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Excursion, as we have already found out, is both a way of relaxation and a method of learning new information. In connection with such a two-sidedness, special methodological techniques are being developed for conducting an excursion. The main emphasis in the tour is on the show, on introducing the sightseers to objects that are new to them, on brief comments on the show.

When conducting an excursion, the following general methodological techniques are used: the main display technique, the preliminary inspection technique, the mental reconstruction of the excursion object, the mental reconstruction of the historical background, the comparison technique, the abstraction technique, the discussion technique, the reporting technique, the participation technique, the personification technique, the problem situation technique , retreat technique, attention activation technique, use of visual aids from the “guide’s portfolio”, display and characterization of the object in the direction of the bus, panoramic display, brief description of the display object, brief information about the unique historical or natural object, detailed description features of the object, explanations and comments during the tour, the inclusion of vivid quotes in the story, taking pauses, answering the questions of the tourists.

When designing an excursion, the guide should take into account that:

o the maximum number of objects that adult tourists can perceive is 30, children - no more than 15; o the maximum time for a continuous excursion story is 15 minutes for adults and 10 minutes for children;

o maximum display time of one excursion object - 4 minutes;

o for every hour of the guide's story, a 10-minute pause is possible.

Methodical methods of conducting, their use and features depend on: the form of conducting, the content and subject of the excursion, the composition of the group, the venue, the method of movement.

1. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the form of the excursion. The form of the excursion (informative excursion, excursion-conversation, excursion-game, excursion-walk, excursion-performance, etc.) significantly affects the possibility and necessity to use certain methodological techniques.

On the most common cognitive excursion (previously called educational), almost all methods are used, their use and alternation depend on other decisive factors.

In an excursion-conversation (most often this form is used to conduct individual excursion) the methods of the main display, comparisons, abstraction, brief comments, and the reception of answers to the questions of the tourists will be optimal.

In an excursion game, most often conducted for younger students, vivid comparisons, activation of the imagination, a panoramic display, the inclusion of additional display objects (films, computer videos, archaeological finds) will help to keep the attention of children.

During an excursion-walk, in order to keep the attention of children, the guide tries to influence not only visual and auditory sensations, but also tactile ones. For example, sightseers are given the task of collecting a small herbarium, finding a fossil on their own, etc.

2. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the composition of the group. As you know, the most inquisitive groups are middle-aged schoolchildren and adults. Student participants have low attention.

In children's groups, it is advisable to use the techniques of the main display, brief comments, techniques of comparison and mental reconstruction; at the same time, it is undesirable to pause often and for long time, resulting in reduced concentration.

In adult groups, in addition to the main show and a more detailed story, the methods of abstraction, historical reconstruction, complicity, reporting, and personification are used. In individual adult groups, it is optimal to use the method of conversation and the reception of comments during the show.

An experienced guide always “feels” his group and, depending on their mood, intellectual preparation and other factors, applies certain methodological techniques.

3. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the place of the excursion. An excursion in the city does not require any special methodological techniques, while a country excursion is carried out according to its own laws. In this case, it is best to use the methods of comparison, reporting, problem situation, panoramic display.

In museum excursions with the use of expositions, the best will be a combination of display and story techniques, a technique for mentally creating a historical background, a personification technique, and an explanation technique.

When conducting a thematic tour in the museum under open sky the methods of the main display, comments on objects, brief explanations, methods of abstraction, reporting, the method of providing brief information about the uniqueness of this or that exhibit.

4. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the mode of movement. It is clear that a bus tour without getting off the bus will be very different from a regular walking tour or museum tour.

About holding bus tour with stops at certain places, clear rules have been developed governing boarding the bus, showing and telling along the way, exiting the bus. The best techniques for driving on the bus are: the technique of showing with comments, the technique of comparisons, the technique of abstraction, the technique of using visual aids from the "tour guide's portfolio", the reception of comments and the techniques of activating attention.

When walking, the guide should not speak during the transition from one object to another. Walking tours use methods of preliminary inspection, detailed display and comments, comparison, abstraction, participation, personification.

5. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the content of the excursion and its subject matter. In sightseeing city tours, it is possible to use all existing methodological techniques. Some features are inherent in the techniques used in thematic excursions. So, in a historical excursion, you can use almost all the techniques, but the best are the techniques of mental reconstruction of the historical background, the technique of the main display and the technique of comparison. During a botanical excursion, for example natural park, it is expedient to use the method of the main display, the method of comments, the method of comparison. When conducting an ecological excursion, the reception of a problem situation, the reception of the main show, the reception of complicity, the reception of a report will bring success. The religious tour will be more effective using the techniques of the main show and brief comments on it; it is possible to use the method of complicity and mental reconstruction of the historical background. It should be borne in mind that it is not very ethical to tell a story directly in the temple, but it is better to limit yourself to small explanations and provide most of the information to the sightseers on the bus in advance or after visiting the temple.

A production excursion is, first of all, a reportage technique, a participation technique, a main show technique, a problem situation technique, a discussion technique. In a literary excursion, it is worth using the technique of the main display and comments, the technique of personification, the technique of quotations, the technique of digression. When conducting a theatrical tour, one cannot do without the use of a mental reconstruction of the historical background, abstraction, reporting, and participation.

Features of displaying objects along the bus without stops and exits from the bus. Such a display is typical for an excursion group departing from the place of residence (for example, from a hotel outside the city limits) to the old part of the city in order to visit the local museum. The excursion route does not involve stops, and the guide's story is conducted directly during the movement. Showing objects in the direction of travel should be prepared in advance. The guide can first give brief description object, and then show it (the story either precedes the show, or smoothly "wraps around" it). The guide's comments should be structured in such a way as to orient the tourists in advance on appearance object of interest and its location.

1. “Peter I stopped in our city during one of the Azov campaigns. Now on the right in the direction of the bus you can see the temple, which was visited by the Russian Tsar during his short stay in our city.
2. “The Volga is the pride of our country, and we are especially proud that the origins of this great river are in our area. Ahead, in the direction of the bus, you can see the mainstream of the Volga, and the bridge on which we pass is one of the 5 bridges in our city. It was built according to the project of a well-known St. Petersburg architect.
3. “In a few minutes we will drive up to the landing site of the world's first cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin. At the moment we are driving along the alley of poplars planted for the 10th anniversary of the first flight into space.”

panoramic display. The opportunity to show the city, the beauty of the surrounding nature or any architectural complex With high point is the highlight of the tour. Panoramic display can serve as a bright start to the tour, be its climax or finishing touch. In any case, a panoramic view allows you to create a more complete impression of everything you see and hear. It is advisable to give the tourists the opportunity to ask questions after the panoramic show (no more than 5 minutes).

The most beautiful panoramas open from the observation platform in the mountains to the picturesque foothills, city panoramas also have a strong emotional impact. In excursions around Moscow, excursion groups often bring to the Sparrow Hills, from which a beautiful panorama of the capital opens; great view of most of Moscow and observation deck Ostankino tower. In those cities where there are no elevated natural places, bell towers, preserved fortresses, high-rise buildings, etc. can be used for panoramic display. So, in St. Petersburg, guests of the city are often shown a panorama of the city from the height of the observation deck of St. Isaac's Cathedral.

1. Panoramic display before the start of the tour (the panoramic platform is located on one of the low mountains surrounding the city): “In front of you is a Volga city surrounded on three sides by mountains. You can see the old part of the city on the Volga coast, where ancient buildings and temples have been preserved. The largest temple with a high bell tower is Cathedral of our city, it was built 100 years ago by a local architect. From here you can see several small city parks, green alleys along many streets. The building of the city was carried out in such a way that all the central streets intersect with each other exclusively at right angles. The central part of the city resembles a chessboard, which is viewed from a height. To the right of the cathedral you can see old bridge through the Volga. Its length is 3.5 km, and it is one of the most big bridges in Europe. In the plains between the mountains, new sleeping areas are located, but our goal is the old part of the city and the Volga embankment. We get on the bus and continue our journey.
2. Panoramic display as a climax: “We got acquainted with the history of the city, its main architectural and historical sights. And now you have the opportunity to see the city from a bird's eye view. See the temple on the left? This is the cathedral you were looking at. To the right of it is a bridge across the Volga, on which we made a sightseeing trip. If all our guests have admired the panorama of the city, we can go further. We are going to visit the open-air ethnographic museum.”
3. Panoramic display as the final stage of the tour: “In front of you is a city, the journey through which we have already completed. Now from above you can see everything again memorable places about which we learned a lot. If you have any questions, I'll be happy to answer them."

