Extreme points of the Crimea and their geographical coordinates. Geography

Crimea is not only an administrative and resort unit. First of all, it is a peninsula, a geographical unit. Therefore, in geography lessons native land local schoolchildren remember the extreme points of the Crimea - their coordinates, names and features.

Extreme northern point in Crimea

Coordinates - 46.161050, 33.692249.

It is difficult to name a specific point for this tip of the peninsula - the northern cordon of Crimea runs across the Perekop isthmus. But where is his place? Theoretically right in the middle. Where is his middle?

As a result, geographers took the path of least resistance, issuing a conditional border, indicating that the closest to northern point The Crimean settlement is the village of Perekop. It is subordinate to the city council of Armyansk (the city is also located on the isthmus). The settlement was the result of an attempt to restore the town of the same name - it was destroyed during civil war. Now about 1000 people live in it, in fact it is a district. Next to it is the border zone. But the village itself is not included in it.

As for, it has always been considered the most vulnerable and "responsible" part of the Crimea. It connects it to the mainland, while it is very narrow (no more than 9 km). When trying to attack Taurida from land, Perekop took the brunt of it - for this reason, even in ancient times, it was blocked by defensive structures called. Due to the narrowness of the perimeter, the defense could be held for a long time and reliably - this business was always entrusted to the best military leaders, and the reliable defense of Perekop greatly increased the overall security of Crimea (it is also not easy to take it from the sea).

Of the "warriors of Perekop", the Tatar Murza Tugay-bey (comrade-in-arms of B. Khmelnitsky) and M.V. Frunze, who in 1920 organized a unique military operation to defend the white army of Baron Wrangel.

Extreme point in the south of Crimea

Coordinates - 44.386747, 33.777032.

With the south, everything is also not easy, the sources call two capes - and Nikolai (both - next to and next to each other).

In fact, extreme south point Crimea - still m. Nikolai, but Sarych is 3 geographical minutes to the north. It's just that he is more famous, in particular, for the legendary battle of the Russian squadron with the Breslau and Goeben cruisers at the initial stage of the First World War.

Its name is associated with the name of N.N. Raevsky, general, hero Patriotic War 1812, father-in-law of the Decembrist S.G. Volkonsky. For his military exploits, the commander was granted a country estate near the cape, and geographical feature named after the patron saint of himself and his father.

Now it is problematic to get to the ledge itself - there is a frontier post on it. Near it camp "Foros" is located.

Extreme point in the west of Crimea

Coordinates - 45.390415, 32.480458.

The extreme western point of Crimea will not provide a comfortable rest - the shores of Cape Priboyny (the Tatar name Kara-Mrun is also common) are steep, there are no tolerable roads on its plateau.

But it is located in a romantic resort area - it is part of the Tarkhankut Peninsula. The nearest settlement to it is popular. Surfing delimits and . From the north, its neighbor is Ocheretai Bay, also known among tourists.

A geodetic sign has been installed on the cape. Its plateau is covered with the usual annual meadow herbs and, in principle, is not very interesting. Usually regulars wander here to take pictures "in the very west of Crimea."

Extreme eastern point in Crimea

Coordinates - 45.382946, 36.644643.

But not all extreme points of Crimea are so mysterious or everyday. Its eastern end - - has a clear location on the map, a rich and, moreover, well-studied history, and no one disputes its right to be called the "border".

The cape is found on, near the outskirts of modern Kerch and marks the entrance to. For this reason, it has been marked by people since ancient times. Archaeologists have documented the existence of settlements of the Bronze Age and the ancient Greek settlement Parthenium on Lantern.

