Khujand is a country. The city of Khujand is the cultural center of Tajikistan

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Khujand is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia and the second largest in the country after Dushanbe. Its population is approximately 170 thousand people. The city stands on the full-flowing Syr Darya River, surrounded by mountains and greenery, in clean air. It cannot be said that the antiquity here is especially pronounced: rather, the city leaves a strong feeling of the Soviet and post-Soviet times. But the fruits in Khujand are juicy and cheap, the streets are calm, and the people are sympathetic.

Today the citadel is one of the most significant and impressive sights of the city. A historical museum is open on its territory.

How to get to Khujand

Firstly, you can get from Uzbekistan, along the highway from Tashkent, in a cheap local taxi. Drive ground transport from Dushanbe it is much less convenient, since on the road you will have to pass two passes in the mountains, where the route, to put it mildly, is not the best, so the journey can take 13, and 14 hours, and even more. There are daily trains from Dushanbe to Khujand, but it is not recommended to use them: they go through Uzbek territory, and inspection at the border is an unpleasant procedure. But planes from Dushanbe to Khujand fly 3 times a day. This travel option is also remarkable for the views of the Pamirs open to air passengers. Khujand Airport is located near Chkalovsk, about 10 km from the city.

Search for flights to Khujand

A bit of history

It is difficult to say when the first settlement appeared on the site of present-day Khujand: it is only clear that it was a very long time ago. The official date of foundation of Khujand is 514 BC. e. Alexander the Great, having conquered the city, gave it the name of Alexandria Eskhati. In the 8th century, Alexandria (Extreme) fell under the rule of the Arabs, and in the 13th century the Tatar-Mongols came here, who almost completely destroyed it. But the location of Khujand on the river, at the crossroads of several trade routes, including the Great Silk Road, was too good to be abandoned. The city was revived, becoming a major scientific, political, commercial and cultural center. In 1866, Khujand was ceded to the Russian Empire, in Soviet times it was renamed Leninabad.

Popular hotels in Khujand

Weather in Khujand

Entertainment and attractions of Khujand

The citadel of Khujand is part of the city fortifications, which has come down to our days from the 6th-5th centuries BC. e. Of course, in those days the fortress looked a little different. In subsequent centuries, it was completed and expanded, eventually making it almost the most fortified in Central Asia. Genghis Khan completely destroyed the fortress after a long and fierce siege, but by the end of the 15th century it was restored. Today the citadel is one of the most significant and impressive sights of the city. A historical museum is open on its territory.

3 things to do in Khujand:

1. See the plane on the embankment of the Syr Darya.
2. Take a picture of the Capitoline she-wolf with the twins.
3. Go to the Kairakkum reservoir (it is also the Tajik Sea) and swim in plenty.

The Masjidi Jami Mosque was built at the beginning of the 16th century on Panjshanbe Square. At the same time, it is the mausoleum of Sheikh Muslihiddin. This is a majestic building with several colonnades, a large iwan and rich decor. It is distinguished by a row of four small domes and one central, rounded one. Here you can see fine wood carvings on doors and walls, beautiful arched openings, high and narrow, painted ceramic mosaics and elegant paintings. The mosque is considered an amazing example of medieval Asian art.

The oldest Orthodox church in the country was built in 1884. Money for the church of Mary Magdalene was donated by a wealthy metropolitan merchant. Alas, in 2005 the church burned down almost completely and was rebuilt in 2010 and significantly transformed. Today it is a 14-meter building with a gilded cross, which was specially brought here from Moscow. In the interior of the church, you can see several old icons preserved after the fire.

Outside historical center Khujand is built up with low private houses of a couple of floors, somewhat reminiscent of Crimean cities. Clean and calm streets planted with trees. Here and there one comes across evidence of the Soviet heritage - these are monuments to Ilyich, and busts of the heroes of socialist labor, and wall paintings and reliefs depicting hardworking citizens or rushing into space.

Probably the most noticeable monument of the city is dedicated to the legendary ruler Ismail Samani and stands on a high granite stele, especially well visible from the river. A gilded bronze statue replaced Lenin who used to stand here. The height of the crowned figure of the hero is 13 m, and together with the stele, the monument reaches 27 m. And the monument to the famous Persian-Tajik poet Kamol Khujandi was erected on the Star Square of Khujand in 1996. The poet was born in the city, and this is reflected in his pseudonym - Khujandi. The 3.5 m high statue with large wings was created in two copies: the second one is located in Tabriz, where the poet was buried.

The city market of Panjshanbe is located on the square of the same name. Here the traveler is waiting for all the flavor, in search of which tourists visit oriental markets. In the market, it is worth buying a barbecue with a tortilla, and on the square itself, take pictures of the Sheikh's mausoleum and the minaret.

Neighborhood of Khujand

The Kairakkum reservoir is located 20 km from Khujand - an artificial reservoir more than 50 km long. It was created for the construction of a hydroelectric power station in Soviet times, and to this day there are many valuable fish here, and migratory birds fly here in the season. Near the coast with sandy beach built many recreation centers and summer camps, and a wide variety of fruits grow nearby.

About 60 km from the city, if you drive towards Dushanbe, there is the city of Istaravshan. It is worth a trip here to admire the dilapidated ancient fortress and ancient mosques. In addition, wonderful views of the snow-capped Pamir peaks open up from the city. You can get to the town by taxi.

Eskhata) is a city in the north of Tajikistan, administrative center Sughd region.

Population - 169.7 thousand inhabitants (2014).

One of the oldest cities in Central Asia. The second largest city in Tajikistan, an important transport hub, political, economic, cultural and scientific center of the country. Khujand agglomeration with a population of 584,400 people.

Airport, railroad station Khujand (11 km from the center of Khujand, in the town of Gafurov).

• 1 Title
• 2 Transport
• 3 Population
• 4 Geography and climate
  • 4.1 Climate
• 5 History
  • 5.1 antiquity
  • 5.2 Russian Empire
  • 5.3 USSR
  • 5.4 Modern Tajikistan
• 6 Culture, education
• 7 Attractions
• 8 Twin cities
• 9 Notes
• 10 Links

Name

The modern Russian name of the city is Khujand, sometimes transliterated as Khojent or Khujand.

