Types, forms and backbone factors

It is necessary to consider recreational tourism from other points of view.

In terms of tourism typology, types of recreational tourism are diverse: automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, water, mountain, ski, pedestrian, sailing, equestrian, ski and others, not limited by sports classification and other regulatory documents.

forms of recreational Tourism is also diverse: amateur tourism and planned travel, winter and summer, domestic and international, mass and elite, far and near, school and student, etc. Forms of tourism that are not associated with physical activity are not considered by us within the framework of recreational tourism due to the lack of backbone signs of physical recreation.

Tourism with active means of transportation is becoming more and more a mass need of society in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, a need not only social, but also biological and psychological. Satisfaction of this need makes it possible to eliminate or mitigate the adverse effects of the urbanization of life, in particular: neuro-emotional overload, hypokinesia and excessive malnutrition, to achieve an increase in the working capacity of the population and a decrease in the level of "diseases of the century". Based on a number of works, we can distinguish:

system-forming factors of recreational tourism: change of scenery, ensuring sufficient muscle activity, stimulation of natural immunity - the body's immunity to pathogenic influences.

A change of scenery with a person’s “exit” from everyday, monotonous and therefore already tiring conditions of life, ensuring the switching of the neuro-emotional sphere to new objects of the external environment, distracting him from the tiring and sometimes negative influences of everyday life. Hiking trips and travels that take the city dweller to a new landscape and climatic environment are associated with direct contact with nature. Close contact with her, education in campaigns of the ability to see and enjoy the beauties of nature, the development of a “kindred” attitude towards her are of invaluable psychological significance, ennobling and elevating a person spiritually. Extremely important in this regard is the education of a tourist's sense of collectivism, curiosity, patriotism, a thirst for overcoming obstacles and other valuable moral and volitional qualities that play a decisive role in the prevention of neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders. An improvement in the parameters of the neuropsychic sphere is observed in 98 out of 100 people who regularly took part in hikes. The most characteristic for the action of this type of recreational activity is the development of optimism, balance, endurance, self-confidence, smoothing out the symptoms of increased excitability and fatigue of the nervous system. Moderate working capacity increases according to corrective tests (by 12-18%), the latent period of the motor reaction is reduced. The increased tone of the neuropsychic sphere after the Sunday hike persists, reaching a maximum on the 2nd day, until the middle of the working week.

Ensuring sufficient muscle activity, eliminating the adverse effects of "muscle hunger" with training of the main functional systems that ensure the body's performance: cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems (along with nervous system). Pedestrian, water and especially mountain and ski tourism are one of the effective means of developing the endurance of the cardiovascular system, eliminating vascular dystonia by "extinguishing autonomic reactions" (Muravov I.V., 1982). An improvement in the functional parameters of hemodynamics is observed in 98 out of 100 people involved in hiking. A very characteristic manifestation of the impact of hiking is the normalization of the reaction to functional tests, in particular with physical activity (test of Rufier, Martinet, etc.).

After the next weekend trip, the indicators of metabolic processes improve: the elevated level of cholesterol in the blood decreases by 8-12%, weight decreases by 0.3-0.6 kg with obesity. Tourism, especially mountain tourism, is one of the effective means of developing functional reserves of external respiration. Indications of lung vital capacity, intra-bronchial conductivity (expiratory force) and maximum pulmonary ventilation after 6~8 mountain ascents during a vacation increase by 8-17%, often exceeding the "proper values". The strength of the hands increases. Increases in physical endurance.

Stimulation of the body's natural immunity to pathogenic bacteria. Long-term, moderate in intensity muscle load provides an increase in the level of not only metabolic processes and the activity of the endocrine system, but also tissue immunity. Myogenic biostimulators formed during physical activity (Filatov V.P., 1954) promote the resorption of foci of subsiding inflammation, stimulate regenerative processes in body tissues.

Stimulation of the neuropsychic sphere, endocrine and immunobiological systems of the body can explain the absence of "colds" in the vast majority of hikers, even with significant cooling.