In any of the three described cases, the panoramic display will remain in the memory of the excursionists for a long time and will leave the best memories of the excursion.

Museum tour. When conducting a museum tour, most of the main methodological techniques are used, but taking into account the limited space.

The guide meets the group who came to the museum at a place specially allocated for this, in each museum. The guide immediately introduces himself, loudly announces the topic of the tour and leads the group along to the beginning of the story. If there is already another excursion in the hall where the group entered, the guide should either speak more quietly or go to the next hall, if the theme of the excursion allows.

In the introductory part of any museum tour, the group should be briefed (no more than 2-3 minutes) about the history of the museum, recall the rules of conduct in halls with a lot of glass cases and fragile items. After that, the guide proceeds to the main part of the tour, standing half-turned to the showcase or the first exhibit. You should not focus the attention of a large group on small exhibits, since most sightseers will not see anything, but there will be a risk of breaking the window. Transitions from one showcase to another or from one room to another should be accompanied by logical transitions in the story. In the final part of the tour, the results are summed up, information is provided on the other halls of the museum, where tourists can visit. After that, the guide answers the questions of the participants of the tour and says goodbye to them.

An important condition for a well-conducted excursion in the museum is strict adherence to time.

Additional teaching methods. Each experienced guide always has in stock several author's methodological techniques that help turn the excursion into a quality learning process and a pleasant time.

1. Inclusion of a short meeting in the tour with a specialist, nair and mer during an archaeological excursion - with an archaeologist, during a paleontological excursion - with a paleontologist, during an art history excursion - with an artist or musician, etc. Communication with specialists activates and deepens the interest caused by the topic of the excursion, helps to better understand the issues under consideration and, of course, has a strong emotional impact on the excursionists.
2. Watching movies or computer clips on the topic of the tour. Innovative moments bring a special flavor to the tour, enhance the visual impact on the participants of the tour. Such additions suit during a long trip on a bus equipped with the necessary equipment.
3. Introduction of the search and research part on the topic of the tour. Active actions help tourists to improve the process of cognition of new information, to feel like real researchers. During archaeological, paleontological, geological, botanical, ecological excursions, tourists can be given the opportunity to find any artifacts, objects of study on the surface of the earth:

o lifting material at archaeological sites (fragments of dishes, fragments of iron objects washed out of the soil by rainwater);

about fossils at the sites of paleontological outcrops (mollusk shells, ancient sponges);

o minerals at the sites of geological monuments (ornamental stones, gems);

o herbarium items (leaves, flowers).

Material collected on the surface of the earth can be allowed to be taken with you, if this does not harm the monument.

4. Inclusion of mini-quizzes in the tour process. Conducting a mini-quiz is positively perceived even in adult groups. For example, the guide may suggest that the group members recall the length of the Volga, paintings by a famous artist, in addition to those seen in the museum, name writers whose books are dedicated to events on the Don, etc. You can suggest to the tourists to determine what architectural style the building belongs to, what is the approximate height of the memorial stele, the length of the bridge, etc.

Questions can be offered along with answer options, for example:

“What do you think, according to what principle was the name of the Russian city most often given:

o by the name of its founder;

o by the name of the ancient tribes that lived in this place earlier;

o by the name of the river on which the city is founded?

Of course, the guide must not only reasonably prove the correctness of the answer, but also give examples. In this case, the correct answer is the third, and such cities as Moscow, Samara, Tsaritsyn, Tomsk, Tver, etc. can serve as examples.