There is an active lighthouse on the cape. It appeared there in 1820, but now you can see only new buildings - the old ones were destroyed during the Great Patriotic War (the participants of the Kerch-Eltingen operation were disembarked here). The lighthouse complex still does not guarantee against crashes - in 1995, the cargo ship "Doja" under the Syrian flag sank abeam Lantern - the now abandoned ship is a bait

The Crimean peninsula has long been called that for a reason natural pearl Europe. Here, at the junction of subtropical and temperate latitudes, as if in focus, the characteristic features of their nature are concentrated in miniature: plains and mountains, modern mud hills and ancient volcanoes, lakes and seas, steppes and forests, landscapes of the semi-desert of the Sivash region and the Black Sea sub-Mediterranean.

Crimean peninsula located in the south of Ukraine at the same latitude as southern France and northern Italy.

The outlines of the Crimea are very peculiar, some see them as a bunch of grapes, others - a flying bird, others - a heart. Each of us, looking at the map, immediately sees in the middle of the blue sea an irregular quadrangle with a wide ledge of the peninsula in the west and a long, narrower ledge of the Kerch Peninsula in the east. The Kerch Strait separates the Crimean Peninsula from the Taman Peninsula, the western tip of Russia.

The total length of the land borders of Crimea is more than 2500 km. Area - 27 thousand square meters. km.

Crimea is washed almost from all sides by the waters of the Black and Azov Seas. It could be an island, if not for the narrow, only 8 kilometers wide, Perekop Isthmus, connecting it with the mainland.

The maximum distance from north to south is 207 km, from west to east - 324 km.

extreme points: in the north - the village of Perekop, in the south -, in the east -, in the west - Cape Kara-Mrun.

The waters of the Black Sea (area - 421 thousand square kilometers, volume - 537 thousand cubic kilometers) wash Crimea from the west and south. Most large bays: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia. The shores of the peninsula are heavily indented by numerous coves and bays.

From the east and northeast, the peninsula is surrounded (width 4-5 km, length 41 km) and the Sea of Azov (area - 38 thousand sq. km, volume - 300 cubic km), which forms the Arabat, Kazantip, and Sivash bays.

The Crimean mountains divided the peninsula into two uneven parts: a large steppe and a smaller mountain. They stretched from the southwest to the northeast from the neighborhood to three almost parallel ridges separated by parallel green valleys. Length Crimean mountains about 180 km, width - 50 km.

The main ridge is the highest, here are the most famous Mountain peaks: - 1545 m, - 1525 m, - 1231 m. The southern slopes facing the sea are very steep, while the northern ones, on the contrary, are flat.

The peaks of the Crimean Mountains are treeless plateaus, which are called (translated from Turkic means "summer pasture"). Yayly combine the properties of both mountains and plains. They are connected by narrow lowered ridges, along which mountain passes. The paths from the steppe part of the Crimea to the Southern coast have long run here.

The highest yayls of Crimea: Ai-Petrinskaya (1320 m), Gurzufskaya (1540 m), Nikitskaya (1470 m), Yalta (1406 m). The limestone surface of the Yayla has been dissolved for many centuries under the influence of rainwater, water flows have done in the thickness of the mountains. numerous moves, mines, deep wells, amazingly beautiful caves.

The steppe occupies most of the territory of Crimea. It is the southern outskirts of the East European, or Russian, plain and slightly decreases to the north. Kerch Peninsula It is divided by the Parpach Ridge into two parts: southwestern - flat and northeastern - hilly, which is characterized by an alternation of gentle depressions, ring-shaped limestone ridges, mud hills and coastal lake basins. However, mud volcanoes they have nothing in common with real volcanoes, since they do not throw out hot lava, but cold mud.

Varieties of calcareous and southern chernozems predominate on the flat part of the Crimea; dark chestnut and meadow chestnut soils of dry forests and shrubs are less common, as well as brown mountain-forest and mountain-meadow chernozem-like soils (on yayla).

More than half of the territory of the peninsula is occupied by fields, about five percent - by gardens and vineyards. The remaining lands are predominantly pastures and forests.