INTRODUCTION

In the development of tourism and recreation, the role of recreational resources is great. Therefore, in order to determine the possibilities of using any territory in recreational purposes, it is necessary to study and evaluate the recreational and tourist resources that the territory possesses.

Recreational resources are understood as components of the natural environment and phenomena of a socio-cultural nature, which, due to certain properties (uniqueness, originality, aesthetic appeal, health-improving significance), can be used to organize various types and forms of recreational activities. Recreational resources are characterized by contrast with the habitual human environment and a combination of various natural and cultural environments.

Features of the organization of recreational tourism

Natural recreational resources

Recreational tourism is the movement of people in their free time for the purpose of rest, necessary to restore the physical and mental strength of a person. For many countries of the world, this type of tourism is the most widespread and massive. For the development of this type of tourism, it is necessary recreational resources. Recreational resources constitute the most important part of the natural potential of the region. In addition, their role in the formation and development modern tourism in the region is constantly increasing, especially from an ecological and geographical point of view.

Recreational resources are assessed on the basis of a factor-by-factor assessment of each of the components: relief, water bodies and soil and vegetation cover, bioclimate, hydro-mineral and unique natural healing resources, historical and cultural potential, etc.), considered from the point of view of using it by a specific type of tourism

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Introduction

What is recreation and its types

Tourism as a type of recreation

Recreational tourism

Conclusion

List of used literature

INTRODUCTION

Recreation, from the Latin "recreatio", means restoration. The industry of restoration of spiritual, physical, moral, moral forces provides ample opportunities for the provision of services when a person chooses, and professionals suggest in which direction it is best to carry out restoration and, most importantly, carry it out. The recreational industry is, on the one hand, a well-known phrase, and on the other hand, it is constantly filled with new meaning.

WHAT IS RECREATION AND ITS TYPES

Recreation is a set of phenomena and relations that arise in the process of using free time for health-improving, educational, sports, cultural and entertainment activities of people in specialized areas outside their place of permanent residence.

In Russia, especially in recent times, a culture of recreation, leisure, and sports is rapidly developing. At the same time, most of the various types of recreation are mainly carried out outside the home, in the fresh air, under open sky. Recreational activities such as hiking, for example, do not require any special costs, but at the same time depend on weather conditions. All types of recreation can be divided into two categories of popularity: more popular types and less popular types. The first category of recreation includes the three most common types, among which walking is the dominant one. The second common form of spending leisure time outside the home is relaxing with family and friends in nature, rivers, seas, lakes. Hiking in historical places and sightseeing are very popular.

Not surprisingly, walking has become the most common activity. As already noted, this type of recreation does not require special costs and devices, it is relatively cheap, but at the same time it is good for health and strengthening the body, especially for the elderly. The rapid growth in the popularity of hiking indicates that the number of supporters of this type of recreation will continue to grow. Visiting the beaches for several hours, days or throughout the whole vacation has long been a favorite way of spending leisure time for Russians. It should be noted that the attractiveness of this type of recreation is ensured by the comfort of the beaches, the high quality of service in hotels and motels, catering points, and the arrangement of various types of entertainment for children and adults.

Some types of recreation outside the home, such as walking, owe their popularity to their low cost, their proximity to cities and a wide range of all kinds of services, that is, the average city dweller does not need to spend big money and drive far from the city just to relax and take a walk in nature, he can do this in a city park.

But there are also other types of recreation and recreation that are less popular, uniting people mainly according to their hobbies. This group includes all kinds of hiking, fishing, hunting, etc.

Some types of recreation combine people's recreation with the knowledge of nature and the environment. These are the so-called educational and spiritually enriching types of recreation. These include visits to natural and cultural monuments, historical sites, archaeological sites, as well as birdwatching, wild animals, nature, studying various natural features reservoirs, etc. Visits cultural centers, historical places, natural monuments bring not only a boost of energy, but also a lot useful information about a variety of natural resources, the environment, the history and culture of various peoples. There are a large number of types of recreation of the second group associated with visits to various water bodies, for example, visiting swimming pools. It should be noted that swimming is very popular among the elderly, as they find it beneficial to health and consider a good remedy rejuvenation.