5. Inclusion of elements of the conversation in the excursion. The guide, who got acquainted with the group, during the tour can include elements of a conversation in it, activating the attention of the group and giving comfort to the psychological environment. For example, knowing that the group arrived at northern city from Krasnodar Territory, you can ask if the guests are freezing while walking along the snow-covered embankment, or find out from the guests what especially surprised them among the objects they examined, whether there are similar ones in their city, etc. The counter interest of the guide to the guests will cause greater satisfaction with the tour, leave a good impression of the city and its inhabitants.
6. Inclusion of theatrical elements in the tour- participation in a folk festival, carnival, in the festival of historical reconstruction. Elements of theatricalization have long been included in tourism and, as it were, turn participants in educational excursions into direct participants in events. Theatricalization has a beneficial effect both on the perception of the information provided during the excursion, and on the formation general impression about the trip. For example, during some archaeological excursions, guests get to see a theatrical show organized by the historical fencing club. The excursion scenario includes the “kidnapping” of one or several participants of the excursion, their release from captivity with the help of Russian soldiers, watching the stunt fight, taking pictures with the participants of the show in colorful costumes, archery, tasting pilaf prepared according to medieval recipes, etc. d. Similar theatrical performances are successfully held in Saratov region; in Yaroslavl, guests are invited to put on simple robes and try their hand at the role of barge haulers on the Volga; in the Yekaterinburg Museum of Local Lore, guests will certainly be greeted by a beauty in the costume of the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. Such elements of theatricalization (even in an abbreviated version) cannot leave tourists indifferent and are a wonderful addition to a thematic tour of ancient history the edges.

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Introduction.

Hello dear friends. My name is Anna. And today I am your guide. We have gathered today in order to listen to a very interesting excursion. The theme of our tour is "Malakhov Kurgan monument - two defenses". The route of our excursion passes through the territory of the Malakhov Kurgan, here you will see many monuments, guns, a defensive tower, places of fatal wounds of Nakhimov and Kornilov, the only tree that survived the Second World War. I will ask you to keep up with the group, during the tour I will answer your questions.

Well, now back to the topic of our Excursion !! Malakhov Kurgan - not just historical monument, this is a sacred land for every Sevastopol citizen, the fate of the first defense of Sevastopol was decided here. The name of the mound, as one of the versions explains, is associated with the name of a retired military sailor Mikhail Malakhov, who was a highly respected person on the Ship side, one of the first to settle at the foot of the mound. His house was on the slope of this mound. Malakhov often came for advice, help, for the court: he was an honest and fair man. So they said: "Let's go to the barrow, to Malakhov." The mound gradually began to be called by his name.

Outwardly, the mound may not be very impressive - a hill is like a hill. Its height is only 97 meters above sea level, but the glory of the mound is great. Within one hundred years, the mound twice became the scene of fierce battles.

During the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 Malakhov Kurgan, dominating the surrounding area, was the key position of the left flank of the defense. There was also the main bastion of the Ship side, which, after the death of Vice Admiral V.A. Kornilov began to be called Kornilovsky.

Here the French troops waged the most furious assaults. However, the enemy managed to capture the barrow only after eleven months of fighting, when the defensive structures were demolished and the strength of its defenders was exhausted by many days of artillery bombardment. The loss of the Malakhov Kurgan predetermined the outcome of the 11-month defense of the city.

During the defense period, there were nine batteries on Malakhov Kurgan, two of them were reproduced in 1958. They are equipped with authentic ship cannons from the Crimean War. The guns are cast iron and weigh from two to seven tons. A lot of effort had to be made by the sailors to drag them to the bastions. The guns fired solid and explosive (bomb) cores. Despite the imperfection of weapons and the need of the defenders in literally everything, two powerful imperial powers could not take Sevastopol for almost a year.

The enemy managed to undertake the first assault on the city only nine months after the start of the siege, on June 6, 1855. This assault was heroically repulsed by the defenders of Sevastopol. Tells about the events of the day Panorama of the defense of Sevastopol, located on the former fourth bastion.

Many outstanding defense heroes fought on Malakhov Hill: Admirals Nakhimov, Kornilov, Istomin, Sister of Mercy Dasha Sevastopolskaya, sailor Koshka, a participant in many sorties into the camp of the enemy. At night, brave hunters (as they were called) captured trophies, prisoners, destroyed enemy fortifications, and most importantly, it was a very powerful psychological weapon. After the Crimean War, the name "Malakhov Kurgan" became known throughout the world. In 1856, the French Marshal Pélissier, who in 1855-1856 commanded the French army in the Crimea, was awarded the title "Duke of Malakhov". In Germany there is a fort Malakhov, a small town near Paris began to be called "Malakof".