The forest area is 340 thousand hectares. The slopes of the Crimean Mountains are covered mainly with oak forests (65% of the area of all forests), beech (14%), pine (13%) and hornbeam (8%). On the southern coast in the forests grow relict tall juniper, pistachio tupolis, evergreen small-fruited strawberry, a number of evergreen shrubs - Crimean cistus, Pontic needle, red pyracantha, shrub jasmine, etc.

The main source of river nutrition is rainwater - 44-50% of the annual runoff; snow nutrition provides 13-23% and groundwater - 28-36%. The average long-term surface and underground runoff of the Crimea is just over 1 billion cubic meters of water. This is almost three times less than the volume of water that annually enters the peninsula through the North Crimean Canal. The natural reserves of local waters are used to the limit (73% of the reserves are used). The main surface runoff has been regulated: a couple of hundred ponds and more than 20 large reservoirs have been built (on the Salgir river, Chernorechenskoye on the Chernaya river, Belogorskoye on the Biyuk-Karasu river, etc.).

Through the North Crimean Canal, 3.5 billion cubic meters of water are annually supplied to the peninsula, which made it possible to increase the area of irrigated land from 34.5 thousand hectares to 400 thousand hectares (since the 30s of the XX century).

In Crimea, mainly along the coasts, there are more than 50 lakes-estuaries with a total area of 5.3 thousand square meters. km used to obtain salts and therapeutic mud: Donuzlav, Bakal, Staroe, Krasnoe, Chokrakskoe, Uzunlarskoe, etc.

2016-11-08

Look at the map of our Motherland. On far south the European part deeply protrudes into the peninsula, resembling an irregular quadrangle. He is small. Its area is only about 26 thousand square meters. km - 14 times less. In the north, narrow (up to 8 km), it is connected to the mainland, in the south and west it is washed by the waters of the Black Sea, in the northeast and east - Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait.

In the distant geological past, there were vast seas in the south: Sarmatian, Meotic and Pontic. The bottom of the Pontic sea-lake began to rise, and its waters finally gathered in two basins: the Black Sea and the Caspian, which were first connected by the Kumo-Manych Strait. They either connected with through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, then separated from it.

The modern Black Sea arose about 10 thousand years ago. It is one of the deepest seas in our country. Along its shores stretches a strip of coastal shallow water - with depths of up to 200 m. This shoal descends in several more or less steep ledges to the central part of the bottom. The maximum depth of the Black Sea is 2245 m.

The Black Sea is warm. In summer, surface waters in the open sea warm up to 24-25°, and in shallow coastal waters to 28-29°. In winter, surface water temperatures high seas 6-7°. The temperature of the coastal waters generally stays around 0°C with slight fluctuations. In this regard, in its coastal part, the sea freezes only in especially cold winters.

Located inside the mainland, desalinated by the rivers flowing into it, the Black Sea is a medium basin. The salinity of its surface waters is 16-18 ppm, that is, 16-18 weight parts of salt per 1000 weight parts of water. The deep waters of the Black Sea are saturated with hydrogen sulfide and therefore lifeless.

Its organic world is very peculiar. There are fish here that previously inhabited the Pontic sea-lake - Pontic relics, which include beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, sprat, some types of gobies, etc. There are fish that, in the cold eras of the past, descended from the south, penetrated into the Mediterranean Sea, and from it to Black. Representatives of this so-called boreal-Atlantic group of fish are sprats, salmon, flounder-glossa, shark-katran, stingray - sea fox.

There are, although rarely, representatives of the Arctic fauna - seals. In 1934, a seal was seen near Batumi.

The most numerous and diverse fish of the Mediterranean fauna: mullet, mackerel, horse mackerel, red mullet, bonito, sea bass, crucian carp, flounder, stingray - sea cat.

Small fish also live: needlefish, seahorse, stickleback.

Two species of Mediterranean fish are poisonous. This is a sea ruff (scorpionfish) and a sea dragon. The ruff at the base of the second ray of the dorsal fin has a gland that produces a poisonous fluid that causes a painful inflammatory process.

A big and daring predator is the swordfish. In a state of irritation, she attacks not only fishing scows, but even passing ships.