From the time of the Russian Empire until 1936, the name of the city was Persian. خجند‎, in Russian it was customary to transmit as Khujand.

From January 10, 1936 to February 26, 1991, the city bore the name of Leninabad (in honor of V. I. Lenin (Ulyanov)), while in the historical literature for the period until 1936 the spelling Khodzhent was preserved, and this spelling continued to be used in official practice in the name of the Khujand region of the Tajik SSR.

By the Decree of the Supreme Council of the Tajik SSR No. 246 dated February 26, 1991, the historical name was returned to the city.

Transport

The city is served only by numerous fixed-route taxis. Bus and trolleybus routes were abolished (in 1994 there were 11 trolleybus routes).

Population

Khujand is the second most populated city in Tajikistan after Dushanbe. According to the 1897 census, 28,431 residents of the city were indicated as their native Tajik, 595 Uzbek, 305 Sart, 458 Russian. The population of the Khujand agglomeration is 584,400 people.

Geography and climate

Syr Darya in Khujand

Khujand is located on the banks of the Syr Darya, below the Kairakkum reservoir, 35 km above the Uzbek Bekabad, on the territory of the Ferghana Valley, between the spurs of the Turkestan Range in the south and the Mogoltau mountains in the north.

The city is located 200 km northeast of Dushanbe (300 km by road).

Climate

Quote from St. Petersburg Vedomosti, 1868 (No. 215, 219):

“... Khujand is located on the banks of the excellent, high-water Syr Darya and is surrounded on all sides by mountains, along the slopes of which luxurious gardens grow green, and all this together - water, mountains and vegetation in summer, with the local heat and droughts, gives the air favorable freshness and purity, in winter moderation. … Khujand is surrounded by magnificent gardens, which are more numerous here than in other parts of the region. All these orchards are fruit, the fruits grow here in amazing abundance and the surrounding cities are supplied with them ... "

On the formation of the climate of Tajikistan, including Khujand big influence have the same air masses that invade the territory of Central Asia and determine the nature and change of weather. Precipitation in the Khujand region and throughout the Ferghana Valley is mainly due to cyclonic activity and the nature of the underlying surface.

The main role in precipitation is played by the South Caspian, Murgab and Upper Amu Darya cyclones, as well as cold air masses moving from the west, northwest and north. Reaching the frontal surface of the mountains, the incoming air masses rise along this surface, cool down and get an additional effect for the formation of clouds and precipitation. All these air masses invade the Fergana Valley from the west and southwest, but on their way they collide with the western and southwestern slopes of the mountain ranges of Northern Tajikistan and they receive more precipitation than the lee slopes, intermountain valleys and basins. Thus, on the windward slopes of the Zeravshan, Turkestan and Kuraminsky ranges, the amount of precipitation per year is more than 400-800 mm. This is confirmed by the fact that during the winter period in these mountainous areas a deep snow cover is formed, which is the reason for the avalanches in the spring. As you move deeper mountain country these air masses reach inland areas that are heavily depleted in moisture, as a result of which intermountain valleys and deep depressions receive very little precipitation. Khujand annual precipitation falls: in the cold period of the year 87 mm, and their largest amount is in March and April (25-27 mm); the smallest in the summer months (9-11 mm, Aug.).

As a rule, precipitation in the form of snow falls only at low temperatures. In the Khujand region, stable snow cover is absent in 20% of winters, and in 3-10% of winters it does not form at all. Here, the height of the snow cover only in February reaches an average of 1-3 cm, and is absent in the rest of the year. The highest ten-day height of snow cover was observed in the third decade of February - 47 cm. The number of days with snow cover is exactly 21.

Index

Climate of Khujand
Jan.	Feb.	March	Apr.	May	June	July	Aug.	Sen.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.	Year
3,5	6,2	13,8	21,9	28,6	34,2	35,5	32,4	28,8	20,6	12,3	5,6	20,3
−3,2	−1,8	4,2	10,7	15,6	19,6	21,2	18,8	13,6	8,1	3,4	−0,5	9,1
Precipitation rate, mm	15	15	25	27	20	9	4	1	3	15	16	17	167
Source: World Meteorological Organization

Story

In ancient times

The Achaemenid Empire at its heyday The campaign of Alexander the Great in Asia

The history of the city goes back to ancient times. The city existed during the Achaemenid dynasty. The troops of Alexander the Great, having captured the city, fortified it, calling it Alexandria Eskhata (Extreme)(Greek Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη).

In the 8th century Arabs took over the city. In 1219-1220, the city offered fierce resistance to the troops of Genghis Khan, but was destroyed.

Since ancient times, Khujand, being at the crossroads of trade routes of the East, on the Great Silk Road, has been one of the most important economic, military-strategic and cultural centers of Maverannahr.

Khujand was the birthplace of famous astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, historians, poets, musicians. One of them is Abumahmud Khujandi, the founder of the local astronomical school. “The Nightingale of Khujand” was called in the 14th century Kamol Khujandi, the author of the famous gazelles. Equally popular in the Middle Ages was the outstanding poetess, musician and dancer Mahasti. In the 19th century, such cultural figures as Toshkhodzha Asiri, Sodirkhon Hafiz, Khoji Yusuf conducted active educational work in Khujand.

In the Russian Empire

On May 24, 1866, the city was occupied by the Russian army and became part of the Russian Empire (see Central Asian possessions of the Russian Empire). The entry into the empire of the center of a densely populated district, which had rich economic resources, the most important road junction between the Fergana Valley, the Tashkent oasis and the Zeravshan Valley, a major trading point, opened up new opportunities for the development of Khujand.

The city was the administrative center of the Khojent district of the Samarkand region.

In July 1916, a Central Asian uprising began in the city.