The mound became famous during second defense of Sevastopol. Therefore, Malakhov Kurgan - memorial Complex monuments of two wars: Crimean and Great Patriotic.

Main part

Now we are at the Main entrance to Malakhov Kurgan. Arch adorns a massive Doric portico with dates on the frieze: 1854-1855. Wide main staircase leads to the top of the mound. The staircase bifurcates and joins again, forming a large lawn with a manicured lawn. From here you can see the entire Sevastopol: the central part of the city; Vladimirsky Cathedral - the tomb of admirals, three of whom died here, on Malakhov Hill; open sea; Konstantinovskaya battery at the entrance to Sevastopol bay; The northern side of Sevastopol, crowned with a pyramid of the church of St. Nicholas at the Fraternal Cemetery. Now we will climb this staircase

Now we are on the first wide horizontal platform, on which there are two monuments. The one on the left - during the Crimean War, on the right - the Great Patriotic War. Let's go to the monument which is located to the right. This monument to the pilots of the 8th air army, which in May 1944 liberated Sevastopol from the Nazis. It was commanded by Major General Khryukin. As part of the army, a female night bomber regiment fought under the command of Evdokia Bershanskaya. The girls flew on airplanes with PO-2 percale wings, they flew out only at night, since the planes were imperfect, in the event of a projectile hit, they burned like matches. On these planes, the pilots terrified the enemy, the Nazis called them night witches. More than forty female pilots of the regiment
were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

The monument is a granite rock from which a fighter plane "takes off". One of the best WWII fighters Yak-3 was used as a prototype for the memorial aircraft. The monument was erected by military builders in July 1944, restored in 1994. Next to the monument, granite boards are installed, which list the flight formations and units that participated in the liberation of Sevastopol.

Now let's proceed to the left side of the site. Here is - a small white marble monument , established in 1892 abovemass grave of Russian and French soldiers . The soldiers who died in the last battle on Malakhov Kurgan on August 27, 1855 are buried in it.

When, on the last day of the first defense, the French broke into Malakhov Kurgan, the Russians launched several counterattacks, fought selflessly, as a result, the losses were very large on both sides. Those who died in this battle were buried in one grave. Buried by the French, who highly appreciated the courage of their opponents.

A black stele with a black cross rises above the white pedestal. The symbolism of flowers is explained by the inscription in French, embossed on the back of the monument: "They were inspired by victory and united by death. Such is the glory of the brave, such is the lot of a soldier." On the front side of the monument are the words: "Monument to the Russian and French soldiers who fell on the Malakhov Kurgan during the defense and attack on August 27, 1855."

During the Great Patriotic War, the monument was badly damaged, restored in 1960.

The main alley of Malakhov Kurgan begins from this platform, which the French soldiers called "devilish", its age is already approaching fifty years. The trees on this alley were planted by party, state and public figures of the USSR and foreign countries, Heroes of the Soviet Union, cosmonauts (including Yuri Gagarin). Previously, there were signs near the trees, on which the names were written. This alley was called Alley of Friendship.

Now let's go down the alley. So on the left you see a powerful ship's gun . This is a genuine ship's cannon from World War II. Gun caliber - 130 mm, firing range - 20 km. At this place stood the second gun (in front of the trees - the first). In October 1941, the destroyer "Perfect" was blown up by a Nazi mine. They removed the guns from it, installed it on land. That's how it was created Battery "Malakhov Kurgan" The guns were served by the sailors of the destroyer (60 people), the battery was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Matyukhin. So they called the batteries - "Matyukhins". The battery provided support to our units on the Mekenziev mountains (16 km to the north), on north side cities.

Matyuhintsy fought until last days defense. On June 30, 1942, the Nazis captured Malakhov Kurgan. The forces were unequal. The survivors went to the south-west of Sevastopol and continued to fight there. Many suffered the fate of other defenders of the city: they were taken prisoner. The guns that you see are taken from the destroyer Boyky. They are exactly the same as they were on the destroyer "Perfect", and stand here as a monument to the sailors who defended Sevastopol.