Fishing and the study of nature near water bodies are among the types of recreation associated with water. The types of water recreation include swimming in simple and motor boats.

Some types of land-based recreation, such as cycling, running, walking, may or may not require special conditions. Some prefer specific types of cycling, such as mountain biking, while many others enjoy riding from one place to another on an ordinary country road. The popularity of running also continues to grow inexorably. A feature of this type of recreation, which makes it popular, is that it can be practiced almost anywhere, whether it is a lawn near the house, an open stadium or a municipal park with special trails for running. In addition, the increase in the popularity of running is influenced by its benefits and health effects.

Other types of recreation, such as hiking, orienteering, etc., require a large number of different conditions and devices, which complicates participation in them, and, therefore, somewhat reduces their popularity, but the number of participants in these types is still quite high. Recently, the popularity of these types of recreation has been growing, which causes a demand for an increase in the number of trails, routes, campsites.

Some types of recreation, recreation and leisure activities in the open air, such as rock climbing or windsurfing, can be classified as so-called special types of recreation. Most of these species require for their device not only special conditions, for example, the presence of mountainous terrain, but also the availability of a variety of sports equipment and inventory. However, this group also includes such traditional types of recreation and recreation as hunting, horseback riding, downhill skiing, etc.

WITH climatic features In our country, snow and ice types of recreation are associated, such as skating, snowboarding, various types of mountain and flat skiing, ordinary and snowmobile riding, etc. Among the listed types of recreation and recreation, the most popular, oddly enough, simple sleigh rides. The second most popular is skiing, and ice skating takes the third place among the participants.

Regardless of the types of recreation, all of them are aimed at providing a person with a good rest. Rest is the process of restoring mental and physical performance, occurring in conditions of cessation of activities that caused fatigue. Distinguish between passive and active recreation. Passive rest provides for the cessation of previous activity and complete physical rest of the body, active rest - switching the body's activity to another type of activity.

Rest is one of the essential conditions for maintaining and strengthening health, maintaining high working capacity and achieving active longevity. Good rest is an integral feature of a healthy lifestyle and is ensured through the rational organization of free time, as well as special recreational activities that are included in the mode of work. One of the common types active rest is tourism.

TOURISM AS A TYPE OF RECREATION

Tourism in its content coincides with such a concept as long-term recreation. In modern scientific literature tourism is commonly understood as a set of relationships and phenomena that arise in the process of travel and stay of people outside their permanent place of residence, if the stay does not turn into a long or temporary occupation for the sake of earning.

Tourism (from Latin - trip) - leisure travel, one of the types of outdoor activities - is the most effective means of meeting the recreational needs of the population, as it combines health improvement, knowledge, communication, etc. Travel within one's country is united by the concept of domestic (national) tourism, outside it - foreign (international) tourism. Excursion tourism is widespread. Depending on the purpose of travel, tourism is divided into cognitive, sports, natural, amateur, tourism with social purposes, business (fairs, congresses), religious, etc. In international statistics, it is customary to consider tourist trips to resorts, to summer cottages, as well as mass short-term trips of collectives, individual groups and individuals to special recreation areas. Depending on the means of transportation and the use of equipment or other types of transport, water, walking, skiing, horseback riding, bicycle, motorcycle, auto and air tourism, mountain tourism, etc. are distinguished.

RECREATIONAL TOURISM

Recreational tourism is the movement of people in their free time for the purpose of rest, necessary to restore the physical and mental strength of a person. For many countries of the world, this type of tourism is the most widespread and massive. Recreational resources are needed for its development. Recreational resources constitute the most important part of the natural potential of the region. In addition, their role in the formation and development of modern tourism in the region is constantly increasing, especially from an ecological and geographical point of view.

Recreational resources are assessed on the basis of an assessment of each of its components: relief, water bodies and soil and vegetation cover, climate, mineral and unique natural healing resources (historical and cultural potential, etc.), considered from the point of view of using it by a specific type of tourism.