IN THE USSR

At the beginning of 1918, Soviet power was established in the city, on October 2, 1929, it was included in the Tajik SSR.

In 1941, the Tajik Agricultural Institute was located in Leninabad, which was a university of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR and had a postal address: the city of Leninabad, Krasnaya Street, house No. 25.

In the post-war period, Leninabad became the largest industrial and industrial center after Dushanbe. Cultural Center Tajikistan. The industry of the city became diversified, equipped with advanced domestic and foreign technology, a silk factory operated in the city - one of the largest enterprises in the republic. In 1991, dozens of enterprises in Khujand produced the same amount of industrial output per day as in all pre-revolutionary Tajikistan in a year. Silk factory fabrics were sent to 450 cities of the USSR and to foreign countries.

Since the 60s, Leninabad has been actively expanding its borders. The city stepped onto the right bank of the Syr Darya, throwing two bridges over it.

In 1970, trolleybus traffic was launched in Leninabad.

During the years of Soviet power, fundamental changes have taken place in the field of health care. By 1991, there were 40 medical and preventive institutions in Khujand, in which about 2.5 thousand doctors and specialists with higher and secondary medical qualifications worked. education.

Major changes have taken place in the field of public education. In 1991, 30 schools operated in Khujand, in which about 30 thousand students studied.

In 1986, the city celebrated its anniversary - the 2500th anniversary of its founding. In connection with this Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples.

Modern Tajikistan

The XVI session of the Supreme Council, held in the Arbob Palace, 10 km from Khujand in November 1992, restored the constitutional order in the republic and elected E. Sh. Rakhmonov as the chairman of the Supreme Council.

Culture, education

Theater. Historical and local lore, Archaeological Museum, a park in honor of the poet Kamol Khujandi, which includes a mausoleum and a house-museum of the poet.

In 1932, the Pedagogical Institute was opened, where only 26 people studied. Today, more than 10 thousand students study at 16 faculties of this university, which was transformed into Khujand State University in 1991.

Attractions

Main article: Sights of Khujand

The medieval citadel, the mosque-mausoleum of Sheikh Muslihiddin (XVII-XVIII centuries), the Orthodox Church of Mary Magdalene is the oldest Orthodox church in Tajikistan, built in 1884 at the expense of the Moscow merchant Khludov. Monument to a native of the city poet Kamol Khujandi.

twin cities

• Shymkent (Kazakhstan)
• Akstafa (Azerbaijan)
• Lincoln (USA)
• Orenburg (Russia)

Notes

1. 1 2 3 4 Agency on Statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. Population of Tajikistan as of January 1, 2013 (Russian) (01.01.2013). Retrieved September 19, 2013.
2. Atlas of the world. - M.: PKO "Cartography" federal agency Geodesy and Cartography of the Ministry of Transport Russian Federation: Onyx Publishing House, 2008.
3. Sovetabad - article from Bolshoi Soviet encyclopedia(3rd edition)
4. Demoscope Weekly - App. Handbook of statistical indicators
5. For the location of Alexandria Eskhata, see also the article Antioch of Zayaksartskaya.
6. Oriental flavor of Dushanbe:: With you on the flight

Links

• City official website
• City portal of Khujand
• Coat of arms of the city of Khujand, 1910
• TSB: Leninabad
• Khodzhent // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.

Settlements Sughd region
cities:	Istaravshan Istiklol Isfara Kairakkum Kanibadam Penjikent Chkalovsk
settlements:	· Adrasman · Buston · Ganchi · Gafurov · Zarnisor · Zarkhok · Zafarobod · Zeravshan · Kansai · Nurafshon · Kuruksay · Mekhnatabad · Mahram · Nau · Naugarzan · Nefteabad · Palace · Pakhtakoron · Proletarsk · Syrdarya · Takeli · Urmetan · Chorukh-Dairon · Shaydon Shurab
large villages:	Vorukh Gulakandoz Yori Isfisor Karakchikum Kistakuz Kulkand Kurkat Kuchkak Matcha Navigilem Niyozbek Obburdon Obshoron Paldorak Pangaz-Bolo Rumon Sarikui Sugdiyon Surkh Uzbekkishlak Unji Chilgazi Chorku Lohuti Lakkon

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Khujand Information About

:  /  (G) 40.283333 , 69.616667 40°17′00″ s. sh. 69°37′00″ E d. /  40.283333° N. sh. 69.616667° E d.(G)

Name

The modern Russian name of the city is Khujand, sometimes transliterated as Khojent, Khujand.

During the Russian Empire and until 1936, the Persian name of the city was Pers. خجند in Russian it was customary to transmit as Khujand.

By the Decree of the Supreme Council of the Tajik SSR No. 246 dated February 26, 1991, the historical name was returned to the city.

Population

Khujand is the second most populated city in Tajikistan after Dushanbe.

Geography and climate

Khujand is located on the banks of the Syr Darya, below the Kairakkum reservoir, 35 meters above the Uzbek Bekabad. Entrance to the Ferghana Valley, between the spurs of the Turkestan Range in the south and the Mogoltau Mountains in the north.

The city is located 200 km northeast of Dushanbe (341 km by road).

Climate

Quote from St. Petersburg Vedomosti, 1868 (No. 215, 219):

«… Khojent is located on the banks of the excellent, abounding Syr Darya and is surrounded on all sides by mountains, on the slopes of which luxurious gardens grow green, and all this together - water, mountains and vegetation in summer, with the local heat and droughts, gives the air a favorable freshness and purity, but moderation in winter. … Khujand is surrounded by magnificent gardens, which are more numerous here than in other parts of the region. All these orchards are orchards, the fruits grow here in amazing abundance and the surrounding cities are supplied with them ...»

Khujand was the birthplace of famous astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, historians, poets, musicians. One of them is Abumahmud Khujandi, the founder of the local astronomical school. "The nightingale of Khujand" was called in the XIV century Kamoli Khujandi - the author of the famous gazelles. Equally popular in the Middle Ages was the outstanding poetess, musician and dancer Mahasti. In the 19th century, such cultural figures as Toshkhoja Asiri, Sodirkhon Hafiz, Khoji Yusuf were actively engaged in educational work in Khujand.