The Crimean peninsula is located in the south of Russia. Latitude of southern France or northern Italy. From the east, the shores of Crimea are washed by the waters of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, and from the west and south - by the Black Sea. The Crimean peninsula is connected to the mainland only by a narrow isthmus, a maximum of eight kilometers wide. The name of the isthmus at first glance seems unexpected - Perekopsky (what did they want to dig, but did not have time?!).

Crimea also includes two peninsulas:

Kerch, it is located in the east between the Black and Azov Seas,
Tarkhankutsky, occupies western part Crimea.

The southern coast of the Crimean peninsula is not without reason considered the most favorable: the sea is located in the southeast, mountains protect from the winds in the northwest. This creates a velvety climate of dry subtropics.

The Crimean peninsula has borders with Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Georgia. The capital and the largest transport hub on the peninsula is the city of Simferopol. The population of Simferopol is about 400 thousand inhabitants.

Geographic characteristics

Territory - 26860 km². Length: from east to west - 360 km, from south to north - 180 km.
The southernmost part is Cape Sarych; the westernmost cape is Priboyny; the cape with the speaking name Lantern is in the east.

There are many seaports, the largest are Evpatoria, Feodosia, Yalta, Kerch.

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Length coastline the Crimean peninsula is more than 2,500 km. Of these, almost 50% falls on the Sivash Bay, 750 km - the Black Sea coast and about 500 km - the coast of the Sea of Azov. The shores of the peninsula are indented by numerous bays, gulfs and coves.

The territory of Crimea is 72% plains, 20% mountains and 8% lakes and rivers.

Relief

The Crimean peninsula and in the distant years, judging by the results of the study, had favorable natural conditions. People have lived here for a very long time. Here are found monuments of the Middle Paleolithic (about 150 thousand years ago), Mesolithic, Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Age.

Many Crimean local history museums store unique archaeological finds found in grottoes, caves, under rock canopies, where primitive people found natural shelter.

Here are some natural historical monuments Crimea:

burial of Neanderthals in the Kiik-Koba cave, located near the village. Zuya in the Belogorsky district,
Wolf Grotto and Chokurcho near Simferopol,
Starosele near Bakhchisarai,
Ak-Kaya near Belogorsk.

In Europe, older finds are not known.

The relief of the Crimean peninsula consists of three unequal parts:

North Crimean Plain with the Tarkhankut Upland (about 70% of the territory),
Kerch Peninsula
and in the south - the mountainous Crimea extends in three ridges.

The highest is the Crimean Mountains is Mount Roman-Kosh(1545 m).

Crimean mountains

Once upon a time, 200 million years ago, the waves of the primary Tethys ocean crashed in this place. Crimean and Caucasian mountains rose from it 7-8 million years ago. These mountains divided the waters of the ocean, forming the Black and Caspian Seas.

They have three main ridges, which are separated by valleys. These ridges begin in the southwest of Crimea. Here are their names:

Main (aka South) - starts at and follows along the coast to Feodosia. It has a length of almost 180 km. It ends at Cape St. Elijah;
The inner ridge (Middle), stretches from the Mekenziev mountains towards the Old Crimea;
External - starts from the Kara-Tau hill, which is on the watershed of the Belbek and Kacha rivers, and follows to Simferopol.

The width of the mountain strip reaches 50 km.

The Crimean mountains are very picturesque and not like the others. They are like huge frozen waves. The main ridge to the north has gentle slopes, and to the south it breaks off with high steep walls. It has its own peculiarity - it does not have the usual peaks, but wavy upland plateaus. In Crimea, they are called yayly (translated as summer pasture).

In Alushta, the Main Ridge is divided into separate massifs bearing the names Babugan, Chatyr-Dag and Demerdzhi. The sloping Dolgorukovskaya yayla goes to the north, and the largest Karabi-yayla in terms of area goes to the east. It connects with Demerdzhinskaya only by a "bridge" in the form of the Table Mountain.