Recreational tourism can be divided into two types:

1. Tourist and recreational;

2. Cognitive-tourist.

Each type requires its own type of recreational resources. Recreational resources are understood as a complex managed and partially self-governing system, consisting of a number of interrelated subsystems, namely: vacationers, natural and cultural territorial complexes, technical systems, service personnel and a governing body. Part natural characteristics includes the area and capacity of the recreational area, climatic conditions, the presence of water bodies, aesthetic features of the landscape, etc. The optimal combination of these characteristics creates the necessary basis for the development of recreational tourism.

For the first type, these are climatic factors, which, in combination with sources mineral waters and therapeutic mud create favorable conditions for the formation resort complex. For the second, in addition to the above, - the historical and cultural potential. Territorially, in Russian Federation there are several main recreational areas. Forest-steppe, forest, mountain and coastal zones have opportunities for organizing both mass recreation and tourism, and medical and rehabilitation resort holidays almost all year round. Biomedical assessment climatic conditions in seaside resorts is based on determining the possibilities of various types of rehabilitation and recreational activities in these conditions. The main types of climatic and recreational activities at seaside resorts are aerotherapy (sea air breathing, air baths), thalassotherapy ( sea ​​bathing), heliotherapy (general solar radiation and their special types), kinesitherapy. The latter includes walks along the seashore, sports games on the beach, active swimming, rowing and other activities. water sports.

Combinations of these types of recreational activities are common. Despite the noted diversity and complexity of recreation, two main types of recreation can be distinguished, depending on climatic conditions in different ways.

Recreational activities of the first type can be called passive. These include sun and air baths taken at rest. They are usually carried out on the beach. This type of recreation makes strict demands on the weather.

The second type is active recreation: walks, sports games, etc. Active is distinguished from passive recreation, firstly, by the fact that physical activity causes increased heat production. Secondly, during active recreation, people are usually dressed. And although light clothing is used in this case, in combination with increased heat production, this makes more comfortable. low temperatures air than for passive recreation. Weather requirements are less stringent compared to passive recreation.

CONCLUSION

Recreation is the restoration of the physical and spiritual strength of a person, increasing the level of health and working capacity. In practice, recreation is understood as rest after a working day, working week, during the next vacation or vacation.

Recreation is closely related to the problem of free time, various activities of people in their free time, aimed at restoring health and physical strength, comprehensive development of the individual, are called recreational activities. There are constant changes in the content and forms of organization of recreational activities, the importance of active recreation is gradually increasing.

Recreational activities are based on the use of recreational resources, which include natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, vegetation, water bodies), rare natural objects(waterfalls, karst caves, beautiful landscapes, exotic plant species for the area, deposits of semi-precious stones, etc.), cultural and historical monuments, cities and other settlements, unique technical facilities.

For recreation and health improvement of the population, sports and recreation complexes are widely used, available in cities and towns, both at large enterprises and institutions, and in districts at the place of residence. In full set health complex includes a swimming pool, saunas, gyms for such popular games as volleyball, basketball, mini-football, tennis and table tennis, gyms for exercise equipment, rhythmic gymnastics and exercise therapy.

Recreational tourism is considered as a form of active tourism within the framework of physical recreation with certain restrictions on physical activity.

The program for organizing this type of tourism should be multifunctional: recreation, leisure and entertainment activities, a health program that can raise the vitality of vacationers, satisfy their spiritual and emotional needs.

The system-forming factors of recreational tourism are distinguished:

1. Change of scenery;

2. Ensuring sufficient muscle activity;

3. Stimulation of natural immunity - the body's immunity to pathogenic bacteria.

It is worth paying our attention to the intense pollution and degradation of the environment, observed in many regions of our country, have spread to the most popular recreational areas and zones. Recreational areas must be protected from contamination.

recreation tourism active natural

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1. Senin V. S. Introduction to tourism. M. B. I., 1993;

2. Gulyaev VG Organization of tourism activities. M. Knowledge, 1996;

3. Yu. A. Vedenin, Estimation natural conditions for recreation. M. Mercury, 1969;

4. V.S. Senin, "Organization of International Tourism", Moscow, 1999;

5. "All about national parks" R. Bobrov. Publishing house "Young Guard". Moscow. 1987

6. www.tur2000.ru

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The educational and methodical manual contains material on the discipline "Geography of recreational systems and tourism" and corresponds to the state standard of the specialty 49.03.03 - "Recreation and sports and health tourism". In the development of tourism and recreation, the role of recreational tourism is great. On the basis of theoretical analysis and scientific and practical material, the characteristics of Russia's recreational resources are determined and a methodological assessment of program tourism is developed. It is intended for students of higher educational institutions of the specialty 49.03.03 - "Recreation and sports and health tourism", as well as for organizers of active forms of recreation and self-study of various segments of the population.

