What is the coastline of the Black Sea. Black Sea
Is the coastline of the Black Sea indented or not, what is it, what features does it have? This question is often asked by students. Let's try together to understand the features of this reservoir and, of course, find answers to the questions posed.
Briefly about the sea
It is more than 420 thousand square meters. km. In its shape, it looks like an oval with a length of 580 km in width and 1150 km in length. The depth is 2210 m in the deepest part of the occupied territory. Black is one of the inland seas. The connection with the ocean is due to the Marmara, Mediterranean, and also the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. The Bosporus, Dardanelles and Kerch straits act as threads connecting all four water areas.
The indentation of the Black Sea coastline is weakly expressed. The size of the area occupied by this reservoir is equal to two areas of Great Britain. Seven countries are washed by the waters of the Black Sea: in the north - Ukraine, in the northeast - Russia and Abkhazia, in the southeast - Georgia, in the south - Turkey, in the northwest - Romania and Bulgaria.
Signs of life in it are present only at a distance of 150-200 m from the surface. Further, the water is saturated with hydrogen sulfide, because of this, the development of living organisms is simply impossible. Anaerobic bacteria are an exception.
What is the coastline of the Black Sea?
Most of the coastline is more or less flat. Only on the north side there is a slight indentation. The length of the Black Sea coast line is 3400 km. Crimea is the most large peninsula. WITH opposite side the coast of Anatolia protrudes strongly.
There are many bays in the north, they are somewhat less common in the south and northwest. Also coastline The Black Sea is represented by estuaries. They are mainly found on the northern and northwestern coasts. From the side of the Crimean peninsula there is a mountainous relief.
gulfs
The largest bays are in the north. This territory belongs to the state of Ukraine. This position is quite advantageous, and it is determined by the presence of the following bays: Yagorlytsky, Dzharylgachsky, Kalamitsky, etc. But in the south-west there are fewer of them, the largest ones: Varna and Burgas (Bulgaria). The coastline of the Black Sea in the south is also not represented by many bays. The main ones: Sinop and Samsun - belong to Turkey.
Crimea can freely be proud of Sevastopol and which are located between the rocks. The Taman Peninsula is characterized by many small bays, where reeds and reeds have found a habitat. The result of this was the formation of floodplains.
coastline relief
From the north and northwest, due to the infusion of rivers, estuaries are formed. In this part of the coast is low. Sometimes you can see breaks. But the coastline of the Black Sea near the Crimean peninsula is mountainous. This is especially true of the southern and eastern coasts. Here you can already see. Also in this part of the coast are the mountains of the Caucasus, which reach the very water.
The great salient of Anatolia is characterized by three small islands. Bafra and Charshamba have a low-lying surface, while Injeburun is mountainous. This also includes the Sinop Bay. It received its name in honor of the memory of the victory in 1853. Russian fleet in the Crimean War. The commander then was P.S. Nakhimov.
Once upon a place where one of the most major rivers Rion existed a large bay. Over time, the Colchis lowland appeared instead.
From Turkey, the Black Sea coastline receives several rivers. These are the watercourses Eshil-Irmak, Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak. On the European side of Turkey is the Thracian Peninsula. Quite a bit of time passed when a wide bridge was built to connect it with Anatolia. This allows large ships to easily pass through the Bosphorus Strait. To the west of it come close to here there are several large ports. One of them is Burgas, the other is Varna. It is from here that the sea roads of Bulgaria originate.
Islands
The Black Sea is deprived of the opportunity to boast big amount islands. The largest of them is Dzharylgach with an area of 62 sq. km. The rest are very small - no more than 1 sq. km. This includes the islands of Berezan and Serpentine. The latter is located farthest from land. The distance from the Danube Delta to the island is 40 km.
Summing up
Each section of the coastal zone has its own name. In Crimea, the coast is called the Southern coast, in Russia in the Caucasus - the Black Sea coast, in Turkey - the Rumelian and Anatolian coasts.
The most convenient bay is located in Romania - the port of Constanta. On north side the large Danube Delta. Here is the Lower Danube lowland. It contains a string of salt lakes.
So, we tried to answer whether the Black Sea coastline is indented or not, described the features of its relief.
Length of the Black Sea from west to east - 1167 km, from north to south - 624 km. The greatest depth is 2,212 m, and the average depth is 1,271 m. The length of the coast along the perimeter is 4,090 km, the length of the coastline reaches 4,340 km. The area of the Black Sea is 423,000 sq. km.
Due to the excess of the fresh water inflow of the Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, Southern Bug, Mzymta, Bzyb, Kodor, Inguri and others. (more than 300 rivers) above evaporation, it has a lower salinity than the Mediterranean Sea. Rivers bring 346 cubic meters to the sea. km of fresh water and 340 cubic meters. km of salt water flows out of the Black Sea through the Bosporus.