As part of the Russian Empire

In the post-war period, Leninabad became the largest industrial and cultural center of Tajikistan after Dushanbe. The industry of the city became diversified, equipped with advanced domestic and foreign technology, a silk factory operated in the city - one of the largest enterprises in the republic. In 1991, dozens of enterprises in Khujand produced the same amount of industrial output in a day as in all pre-revolutionary Tajikistan in a year. Silk factory fabrics were sent to 450 cities of the USSR and to foreign countries. Since the 60s, Khujand has been actively expanding its borders. The city stepped onto the right bank of the Syr Darya, throwing two bridges over it. During the years of Soviet power, fundamental changes have taken place in the field of health care. By 1991, there were 40 medical and preventive institutions in Khujand, in which about 2.5 thousand doctors and specialists with higher and secondary medical qualifications worked. education. Major changes have taken place in the field of public education. In 1991 there were 30 schools in Khujand with about 30,000 students.

Independent Tajikistan

The XVI session of the Supreme Council, held in Khujand in November 1992, restored the constitutional order in the republic and elected E. Sh. Rakhmonov as the chairman of the Supreme Council.

Culture, education

Theater. Local history, archaeological museums.

In 1932, the Pedagogical Institute was opened, where only 26 people studied. Today, more than 10 thousand students study at 13 faculties of this university, which was transformed into Khujand State University in 1991.

Attractions

Medieval citadel, mosque-mausoleum of Sheikh Muslekhetdin (17-18 centuries). Monument to a native of the city poet

Geography and climate

Quote from St. Petersburg Vedomosti, 1868 (No. 215, 219):

“... Khujand is located on the banks of the excellent, high-water Syr Darya and is surrounded on all sides by mountains, along the slopes of which luxurious gardens grow green, and all this together - water, mountains and vegetation in summer, with the local heat and droughts, gives the air favorable freshness and purity, in winter moderation. … Khujand is surrounded by magnificent gardens, which are more numerous here than in other parts of the region. All these orchards are fruit, the fruits grow here in amazing abundance and the surrounding cities are supplied with them ... "

The formation of the climate in Tajikistan, including Khujand, is greatly influenced by the same air masses that invade the territory of Central Asia and determine the nature and change of the weather. Precipitation in the Khujand region and throughout the Ferghana Valley is mainly due to cyclonic activity and the nature of the underlying surface.

The main role in precipitation is played by the South Caspian, Murgab and Upper Amu Darya cyclones, as well as cold air masses "moving from the west, northwest and north. Reaching the frontal surface of the mountains, the incoming air masses rise along this surface, cool down and get an additional effect for the formation of clouds and precipitation.All these air masses invade the Ferghana Valley from the west and southwest, but on their way they collide with the western and southwestern slopes of the mountain ranges of Northern Tajikistan and they receive more precipitation than the lee slopes, intermountain valleys and depressions.Thus, on the windward slopes of the Zeravshan, Turkestan and Kuraminsky ridges, the annual precipitation is more than 400-800 mm.This is confirmed by the fact that in winter a deep snow cover forms in these mountainous regions, which is associated spring period As they move deeper into the mountainous country, these air masses reach inland areas that are very depleted in moisture, as a result of which intermountain valleys and deep basins receive very little precipitation. For example, in Khujand, the annual amount of precipitation falls: during the cold period of the year 87 mm, and their greatest amount is in March and April (25-27 mm); the smallest in the summer months (9-11 mm, Aug.).

As a rule, precipitation in the form of snow falls only at low temperatures. In the Khujand region, stable snow cover is absent in 20% of winters, and in 3-10% of winters it does not form at all. Here, the height of the snow cover only in February reaches an average of 1-3 cm, and is absent in the rest of the year. The highest ten-day height of snow cover was observed in the third decade of February - 47 cm. The number of days with snow cover is exactly 21.

Airfare low price calendar

Story

The history of the city goes back to ancient times. Modern historical science believes that the archaic Khujand existed during the Achaemenid dynasty, that is, before the arrival of the troops of Alexander the Great to the banks of the Syr Darya. Having captured the city, they fortified it, calling Alexandria Eskhata (Extreme).

In subsequent periods, Khujand more than once had to find itself in the center of historical events. In the 8th century it was captured by the Arabs, in the XIII century. the city offered fierce resistance to the Mongol invaders, temporarily delaying the advance of the hordes of Genghis Khan to the west.

Since ancient times, Khujand, being at the crossroads of trade routes of the East, has been one of the most important economic, military-strategic and cultural centers of Maverannahr. The Great Silk Road passed through it, connecting ancient Greece, Rome, Asia Minor, Egypt, Iran with India, China and Japan. Khujand was the birthplace of famous astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, historians, poets, musicians. One of them is Abumahmud Khujandi, the founder of the local astronomical school, an outstanding authority in world science. "The nightingale of Khujand" was called in the XIV century Kamoli Khujandi - the author of the famous gazelles. Equally popular in the Middle Ages was the outstanding poetess, musician and dancer Mahasti. In the 19th century, such cultural figures as Toshkhoja Asiri, Sodirkhon Hafiz, Khoji Yusuf were actively engaged in educational work in Khujand.

On May 24, 1866, the city was occupied by the Russian army and became part of the Russian Empire. The entry into the empire of the center of a densely populated district, which had rich economic resources, the most important road junction between the Fergana Valley, the Tashkent oasis and the Zeravshan Valley, a major trading point, opened up new opportunities for the development of Khujand. In July 1916, Khujand was the first among the cities of Central Asia to openly oppose the colonial policy of tsarism, which tried to attract Tajiks, among other peoples of the region, to participate in the First World War (the Central Asian uprising of 1916).