Chapter 1. Tourism as a type of recreational activity

1.1. The concept and goals of tourism

Using the most authoritative publication on tourism terminology - the encyclopedia of tourism by V. A. Kvartalnov and I. V. Zorin, we can give the following definitions of tourism and tourism activities: temporary departures (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons from a permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary residence (Law of the Russian Federation "On the Basics of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation", 1 996).

Temporary departure of people from their permanent place of residence for vacation, recreational, educational or professional business purposes without engaging in paid activities at the place of temporary residence (Recommendatory legislative act “On the basic principles of cooperation between the CIS member states in the field of tourism”, 1994).

Activities of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one year for leisure, business and other purposes.

A specific form of movement of people along a route to visit specific sites or to satisfy a specialized interest.

Type of travel undertaken for recreational, educational, business, recreational or specialized purposes. “Tourism is one of the types of active recreation, which is travel made with the aim of knowing certain areas, new countries and combined in a number of countries with elements of sports” (Manila Declaration on World Tourism).

Movement (movement), being outside the permanent place of residence and the aspect of temporary stay in the object of interest. The Manila Declaration on World Tourism (1980) proclaimed: "Tourism is understood as an activity of great importance in the life of peoples by virtue of its direct impact on the social, cultural, educational and economic spheres of the life of states and their international relations."

A form of mental and physical education, implemented through the social and humanitarian functions of tourism: educational, educational, health and sports.

A popular form of organization of recreation, leisure activities.

A branch of the economy that serves people who are temporarily away from their place of permanent residence, as well as a market segment in which enterprises of traditional industries converge to offer their products and services to tour operators.

The totality of all types of scientific and practical activities for the organization and implementation of: tourist and excursion business; resort business; hotel business.

Term tourism(tourism) was first used by V. Zhekmo in 1830. The word "tourism" comes from the French "tour", which means "walk". Until recently in different countries the concepts of "tourism", "tourist" were understood differently. In our country, due to the fact that tourism and sanatorium-resort institutions were managed by different systems, the concept of "tourist" was limited to participants in tourist trips and hikes and was separated from the concept of "vacationer" in sanatoriums, boarding houses and rest homes. In other countries, different types of recreational activities were also often defined in different terms. With the development of tourism in the modern world, especially international tourism and the creation of international tourism organizations, it has become necessary to give a generally accepted definition of the concept of "tourist" and, accordingly, "tourism".

The international conference of 1963 gave such a definition of the concept of "tourist" - this is a person who arrived in a country in which he does not permanently live and is not engaged in a paid professional activity, in order to spend his free time for the sake of treatment, entertainment, education, recreation, religion, sports, for family or business reasons. Extending this definition to domestic tourism, a tourist should be considered a person who temporarily leaves his permanent place of residence to spend his free time for various purposes, except for a permanent paid professional activity.

The concept of "tourist" adopted by international organizations differs from the concept of "tourist": a tourist spends more than a day outside his permanent place of residence, a sightseer - less than a day.

According to the WTO, tourist- a temporary visitor, i.e. a person who is in a country other than his country of residence for any purpose other than the implementation of a paid activity. The main goals are education, treatment, transit. That. tourist - a person who is away from their permanent place of residence for at least 24 hours and not more than a year.

One of the first and most precise definitions of tourism was given by the University of Bern professors Hunzicker and Krapf and was later adopted by the International Association of Scientific Experts on Tourism. These scholars define tourism as a series of phenomena and relationships that arise as a result of the travel of people as long as it does not lead to a permanent stay and is not associated with obtaining any benefit.