After that, the Main Ridge finally disintegrates, leaving only a few mountain ranges, peaks and volcanic massifs, of which the most interesting, unusual is Karadag.

In many places on the East Bank, the ancient "Taurian platform" protrudes directly from the ground, forming an unusually shaped elevation with landslides, cracks, and ravines. Further, to the east of Feodosia, roads and paths lead to sparsely populated land, the relief of which is called the Kerch hilltop.

To the north and north-west of the Feodosia Bay, almost the entire small Crimea was occupied by the huge, in comparison with the coastal resort strip, the Crimean steppe. So "Cimmeria" (sometimes called "Kimtavria") is a land of contrasts - mountains, coast, flat hills, steppe.

Steppe

The steppe occupies the largest part of the Crimean territory. It is the southern outskirts of the East European, or Russian, plain and slightly lowers to the north. The Kerch Peninsula is divided by the Parpach Ridge into two parts: the southwestern - flat and the northeastern - hilly, which is characterized by the alternation of ring-shaped limestone ridges, gentle depressions, mud hills and coastal lake basins.

In the flat part of the peninsula, varieties of southern and carbonate chernozems predominate, dark chestnut and meadow chestnut soils of dry forests and shrubs, as well as brown mountain-forest and mountain-meadow chernozem-like soils (on yayles) are less common.

The Crimean peninsula has vast agricultural lands. More than 52% of the territory is occupied by arable land, there are not so many orchards and vineyards - about 5%. It’s not even clear where Crimean wines appeared in our stores now! Part of the land is used for pastures. There are also forests.

Rivers and lakes

On the Crimean peninsula more 1600 rivers and temporary drains. Their total length is about 6000 kilometers. However, usually these are small streams, which dry up almost all in summer. There are only 257 rivers longer than 5 km.

The most significant of the rivers according to their geographical position are divided into several groups:

rivers of the northern and northeastern slopes of the Crimean mountains (Salgir, the most long river peninsulas - 232 km; Wet Indole - 27 km; Churuksu - 33 km, etc.);
rivers of the northwestern slope (Chernaya - 41 km, Belbek - 63 km, Kacha - 69 km, Alma - 84 km, Western Bulganak - 52 km, etc.);
the rivers of the southern coast of Crimea (Uchan-Su - 8.4 km, Derekoika - 12 km, Ulu-Uzen - 15 km, Demerdzhi - 14 km, Ulu-Uzen East - 16 km, etc.);
river-beams of the flat Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula.

The rivers of the northwestern slopes of the Crimean Mountains flow almost parallel to each other, until the middle of the course they are typically mountainous. The rivers of the northern slopes on the plain deviate to the east and flow into the Sivash. The short rivers of the Southern Coast flowing into the Black Sea are typically mountainous throughout their entire length. The mountain river Wuchang-Su runs down to the sea, forming waterfalls in four places.

There are also many lakes and estuaries on the territory of the peninsula - more than three hundred. Some of them are muddy. The lakes located along the coast are mostly salty. On the Tarkhankut peninsula there is a rather large freshwater Ak-Mechet lake. mountain lakes are mainly artificial reservoirs. There are more than 50 salt lakes in Crimea, the largest of them is Lake Sasyk (Kunduk) - 205 sq. km.

Weather in Crimea

The natural conditions of the Crimean peninsula are very extraordinary. This amazing edge endowed with fertile lands, and a magnificent sea coast, and majestic, unique in their beauty, mountain ranges. The Crimean peninsula has a mild climate throughout the peninsula.

However, there are differences in the south and north. On south coast The Crimean peninsula is close to the Mediterranean and subtropical, and in the northern part of the peninsula - continental.

Summers are sunny and quite hot, with rare but heavy rains. It usually starts in mid-May and lasts until the end of September. The air in these places is not very humid. Autumn in the Crimea is rainy, but warm, almost windless, smoothly turning into a snowy winter with rare, not severe frosts.