At the beginning of 1918, Soviet power was established in the city, on October 2, 1929, it was included in the Tajik SSR. During the years of Soviet construction in the city that now bore the name of Leninabad, tremendous changes took place in all areas of the economic, social and cultural life. In the post-war period, Khujand became the largest industrial and cultural center of Tajikistan after Dushanbe. The industry of the city has become diversified, equipped with advanced domestic and foreign technology. The pride of the people of Khujand was one of the largest enterprises of the republic - a silk factory. In 1991, dozens of enterprises in Khujand produced the same amount of industrial output in a day as in all of pre-revolutionary Tajikistan in a year. The industrial products of the Khujand people were known far beyond the borders of our Motherland. Only the fabrics of the silk factory were sent to 450 cities of the USSR and to foreign countries. Since the 60s, Khujand has been actively expanding its borders. The city stepped onto the right bank of the Syr Darya, throwing two bridges over it. During the years of Soviet power, fundamental changes have taken place in the field of health care. By 1991, there were 40 medical and preventive institutions in Khujand, in which about 2.5 thousand doctors and specialists with higher and secondary medical qualifications worked. education. Major changes have taken place in the field of public education. In 1991 there were 30 schools in Khujand with about 30,000 students.

In 1932, the Pedagogical Institute was opened in Khujand, where there were only 26 students. Today, more than 10 thousand students study at 13 faculties of this university, which was transformed into Khujand State University in 1991. During the post-war decades, literature and art reached a new flowering in Khujand, a whole galaxy of poets and writers, artists and composers, craftsmen grew up. Khujand became more and more beautiful, took on the appearance of a large, industrialized city. In 1986, he celebrated his anniversary - the 2500th anniversary of its founding. In connection with this Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples.

The role and weight of ancient Khujand increased even more during the period of sovereign development of Tajikistan. It was here that the most important step was taken towards ending the fratricidal war and achieving national accord on Tajik soil: the XVI session of the Supreme Council, held in Khujand in November 1992, restored the constitutional order in the republic and nominated a new leader, E. Sh. Rakhmonov, to the political arena .

Modern Khujand

Khujand spread majestically in picturesque floodplain the Syrdarya River at an altitude of more than three hundred meters above sea level. Today Khujand is the largest industrial and cultural center of Northern Tajikistan and the second largest city in the republic. Truly gracious geographical location And climatic conditions Khujand. Therefore, the Ferghana Valley, where it is located, is considered the pearl of Central Asia: the mountain landscape, the ever-flowing waters of the Syr Darya, clean air, green attire, an abundance of grapes, fruits and other gifts of nature make Khujand an eternally young garden city. Khujand is the administrative center of the Sughd region of the Republic of Tajikistan, the second city in the republic in terms of the number of inhabitants and the volume of industrial production. It is located in the intermountain passage leading to the Ferghana Valley, on the most important caravan trade route of Antiquity. The Syrdarya River flows through the city. From the city center to the railway. station - 11 km, to Dushanbe - 341 km. Khujand connected railways, air and highways.

Monument to Kamol Khujandi

Installed in 1996 in honor of the 675th anniversary of the poet's birth. Located on the square "Stars of Khujand". The main idea is to convey his image as a thinker, philosopher and show his inner world. Against the background are depicted wings that personify the holiness of man and at the same time designate the wings of inspiration of poetry. The poet's face is turned to the place of his birth and towards the sunset. The height of the seated figure is 3.5 m, the height of the wings is 5.5 m. The area occupied by the monument is 1000 sq. m. m. In order to create the image of a strong man, spiritually rich, who has traveled a lot, the sculpture was deliberately created barefoot, as there are canons of sculpture about the beauty of the human body. Author artist sculptor K. N. Nadyrov. A similar monument of the same author was erected in 1997 in Tabriz at the burial place of the poet.

Khujand fortress

An integral part of the fortification system of the city. Founded in the VI-V centuries. BC e. According to the data obtained by the North-Tajik Archaeological Complex Expedition (STAKE), the Khujand fortress was first surrounded by an artificial rampart, later by a wall of considerable thickness made of mud. The city and the citadel, the components of ancient Khujand, had separate fortress walls surrounded by a wide and deep moat filled with water. The remains of these fortifications were found under the central part of the left-bank Khujand and surround the territory ancient city an area of ​​20 hectares.

With the development of the economy, trade, system of government and population, the city grows. In the 6th-7th centuries it was built new fortress. Medieval Khujand consisted of three main parts: the citadel, shakhristan and rabad. The citadel was located on the banks of the Syr Daryapreno by the Khujands at the gates of the rabad. The medieval Khujand fortress was considered one of the most fortified in Central Asia.

During the invasion of Genghis Khan (1219-1220), a 25,000-strong army with 50,000 Central Asian captives was sent to besiege the city. The heroic defense of the Khujand fortress and the nearby island on the Syr Darya under the leadership of Timurmalik is one of the brightest pages in the history of the liberation struggle of the Tajik people. As a result of the Mongol invasion, the Khujand fortress was destroyed. According to the historian Hofiz Abru, at the beginning of the 15th century the fortress lay in ruins. According to Zahiriddin Babur, already at the end of the 15th century, the fortress was restored and was the residence of the local ruler.