Depth of the Black Sea
Black Sea is one of the deepest sedimentary basins in the world. The thickness of sedimentary deposits at the bottom of the sea is 14 km. The bottom relief is a deep basin with steep slopes, its maximum depth is up to 2211 m. The area of the Black Sea is 413,488 sq. km. km. The maximum length is 1148 km, the maximum width is 615 km, the length of the Black Sea coastline is 4077 km.
The Black Sea washes the shores of Russia, Abkhazia, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria, Ukraine.
There are few bays, bays and peninsulas in the Black Sea and almost no islands. This is due to the constant rise in sea level.
The composition of the Black Sea water
salty taste sea water is given by sodium chloride, and a bitter taste is given by magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate. Water contains 60 different elements. But they assume that it contains all the elements that are on Earth. Sea water has a number healing properties. The salinity of the water is about 18%.
About 87% of the Black Sea waters are deprived of oxygen and contaminated with hydrogen sulfide. At a depth of more than 150 m, the water contains hydrogen sulfide, in connection with this, the sea is devoid of living organisms at great depths. The source of hydrogen sulfide is the decomposition of the remains of aquatic organisms; at a depth of 150-200 m, the content of hydrogen sulfide reaches 7.5 cubic meters. cm per liter of water, and its total amount is a billion tons. The uniqueness of the Black Sea lies in the fact that in the deep layers of its water there are no algae, invertebrates and fish, there are no living creatures, except for sulfur bacteria.
Determined that age of the Black Sea about 8 thousand years.
Black Sea located in the middle latitudes, approximately between 41 and 47 degrees north latitude and 28 and 42 degrees east longitude. The northern shores belong to Ukraine, the eastern - to Russia, Georgia and Abkhazia, the southern - to Turkey, the western - to Romania and Bulgaria. For almost 400 km, the Black Sea washes Krasnodar region, beneficially influencing its climate. Through the straits Bosphorus, Dardanelles and through Sea of Marmara Black Sea waters merge with the Mediterranean, and through Kerch Strait With Sea of Azov .
Black Sea known to mankind since ancient times! Over the course of millennia and centuries, it has changed several names. The first Greek navigators called it Pont Aksinsky i.e. inhospitable. However, later the ancient Greeks changed their mind and began to call it Pont Aksinsky, that is, a hospitable sea. In Rus' in the old days Black Sea called Pontic, and Russian by sea.
Scientists explain the modern name in different ways. Some - the Turks called Karadeniz, that is, the inhospitable "Black" Sea, because all the conquerors who came to its shores received a decisive rebuff from the tribes that inhabited it. According to another hypothesis, the name is associated with storms and the fact that the water darkens during a storm. And there is a third version, which is connected with the fact that metal objects lowered to a great depth of the Black Sea turn black under the influence of hydrogen sulfide.
The ancient Greeks, sailing along the Black Sea coast, saw here the settlements of the Scythians, Taurians, and in the east - the Colchians. The Greeks named after these tribes Black Sea coast Kavakaza Colchis, Crimea - Tauris, and the Northern Sea - Scythia.
Bays of the Black Sea
There are few bays in the Black Sea, the largest of them Odessa, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Tamansky and Sinopsky. Of the bays for receiving ships, the most convenient Tsemesskaya and Gelendzhikskaya.
The Black Sea is poor in islands, the largest - Serpentine(0.17 sq. km). Of the peninsulas, the most significant - Crimean, Kerch and Taman.
Characteristics of the Black Sea
The total area of the Black Sea is 413,488 sq km. The volume of water is 537,000 cubic meters. km. The sea represents deep depression oblong shape with a fairly flat bottom and steep slopes (from 6 to 20 degrees). The greatest depth is 2245 m, the average is 1271 m.
They flow into the Black Sea Danube, Dniester, Southern Bug, Dnieper, Rioni, Chorokh, and within Krasnodar Territory- over 80 small rivers. Half of the river flow falls on the Danube. The annual flow from land to the Black Sea is 400 cubic meters. km, the same amount evaporates from the surface of the sea. The Black Sea receives 175 cubic meters per year. km of salty Mediterranean water and 66 cu. km of Azov water of low salinity.
Most of all, the Black Sea water contains sodium chloride (77.8% of the total salt content), magnesium chloride (10.9%), calcium sulfate (3.6%). In addition, the Black Sea water contains about 60 more chemical elements: iodine, bromine, silver, radium, etc.