Going a little further we see unusual monument. Thismonument tree - old almond , he survived the Great Patriotic War. When Sevastopol was liberated, even the ground was burned on the Malakhov Kurgan, of course, all the greenery died, and only a small burnt almond tree survived and bloomed. Only one living branch remained on it. But every spring it is covered with white flowers, symbolizing the triumph of life over death.

Now pay attention to the center of the alley, it has bronze relief map of the Malakhov Kurgan bastion ( architect A. Sheffer). The map shows batteries, powder magazines, shelters - everything that was here during the defense of 1854-1855. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe angle directed towards the enemy, the so-called outgoing, is indicated defensive tower , which is now located branch of the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol.

Let's go to the Defense Tower. This donjon tower is the only stone defensive structure on the bastion. It was built in the summer of 1854 at the expense of the inhabitants of Sevastopol according to the project of the military engineer F.A. Starchenko. The tower was built of Inkerman stone. The thickness of the walls of the lower tier is 152 cm, the upper one is 88 cm. The tower on two tiers had 52 loopholes, five eighteen-pound cannons were installed on the upper platform. A memorial plaque with the names of the regiments and units that defended Malakhov Kurgan during the first defense was fixed on the tower.

On October 5, 1854, during the first bombing of Sevastopol, the upper tier of the tower was demolished by enemy shells, while the lower one served as a shelter. It housed a dressing station, a powder warehouse, a camp church and the headquarters of Rear Admiral V.I. Istomin, who commanded the fourth distance of the defensive line (which included Malakhov Kurgan). March 7, 1855 Istomin inspected the remote fortification of Malakhov Kurgan, the so-called Kamchatka lunette (in front of the defensive tower), where he was killed on the spot by an enemy core that hit him in the head. It was a big loss for the defenders of Sevastopol.

To the left of the tower you can see the Anti-Assault Battery. At this place during the war, there was a naval gun of the 1803 model. Now let's go up the road behind the tower. Here you see the Battery on the glacis, also here is a marble slab, marking the place of the mortal wound of Admiral Nakhimov

On June 28, 1855, Nakhimov stood on the glacis and watched the positions of the French. As always, the admiral was in uniform with golden epaulettes, presenting a good target for the French rifles (a rifle with a rifled barrel). The commander of the fourth distance, which included Malakhov Kurgan, captain of the first rank F.S. Kern (a relative of Anna Kern) asked him to go down to the shelter, Nakhimov quite sharply refused. Several bullets hit the parapet nearby, he managed to say: “They shoot quite accurately today,” as one of the bullets hit him in the left temple. No efforts of doctors could save the admiral, and two days later, without regaining consciousness, Nakhimov died.

On this day, the whole of Sevastopol mourned. An eyewitness wrote that there was not a person in the city who would not gladly give his life for the life of the admiral. On July 1, Pavel Stepanovich was buried next to his unforgettable teacher Lazarev and his comrades-in-arms, Kornilov and Istomin, who died on Malakhov Hill. The obituary to Nakhimov says: “Peace be upon your ashes, smart, skillful and experienced, passionately loving his art and his subordinates, equally beloved by them, always cold-blooded and courageous, kind at heart, great in mind and courage, an honest, generous person!”. Admiral Nakhimov wrote: "totally devoted to the service, he did not know and had no interests outside of it." He devoted himself entirely to the naval service, did not start a family. His fellow sailors were his family, all his ambition consisted in the strict execution of his "Everything here is so clearly and strongly inspired by the soul and strength of Nakhimov that it is impossible not to realize that he really personifies the present era, and it is impossible to imagine what would have happened without him ..." He spent the night where he had to, slept without undressing, because he took his own apartment under the infirmary for the wounded, and the personal money of the admiral went to help the families of sailors. Legends circulated about his courage and contempt for death. The appearance of the admiral on batteries and bastions was accompanied by a loud enthusiastic "Hurrah!" With Nakhimov, the soul of the Sevastopol defense died.