Mosque Masjidi Jami

The complex of Sheikh Muslihiddin, a monument of folk architecture of the XX century. Located on the western side of Panjshanbe Square. The facade of the building faces the street. Shark. The mosque was built in 1512-1513. A multi-column (30 columns) aivan adjoins the eastern wall of the winter hall, also multi-column (20 columns), and enters the courtyard of the mosque. The long southern wall of the mosque without any openings faces Shark Street. Only on the right, on the edge of the wall, is the entrance device of the darvoz-khon with a deep peshtak - a portal. The layout of the columns in the mosque is subject to a modular grid: six rows of four columns (30 modular squares) are repeated on the iwan, and five rows of four columns in the winter room. The two middle columns along the northern facade of the aivan are carved to the full height and carry an elevated part of the architrave with massive inlaid stalactites that have preserved the remains of the painting. At the entrance and above the mihrab, three plank squares of the ceiling are painted, but the colors have become very dark and partly crumbled. The walls are covered with good carved decor, mostly geometric motifs. Both doors of the winter hall are distinguished by fine, elegant carvings. Structurally, the building is framed with raw filling and subsequent plastering with stucco mortar. The gaps between the frame are used to create niches at the mihrab both in the winter hall and on the aivan. The roof of the mosque is flat earthen with clay-adobe coating. The foundation on which the walls of the building stand is made of burnt bricks. The courtyard of the mosque from the east and partly from the north is limited by one-story hujras. In the north-eastern part of the courtyard there is a minaret with a traditional lantern decorated with arched openings, from where a beautiful panorama of the city opens. Entrance portal facing the street. Shark, is distinguished by tiled cladding and carved ganch panels on the facade. The high portal represents only the front decorative wall of baked bricks, supplemented with north side adobe buildings on two floors with a wooden aivan at the top. The carved portal gates were made in 1513-1514. Mullah Mansur (painting), usto Shamsidtsin (ganch carving) and others took part in the decoration of the mosque. The mosque, in general, has a surprisingly harmonious image and is a magnificent example of the synthesis of decorative art and the building culture of Khujand.

Khujand- is major city Tajikistan and is considered the administrative center of the Sughd region of the country, located in the northern part of Tajikistan with a population of 255 thousand in 2016. Formerly called the city Leninabad.

In Russian, the city is also known under the name "Khodzhent". The city is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia, as well as the second largest city of the Republic of Tajikistan and an important transport hub, political, economic, cultural and scientific center of the country. Khujand agglomeration with a population of half a million people.

Khojent is one of the most windy cities in Tajikistan and the climate is much colder in relation to Dushanbe. In 2019, the enterprises of Khujand produced products worth about 115 million dollars. USA where almost 60 enterprises operate.

Video of the city of Khujand:

The geographical location and climatic conditions of Khujand are truly favorable. Therefore, the Ferghana Valley, where it is located, is considered the pearl of Central Asia: the mountain landscape, the ever-flowing waters of the Syr Darya, clean air, green attire, an abundance of grapes, fruits and other gifts of nature make Khujand an eternally young garden city.

History of Khujand:

Khojent is not only the second largest city in Tajikistan, but also one of the most ancient cities in the world, which was founded in the time of Alexander the Great. Around 329 BC e, his soldiers founded a fortress here, in which a significant garrison of Greek troops and a certain number of “barbarians” who were related to them were left, that is local residents. Of course, that fortress could not yet claim the title of a city.

But later, thanks to an ideally chosen strategic position and a favorable climate, the settlement began to grow rapidly and soon became known as "Extreme Alexandria".

For many centuries, scientists could not believe that that city and the current Khojent are one and the same place. But after the establishment of this fact, assumptions began to be put forward that the troops were unlikely to be able to create for such short term the city is actually from scratch: most likely, some earlier settlement was taken as the basis, which existed here long before the arrival of Alexander himself.

Thanks to its excellent location and mild climate, Khojent has turned into a prosperous city in just a couple of centuries. shopping mall, which at that time had global significance, until it was almost completely destroyed by the troops of Tamerlane. However, it was soon rebuilt again.

Like all cities of that time, Khojent was divided into the city itself, the fortress and the suburbs, where numerous artisans lived. The city, restored by Timur himself, quickly began to play an even more significant role in trade, since at that time the Great Silk Road was actively developing. Until the end of the 15th century, the city was part of the empire of Tamerlane.

By the end of the 19th century, the city had grown so much that it no longer differed in size from Bukhara, and even the bek, the ruler, had his own here.

However, despite its size, the city was a typical representative of that time: incredibly narrow streets and adobe houses were stuck together so closely that travelers could wander in this labyrinth for more than one day, finding again the place from which they entered the city. The only way to reliably navigate it was to know what block you were in.

For centuries, the city suffered huge losses and raids of enemies due to disagreements between Bukhara and the Kokand people, who could not divide it. However, after joining Russia, the strife ceased.

Contacts of the most important authorities of the city of Khujand ( city ​​code 3422):

Weather forecast for Khujand:

Photo of the city of Khujand.

The market of the city of Khujand

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Enterprises of Khujand

№	Business name	Unit	Products	Project capacity
1.	JV "Textile City"	Ted.	Sewing products	450
2.	JV "VT-Silk"	tons	Raw silk threads	143,8
3.	JV "Javoni"	tons	- yarn	2075
		pace	- cotton fabrics	4110,6
		tons	- garments	1900
4.	JSC "Nurtex"	t.sq.m	- cotton fabrics - batting	190
		-		195
5.	JSC "Poyafzolduzi Khujand"	steam	Genuine leather shoes for men and children	300
6.	CPC-2 deaf	tone.	- cotton wool - sewing product	720
		tons		603
7.	PTC "Nigor"	m2	- carpet products	18000
8.	JSC "Parviz"	liter	Vodka	291600
9.	JV "Khujand-Pakizhing"	t.c.b	Natural juices	5000
10.	JSC "Khujandtorgmash"	PC.	- el.skoroda - el.boiler.	1991
		PC.		933
11.	JSC "Avtoremzavod"	thousand soms	Transport repair	231,1
12.	JSC Hunar	t.s	Locksmith and turning works	380
13.	Regional Printing House	tl.o		3446
14.	Printing house K. Khujandi	tl.o		106,8
15.	JSC "Cannery"	m.u.b.	Canned fruits and vegetables	46,7
16.	JV "Nurteks-2"	tone.	- cotton yarn	115
17.	JSC "Almos"	PC.	- resonators	36000
18.	JSC "Lal"	million pieces	Glassware in 0.5l terms	89,2
19	JSC "Maishat"	tone	Flour	600
20	JV "Sadaf-Chan-Yu"	thousand soms	Furniture	390
21.	DP "Grand"	Thousand soms	Spare parts	520
22.	CJSC "SATN"	PC.	- garments	1200000
23.	JV "Samo"	t.s	Radio engineering	320
24.	CJSC "Ehyo"	tone.	- yarn - non-woven fabric	282
		t.m2	- cotton calico	127
		t.m2		430
25.	Saihun LLC	tons liter	Vodka	264
26.	Sirandud LLC	thousand soms	Enamel. dishes	1000
27.	LLC "Atlasi Khujand"	l.m.	Atlas	100000
28.	JSC "Zinnat"	somoni	Sewing products
29.	OOO MMK	dall.	- alcohol drinks	50000
		dall.		180000
30.	Dusti Amirkhon LLC	dall.	- soft drinks - beer	204000
		dall.	- confectionery	2000
		tons.	- consumer goods	20
		somoni		500000
31.	Textilimpeks LLC	sq.m	Dukhoba	162000
32.	LLC Bakery Enterprise	tone.	Flour	18000
33.	Code of Criminal Procedure "Blind"	somoni	consumer goods	83600
34.	JV "Tochin-L"	somoni	Plastic products	100000
35.	ZAO Komron-Agro-Holding	tone.	Milk products	2190
36.	OOO "Niku-Khujand"	tone.	cotton yarn	2500