The Black Sea is the warmest in our country. The temperature in winter in the open part is + 6..7 degrees of heat, in the south + 8..10, in the north-western part it often drops to -1 and ice fast ice forms there. In summer, the water temperature averages +24 degrees, near Sochi it can warm up to +28 degrees. At a depth of 50-70 meters the temperature is stable +6-7 degrees.
Surface currents in the Black Sea are weak, their speed usually does not exceed 0.5 m/s. The main causes of surface currents are river runoff and wind.
The ebbs and flows in the Black and Azov Seas are very weakly expressed. Their amplitude is 3-10 cm. Secular changes in sea level - an increase of 20-50 cm in a hundred years.
During storms in the Black Sea, waves up to 10 m high and 150 m long develop. Waves are usually much smaller.
The force of the waves hitting the shore is enormous. In the Sochi region, it reaches 20 tons per 1 sq. km. m.
Flora of the Black Sea quite rich and varied. In coastal waters there are thickets of brown algae - cystoriasis. On sandy and mudflats there are whole underwater fields of sea grass - zosters. Deeper there are extensive thickets of red algae - phyllophora.
The fauna of the Black Sea is very diverse, but due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, it is concentrated mainly in the upper 200-meter layer of water.
Based on the materials of the books: Korovin V.I. Nature of the Krasnodar Territory. Krasnodar: Book of publishing house, 1979
Among the many seas of the world (there are more than 50 of them), a special group is made up of the so-called inland seas, to some extent surrounded by land. In this group, which in Europe alone includes the White, Baltic, Mediterranean and Marmara Seas, the Black Sea, in terms of isolation from the Ocean, is second only to the Sea of Azov. Indeed, from Atlantic Ocean it is separated by the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar. An equally difficult waterway leads from the Black Sea to the Indian Ocean.
Dimensions: The surface area of the Black Sea is 423,000 km, and its water volume is 547,000 km. The greatest depth is 2212 m. The length of the Black Sea coastline, according to the latest estimates, reaches 4340 km.
The Bosphorus Strait, or the Bosporus, is, in fact, a narrow channel 31 km long, 35 to 0.7 km wide and a minimum depth of 50 m. On the opposite side of the Black Sea is the Kerch Strait, connecting it with the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. The length of this strait is about 45 km, the width is from 3.5 to 42 km, and the minimum depth is only 10 m. However, the small Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov (surface about 39,000 km) is very shallow and a maximum depth of 13 m can be found in a very limited area in the very center of the reservoir.
The coastline of the sea forms several bays, peninsulas and capes deeply protruding into the sea. Biggest peninsula- Crimean, ends in the west with the Tarkhankut peninsula, and in the east with the Kerch peninsula. On the eastern side of the Kerch Strait is the Taman Peninsula. The most protruding capes: Kaliakra in Bulgaria, Midia in Romania, Big Fountain, Tarkhankut, Khersones, Methan and Chauda in Ukraine, Utrish and Myskhako in Russia, Pitsunda in Georgia, Cham, Bafra, Boztepe, Iidzheburun and Oludzhs in Turkey. Most large bays and bays: Burgas and Varna bays in Bulgaria, Mamaia bay in Romania, Odessa, Teidrovsky, Egorlytsky, Dzharylgachsky, Karkipitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia bays in Ukraine, Novorossiysk and Gelendzhik bays in Russia, Samsun and Sinopsky bays in Turkey.
The landscape diversity of the Black Sea coast is very great. There are high mountains and vast valleys, humid areas with subtropical vegetation and arid regions, numerous estuaries, lagoons and river deltas.
The Black Sea is not rich in islands of continental origin. The largest of them, Serpent's Island (in ancient times - Levka, Fidonisi), with an area of 1.5 km and a height of up to 40 m above sea level, is located 37 km east of the Chilia branch of the Danube Delta. Another island, Berezan,
with an area of \u200b\u200babout 0.5 km "and a height of up to 20 m, is located 1 km from the mouth of the Berezan Estuary. Another island, Kefksn, is located near the coast, 90 km east of the entrance to the Bosphorus. Several very small islands, in fact, rocks, are in the Burgas Bay.
Sandy islands washed up by currents can reach considerable sizes. These are: Tepdrovsky Island, or Tendrovskaya Spit, about 65 km long and about 30 km in area;
In any sea there are shelves - continuations of the continents under water. These are zones with depths of less than 200-150 m. In the Black Sea, due to the characteristics of its waters, the shelves are the only areas of the bottom inhabited by rich life. The total area of the Black Sea shelf is about 100,000 km, "of which 64,000 km" are located in the northwestern part of the sea, opposite the coasts of Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria. The width of the shelf reaches here in some places 150-180 km. In other areas adjacent to mountainous terrain, the shelf narrows to 10, and in some places - to 2 km.