Going further, you see the batteries of Senyavin, Emelyanov. To the right of the batteries is a monument to Kornilov., Installed at the site of Kornilov's injury (architect A. Bilderling, sculptor academician I. Schroeder). On the pedestal, the top of which displays a part of the fortification, there is a figure of a mortally wounded admiral. With his right hand, he points to the city, his words, spoken before his death, are inscribed below, they sound like a call or even an order: “Defend Sevastopol!” On the right is the figure of a sailor-artilleryman, who is given a resemblance to the famous sailor hero P. Koshka. At the foot of the monument is a cross laid out by order of Nakhimov by the Sevastopol cabin boys from enemy nuclei.

Admiral Kornilov was wounded on the day of the first bombardment of Sevastopol, October 5, 1854, at about 11 o'clock. Kornilov arrived at Malakhov Kurgan, inspected the tower, fortifications and went to the horse to continue the inspection, but then the enemy core crushed his left leg at the groin. On the same day, at half past four, Vice Admiral Kornilov died. When the defense began, Kornilov was chief of staff Black Sea Fleet. He led the defense, being an excellent organizer, did a lot for the construction of defensive fortifications, for the organization of defense in general. Despite the fact that Kornilov died at the very beginning of the defense, his merits were great, and the loss for Sevastopol was very great.

The words of the dying Kornilov inscribed on the pedestal infuriated the fascist invaders, who paid a terrible price for the capture of Sevastopol. Therefore, they destroyed the monument: the bronze was taken out, and the pedestal was blown up. The monument to the 200th anniversary of Sevastopol has been restored. The original version of the monument was taken as a basis, the model of which is stored in Naval Museum St. Petersburg. Malakhov Kurgan - a place of feat of hundreds, thousands of defenders of the city. Note that among those who fought on the Malakhov Kurgan was the father of the "red lieutenant" Peter Schmidt - P.P. Schmidt, who commanded the anti-assault battery, and together with the famous N.I. Pirogov and professor of Kyiv University X.Ya. Gubbenet fought for the lives of the wounded and Schmidt's mother E.Ya. Wagner.

Conclusion

So our tour has come to an end. Thank you all for your attention. You are very good listeners. I am ready to answer your questions.

Introduction…………………………………………………..3

1. Subject and ides of the excursion methodology.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion methodology ...... 5

1.2. Methodology for preparing excursions………………... 8

2. Classification of methodological techniques.

2.1 Classification of teaching methods………….14

2.2 Methodological techniques of display……………….…...17

2.3 Methodological techniques of the story………………….25

3. Special methodological techniques.

3.1. Receiving a demonstration of a visual aid………35

3.2Assimilation by the guide of methodological techniques………………………………………………………..39

4. Technique of conducting excursions.

4.1 Technique of conducting excursions………………………42

Conclusion……………………………………………………..51

Bibliographic list……………..……………….…52

Introduction.

Methodology in the broad sense of the word is a set of methods for expediently carrying out this or that work, solving a problem, achieving a goal, and in a narrower sense, it is a set of specific methodological methods for conducting lectures, conversations, excursions on a specific topic and for a specific group.

The technique is divided into general and private.

A tour is a methodically thought-out display of places of interest, monuments of history and culture, a display based on an analysis of the objects that are in front of the eyes of the tourists, as well as the events associated with them.

The guide is not indifferent to what the excursionist sees, how he understands and perceives what he sees and hears.

The guide, with his explanations, brings the tourists to the necessary conclusions, the effectiveness of the excursion depends on this.

From this it follows that the essence of the excursion can be defined as follows: a visual process of learning about the surrounding world, a process built on pre-selected objects that are in natural conditions or located in the halls of museums, exhibitions, workshops of a sculptor, artist, etc.

The excursion technique is a private technique, since it is associated with the process of disseminating knowledge on the basis of one form of work. The excursion methodology is a set of requirements and rules for excursions, as well as the sum of methodological methods for preparing and conducting excursions of various types, on various topics and for various groups of people.

The tour guide answers the following questions:

1. Why is the excursion prepared and conducted (goal, objectives)?

2. What issues are covered on the tour (what is its content about)?

3. How to conduct a tour (methodological techniques)?

The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts:

Methods for developing a new topic for this bureau;

Methods of development by the guide of a new topic for him, but already developed in this bureau;

Methods of preparing the guide for the next excursion;

Excursion methods;

Methods after excursion work.