MAP KHOGENT

Additional Information

City `s history goes back to antiquity. Modern historical science believes that the archaic Khujand existed during the Achaemenid dynasty, that is, before the arrival of the troops of Alexander the Great to the banks of the Syr Darya. Having captured the city, they fortified it either, naming it in honor of their commander Alexandry Eskhat (Extreme)

In subsequent periods, Khujand more than once had to find itself in the center of historical events. In the 8th c. it was captured by the Arabs, in the 13th century. the city offered fierce resistance to the Mongol invaders, temporarily delaying the advance of the hordes of Genghis Khan to the west.

Since ancient times, Khujand, being at the crossroads of trade routes of the East, has been one of the most important economic, military-strategic and cultural centers of Maverannahr. The Great Silk Road passed through it, connecting ancient Greece, Rome, Asia Minor, Egypt, Iran with India, China and Japan.

Khujand was the birthplace of famous astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, historians, poets, musicians. One of them is Abdumahmud Khujandi, the founder of the local astronomical school, an outstanding authority in world science. “Nightingale of Khujand” was called in the 14th century. Kamoli Khujandi - the author of famous gazelles. Equally popular in the Middle Ages was the outstanding poetess, musician and dancer Mahasti. In the 19th century in Khujand, such cultural figures as Toshkhoja Asiri, Sodirkhon Hafiz, Khoji Yusuf were actively engaged in educational work.

In 1866 the city was conquered by the Russian army. The entry into the Russian Empire of Khujand - the center of a densely populated district with rich economic resources, the most important road junction between the Fergana Valley, the Tashkent oasis and the Zeravshan Valley, a major trading point, opened up new opportunities for the development of the population of the city and its environs. In 1916, Khujand was the first among the cities of Central Asia to openly oppose the colonial policy of tsarism, which tried to attract Tajiks, among other peoples of the region, to participate in the First World War. In 1917 Soviet power was established in the city.

During the years of Soviet construction, the city underwent tremendous changes in all areas of economic, social and cultural life. During the Great Patriotic War(1941-45) the people of Khujand, like all the sons of our Motherland, stood up to defend the Soviet land. Thousands of residents of the city fought against the Nazis in the ranks of the Red Army.

In the post-war period, Khujand became the largest industrial and cultural center of Tajikistan after Dushanbe. The industry of the city has become diversified, equipped with advanced domestic and foreign technology. The pride of the Khujand people was one of the largest enterprises of the republic - a silk factory. In 1991, dozens of enterprises in Khujand produced the same amount of industrial output in a day as in all of pre-revolutionary Tajikistan in a year. The industrial products of the Khujand people were known far beyond the borders of our Motherland. Only the fabrics of the silk factory were sent to 450 cities of the USSR and to foreign countries.

Since the 60s, Khujand has been actively expanding its borders. The city stepped onto the first bank of the Syr Darya, throwing two bridges over it.

During the years of Soviet power, fundamental changes have taken place in the field of health care. By 1991, there were 40 medical and preventive institutions in Khujand, in which about 2.5 thousand doctors and specialists with higher and secondary medical qualifications worked. education.

Major changes have taken place in the field of public education. In 1991 there were 30 schools in Khujand with about 30,000 students.

In 1932, the Pedagogical Institute was opened in Khujand, where there were only 26 students. Today, more than 10 thousand students study at 13 faculties of this university, which was transformed into Khujand State University in 1991.

During the post-war decades, literature and art reached a new flowering in Khujand, a whole galaxy of poets and writers, artists and composers, craftsmen grew up.

Khujand became more and more beautiful, took on the appearance of a large, industrialized city. In 1986 it celebrated its 2500th anniversary since its founding. In connection with this Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples.

The role and weight of ancient Khujand increased even more during the period of sovereign development of Tajikistan. It was here that the most important step was taken to end the fratricidal war and achieve national accord on the Tajik land: the 16th session of the Supreme Council, held in Khujand in November 1992, restored the constitutional order in the republic and nominated a new leader to the political arena - E.Sh. Rakhmonov. The people of Khujand, faithful to the traditions of their fathers, with their daily work and active participation in social and political life, make a significant contribution to strengthening the economic power and territorial integrity of the country. They are confident in the imminent revival and prosperity of their beloved Tajikistan.

The main scientific edition of the Tajik Encyclopedias has started preparing a number of encyclopedias about the cities of Tajikistan. At present, the volume “Khujand” has been prepared, which includes over 2500 articles. The first version of the encyclopedia's vocabulary was prepared and discussed back in 1983. Then it was repeatedly discussed and revised, reviewed in Khujand. As a result, the encyclopedia has become capacious and compact.

It includes articles on geography, history, economics, science and culture, literature and art, topography, religious and architectural monuments, sports facilities, industrial and commercial enterprises, scientific and pedagogical institutions, libraries, ancient quarters of the city. A large place in the encyclopedia is occupied by pre-revolutionary history and representatives of various areas of the material and spiritual culture of the city.