The central part of the sea - an area with depths of 2000-2212 m - is basically a flat bottom with slight depressions and elevations, covered with a layer of sediments with a thickness of 2 to 15 (!) kilometers. Some researchers consider the Black Sea deep-water basin to be the remnant of the Tethys Sea.
Sometimes you just wonder how nature could create on its own, without the help of man and modern machines, unique natural objects. Some will think that there is nothing supernatural in natural monuments, zones and attractions are not present, they should be treated as a given. Oceans, seas, bays, mountains, waterfalls, deserts - all this, in their subjective opinion, is ordinary.
However, it is worth noting that for most people on the planet, everything that surrounds us and created by nature is seen as unique, divine, beautiful and delightful. Today we will talk about the Taman Bay - a place where two seas miraculously joined together. We will reveal the secret regarding the water in this unique place, let's talk about the day, which is completely covered with grass, and talk about how tourists and residents of the Taman Peninsula speak about the bay.
A small geographic reference
Taman Bay is located not far from the Krasnodar Territory on the peninsula of the same name. The Taman Peninsula lies between two seas loved by many Russian tourists and not only, Azov and Black, in the water area. By the way, the Sea of Azov has recently turned into resort area, because many tourists were able to see in the salty oasis beautiful place for summer holidays. The center of the peninsula is the city of Temryuk, an administrative unit of the Krasnodar Territory. talking about main city Taman Peninsula, I would like to note that it is quite ancient. The date of its foundation is 1556, and in fact many cities of Russia start counting their formation from the 17th or even the 18th centuries.
Dimensions
Taman Bay itself is small: its length is about 16 km, and the entrance point stretches for 8 km. It is worth saying that the depth here reaches 5 meters. On Taman Peninsula lowlands prevail. In some places, huge estuaries (natural oases where the soil sinks below sea level) have formed. However, these reservoirs, despite their size (length of 7 km or more), are very shallow.
Settlements scattered along the perimeter of the bay
Taman Bay accommodates several significant settlements on its shores: Taman itself, the village of Volna Revolyutsii, Sennoy, Yubileiny, Primorsky and Garkusha. This place has never been and is not now a favorite area for tourists. According to some unofficial data, in each village of the peninsula for the entire summer period about 50-100 thousand people come. This figure seems ridiculous along with the number of visits Black Sea resorts our country.
In Soviet times, such an influx of tourists to the Taman Bay deprived many local residents of food, because food was brought to the settlements based on the number of local residents. However, no one suffered from hunger, because each house had subsidiary farms. Now many locals with great pleasure will provide visitors with housing for a minimal fee.
Salt or fresh water?
Many people are interested in the question of what kind of water is in the Taman Bay. The unequivocal answer is salty, although quite recently this could be argued, and for this reason. Since two seas meet in the bay: the Azov and the Black, and the water area of the bay is mainly located in the Azov half, the conclusion suggests itself. The Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov is considered fresher, although it cannot be called completely devoid of salt, and the Black Sea, as you know, is salty.
Freshwater fish live in the Sea of Azov, and it is rightfully considered one of the richest places in the country in terms of catch. This is due to the fact that the sea has a huge number of river tributaries. Once upon a time, Taman Bay, the photo of which can be seen in the article, had fresher water and was famous among fishermen. Over time, more and more water from the Black Sea entered the bay, mixing there and displacing freshwater fish. Now it is almost gone there, but tourists have increased. Perhaps they now consider the bay to be completely Black Sea because of its salinity.
Unique bottom
The bottom of the Taman Bay is completely covered with grass. It may seem surprising, but she somehow miraculously adapted to the water and feels great there. Many tourists are initially frightened by this tickling feeling that accompanies them during entry into the water. A place where there is no grass growing at the bottom is a trampled wide spit. Such smooth bottom surfaces are formed in places of mass congestion of swimmers.
Another unique feature of the bottom of the Taman Bay is the presence of fragments of ancient clay jugs and amphoras among the grass, coarse sand and pebbles. For archaeologists, such small pieces of lost relics are of no value. However, the fact that the brown remains of antiquity lie under your feet makes the place truly unique. By the way, many people want to know which sea is Taman Bay. More precisely, can it be considered part of some kind of sea? So, despite the fact that the bay mostly lies in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, many consider it to be the confluence of two seas: the aforementioned and the Black.
Why do many now rest in the waters of the Kerch Strait?
Due to the fact that at present many people prefer to relax from the hustle and bustle of cities and major metropolitan areas it was by the sea, but at the same time spending every vacation in a new place, enjoying unexplored impressions, a huge number of tourists discovered Taman Bay. The reviews that are found on the Internet are full of positive statements and assurances to go there next year. Tourists are attracted by the sparseness of the bay and the amazing beauty of the steep coast.