the beauty of the peninsula, combined with its outlines, gave the well-known Chilean poet Pablo Neruda the idea to call Crimea "the most magnificent medal on the chest of the Earth."

Close to the truth and the figurative expression "the island of Crimea." The thing is that only the Perekop Isthmus connects it with land, the width of which narrows in places to only 7 km. And all transport routes in the area of the Chongar Strait are laid across the Sivash Bay by an embankment dam and a bridge.

Sometimes, in old guidebooks, the Perekop Isthmus was compared with the Isthmus of Panama by its geographical importance, but instead of deep ocean waters, it is surrounded here by shallow waters and viscous gray mud of the Rotten Sea (Sivash). In the distant revolutionary times, the isthmus was dug deep, up to 10 m, a ditch, next to which an earthen rampart 8 meters high, up to 11 km long, was built.

The almost "island" geographical position of the Crimea, surrounded by two - the Black and Azov Seas, enhances the isolation of the peninsula, and is noticeably reflected in the features of its landscapes, flora and fauna. That is why not only many rare species are found here, but also endemic species found on Earth only in the Crimea.

Crimea is also characterized by a circular (circum-island) distribution of climatic phenomena, which is manifested in less precipitation, longer duration of sunshine, and the presence of breezes on the coast, which distinguishes them from the central parts of the peninsula. A special place of the peninsula is the Crimean mountains, which form another internal "island", with its own special and unique features and characteristics.

The Crimean peninsula, located in the extreme east of the vast Mediterranean, is a connecting "bridge" connecting the East European Plain, Asia Minor and the Caucasus. Therefore, in the Crimea, there is a change in the areas of geographical distribution of a number of plant and animal species, which gives originality to the flora and fauna of the peninsula.

The landscapes of the peninsula are also diverse, where vast flat plains alternate with dissected uplands, and in the south they are replaced by mountain ranges, which abruptly break off to the Black Sea. Due to the sublatitudinal location of the Crimean Mountains, even in a relatively small area of the peninsula, there is a sharp contrast between the temperate steppe climate of the plains and the almost sub-Mediterranean climate on the southern coast of Crimea.