In the process of preparing the dictionary, we had to overcome many difficulties and solve scientific and methodological problems. The main problem was the selection of personalities for this encyclopedia. The following principles were developed: those who were born, studied, worked or work in the city; scientists whose research is devoted to the city and its suburbs. In accordance with these principles, it includes articles about prominent state, party and public figures, famous scientists, writers and poets, artists and composers, Heroes of the Soviet Union and Socialist Labor, holders of honorary titles, holders of the Orders of Glory of three degrees, two military orders, received at the front, the first teachers, noble people of production, doctors and candidates of sciences, veterans of public education.

In addition, the encyclopedia includes party and Soviet workers, chairmen of the city executive committee and the regional executive committee, who, in different years made a great contribution to the development of the city. Part of the articles was included according to the letters and recommendations of the Hukumat of the region, city authorities, city Majlis of People's Deputies.

In the encyclopedia, the present article is placed at the beginning, and then the materials are arranged in alphabetical order. The authors sought to unify the titles of the articles, avoiding such “uniformity” as “Marasa..”, “Street…”, etc.

The book is supplied with illustrations, photographic documents. It is intended for a wide range of readers. The publication is a kind of experiment for further work on encyclopedias of other cities of Tajikistan, and we are far from thinking that we managed to avoid omissions and shortcomings. All critical comments from readers will be gratefully received.

The materials of the encyclopedia reflect the situation in 1998. The editorial board and the team of authors, realizing the need to make a number of adjustments due to the rapid changes of our time, at the same time did not have the opportunity to do so. In the names of institutions, organizations, honorary titles, etc. their officially valid names have been preserved.

Nature of Khujand

General information. Khujand is the administrative center of the Leninabad region of the Republic of Tajikistan, the second city in the republic in terms of the number of inhabitants and the volume of industrial production. It is located in the intermountain passage leading to the Ferghana Valley, on the most important caravan trade route of antiquity. The Syrdarya River flows through the city. From the city center to the railway. station Leninabad - 11 km, to Dushanbe - 341 km. Khujand is connected by railways, air and automobile routes. Pl. - about 0.3 thousand km, population 258 thousand people. (2019).

Relief. The Khujand oasis occupies a wide strip on the left-bank terraces of the Syr Darya and alluvial fans of its tributaries - Khodzhabakyrgan, Isfana, Oksu. From the north, the rocky mountains of Mevagul (Mogoltau), separated by the channel of the Syr Darya, come close to it, from the south - the foothills of the Turkestan Range. Located in an intermountain depression at an altitude of about 350-400 m, the oasis serves as a natural access from the vast Turanian plains to the densely populated Ferghana Valley. In the west, the oasis is adjacent to the Hungry Steppe (Mirzachul), and in the east by a narrow bridge between the Kairakkum reservoir and mountain range Belesynik connects with the Kanibadam oasis. The flat relief, only in some places diversified by low ridges and hills, is favorable for irrigated agriculture and convenient for communications. The right-bank part of Khujand was until recently a lifeless desert, the left-bank part, the largest in area, has been inhabited since ancient times. M. Gasanova.

Geological structure. The city is located on the southwestern tip of the Middle Tien Shan, composed of Paleozoic sedimentary metamorphic strata, intruding through it with intrusive rocks and above the thick cover of the Fergana depression. The right-bank part of the city is being built along the southern wing of Mevagul. The geological structure consists of rocks of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic period. The Lower Paleozoic consists of a sequence of metamorphosed Ordovician-Silurian sand-shale deposits, with a total thickness of about 4 thousand m. Within Mount Mevagul, in the section of the Ordovician-Silurian deposits, there are: spotted hornfelses, fine-grained quartz sandstones with interlayers of shale. The total thickness of the section is about 1300 m. The Middle Paleozoic deposits are represented by the formation of carbonate strata in Mevagul. A sequence of conglomerates and arkose sandstones was cut off in the area of ​​the ore fault. It occurs with large sandy-shale deposits of the Ordovician-Silurian. The thickness of the layer is 400-450 m. Sedimentary-volcanogenic formations in most cases create difficulties in the study.

At the basis of the stratigraphic subdivision of the Upper Paleozoic, many researchers use the general scheme of N.N. Vasilkovsky, which generally covers the wider Karamazar region in Northern Tajikistan. Intrusive formations are mainly represented by rocks of the Hercynian tectonomagmatic cycle. The rocks on the right bank of the Syrdarya River mainly consist of granitoids of the Kuraminsky botalite (Muzbek massif). Granitoids are multiphase intrusions. The Muzbek massif is located in the central part of Mevagul and is represented by rocks of four phases: gabbro and quartz diorites, biotites, porphyritic biotites, leucogranites and its vein-magmatic formations. The area of ​​the intrusion is more than 200 sq. km. Gabbro-diorites and quartz diorites of the Andigon stock are developed in the northeastern part of Khujand. From east to west they are replaced by granodiorites of the second intrusive phase (area 110 km2). From the Chashma area to the Uchteppa tract, it is composed of biotite rocks and horn-deceit granites (the area is 66 sq. km).

The Mevagul Mountains are rich in minerals. On an area of ​​more than 350 sq. km. there are on average up to 50 points of mineralization zones, ore occurrences and deposits of lead-zinc, skarn, iron ore and non-metallic types. The most characteristic are the tungsten deposits of Chorukh-Daron, copper-molybdenum Yangikon, skarno-giellitic Khanrabat and Tomchi, polymetallic, iron ore Khanrabat and Tomchi, polymetallic, iron ore, skarn-giellite, quartz fluorite, etc. Building materials are also widespread - sand, crushed stone, gravel , skarn rocks, gabbro and granodiorites, quartz, etc.

Quartz sand is used in the glass industry. Main minerals: quartz, fluorite, borite, calcium, as well as limonium, malachite, tungsten, bismuth and other polymetallic ores.