1. Subject and types of excursion methods.

1.1 Subject and types of excursion methods.

The method of conducting an excursion is a set of techniques used in conducting an excursion, which are designed to find a way more than usual and, together with the effective merit of the goal of the excursion, to help the excursionists easier and more firmly to finally assimilate the content of the excursion.

Methodological methods of conducting excursions are divided into general, personal and individual. Imagine one fact that general receptions are the basis for conducting, as everyone knows, any excursion, regardless of its topic, the composition of the excursion group. It must be said that personal, in the end, are those methods that are used in excursions, as most of us are used to saying, of a certain type (industrial, museum, natural history, transport, walking), or in excursions conducted for a certain, as people are accustomed to express themselves to the excursion audience (kids, youth, adults). It's no secret that personal methods, focusing on the main requirements of the excursion methodology, develop and concretize more effective methods of conducting excursions of this type. Everyone knows that in the end, single techniques are, as we constantly say, unique methods of observing some, as many people say, 1 object or a story about it, for example, showing a building standing on the shore of a reservoir, which on a fine summer day is finally reflected on its surface. And it is not even necessary to say that such techniques are usually the intellectual property of the 1st guide and, finally, are used by everyone who, therefore, conducts such excursions. Indeed, single methods also include those whose implementation is limited, as we put it, certain time year or day.

The excursion technique is considered in several aspects: as the basis of the professional skills of guides; as a mechanism that improves the "feed" of the material; as a process of streamlining the activities of the guide. The technique helps the tourists to see, remember and understand much more than in a lecture that reveals the same topic. This happens because the lecturer's methodology is largely based on various kinds of messages and descriptions, the lecture story is conducted in isolation from the objects of description. The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts: - methods of development by the guide of a new topic for him, but already developed in this bureau; - methods of preparing the guide for the next excursion; - methods of conducting excursions; - methods of post-excursion work.

Aspects of the excursion methodology: the basis of the professional skills of the guide, the mechanism for supplying material, the process of streamlining the activities of the guide during the preparation and conduct of the excursion.

The excursion technique is associated with such concepts as storytelling and showing. To the question about the relationship between showing and telling in a guided tour, the methodology gives an unequivocal answer: from showing to telling. You should start with a show, with visual or other (tactile, olfactory) impressions, and then introduce a story. The technique takes into account the ability of the object to attract attention, uses various means to enhance the attention of tourists.

Another task of the methodology is to suggest the most effective use of methodological methods of conducting excursions. The excursion methodology takes into account the issues of emotional impact on tourists.

The subject of the excursion methodology is the purposeful study, systematization, formulation, clarification and practical application of the means and methods of education and training, as well as methodological techniques with which the employees of excursion institutions carry out their activities. The excursion methodology summarizes the experience of conducting excursions, develops and offers such methodological techniques that have justified themselves in practice and ensure the highest efficiency in the disclosure and perception of the topic.

1.2 Methodology for preparing excursions.

The development of the excursion is carried out by a creative group, consisting of 3-10 people, depending on the complexity of the topic. Each of the participants works on one of the sections or one of the subtopic excursions. The head of the creative team unites and edits the prepared material.

Preparation is divided into two stages:

Preliminary - selection and study of factual materials (i.e. the process of initial accumulation of knowledge on a given topic), carried out by the creative group, the choice of objects on which the excursion will be built;

Direct - drawing up an excursion route, processing of factual material.

In addition, work is underway on the structure of methodological development: introduction, main part, conclusion; a control text is compiled, the methodological conduct of the excursion is analyzed (determination of the most appropriate methodological methods of showing and telling specifically for one or another part of the excursion), a "guide portfolio" is formed, and an individual text is prepared. A methodological development is a concise plan, a document that determines how to conduct this excursion, in what sequence to organize the display of monuments, what methodology should be used to effectively conduct the excursion. Here the guide should find advice on the sequence in which to show and tell, what materials from the "guide's portfolio" and when it is better to demonstrate. A methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion.

Methodological development is a mandatory document, without which an excursion on this topic cannot be conducted.

The obligatory document is individual text, which gives the guide the right to conduct a tour on a given topic. Properly compiled methodological development helps the guide to more fully reveal the topic.