Tourism is a special case of travel, however, it has clear delimitations from the generality, strictly defined characteristics, there are many definitions of tourism in the conceptual sense, and, of course, a person who makes or participates in a tourist trip, tourist trip, hike, and is generally referred to as a tourist. Tourism is:

- a special mass type of travel with clearly defined goals of tourism, made by the tourists themselves, that is, the activity of the tourist himself, and

- activities for the organization and implementation (accompaniment) of such trips - tourism activities. Such activities are carried out by various enterprises of the tourism industry and related industries.

Let us now give the classical definition of tourism. Tourism is the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or another area within their country in their free time for the purpose of obtaining pleasure and recreation, health and medical, guest, educational, religious or professional business purposes, but without engaging in work in the place of temporary residence, paid from a local financial source.

Tourism is a type of travel and covers the circle of people traveling and staying in places outside their usual environment for leisure, business or other purposes. Although various interpretations of this concept have appeared in the process of tourism development, the following criteria are of particular importance in determining this phenomenon:

– Change of location. In this case, we are talking about a trip that is carried out to a place that is outside the usual environment. However, people who make daily trips between home and place of work or study cannot be considered tourists, as these trips do not go beyond their usual environment.

– Stay elsewhere. The main condition here is that the place of stay should not be a place of permanent or long-term residence. In addition, it should not be related to labor activity (wage). This nuance should be taken into account, because the behavior of a person engaged in labor activity differs from the behavior of a tourist and cannot be classified as tourism. Another condition is that travelers must not stay in the place they visit for 12 consecutive months or more. A person who stays or plans to stay for one year or more in a certain place is considered a permanent resident from the point of view of tourism and therefore cannot be called a tourist.

– Remuneration from a source in the visited place. The essence of this criterion is that the main purpose of the trip should not be the implementation of activities paid from a source in the place visited. Any person entering a country for work paid from a source in that country is considered a migrant and not a tourist to that country. This applies not only to international tourism but also to tourism within one country. Every person traveling to another location within the same country (or to another country) to carry out activities paid from a source in that place (or country) is not considered a tourist of that place.

These three criteria, underlying the definition of tourism, are basic. However, there is special categories tourists for whom these criteria are still insufficient are refugees, nomads, prisoners, transit passengers who do not formally enter the country, and persons accompanying or escorting these groups.

Analysis of the above features, characteristics and criteria allows us to identify the following signs of tourism:

- business trips, as well as travel for the purpose of spending free time - this is a movement outside the usual place of residence and work. If a resident of the city moves around it in order to make purchases, then he is not a tourist, since he does not leave his functional place;

Tourism is not only an important branch of the economy, but also an important part of people's lives.

It covers the relationship of a person with his external environment. Consequently, tourism is a set of relationships, connections and phenomena that accompany the trip and stay of people in places that are not places of their permanent or long-term residence and are not related to their work activity.

There are five clearly defined important features that separate tourism from travel and other activities and processes:

- temporary movement and visit to the destination and an indispensable return back;

Destination is another locality (country) different from the place of permanent residence of a person;

- the goals of tourism, which are distinguished by a purely humanistic content and orientation;

- making a tourist trip in their free time from work or study;

- prohibition of a tourist to engage in activities in the destination, paid from a local financial source.

From the set of economic characteristics of tourism, five should be defined conceptually:

- tourism as a process and result of the movement of people across different tourist routes;

- definition of the two main basic elements of tourism: travel to the place of stay and stay there;

- travel means leaving the country (region) of permanent residence of the tourist;

- the movement of tourists to different tourist centers takes time, which means that they will return to their place of permanent residence in a few days, weeks or months;

– an excursion is a trip without permanent residence in the tourist center, which is not intended to generate additional income.

The following can be distinguished functions socio-humanitarian impact of tourism: rehabilitation; rational use of free time; providing employment; the rise in the standard of living of the working people; environmental friendliness and orientation.

Purpose of travel are one of the main and defining features of tourism. In the classical theory of tourism, only 6 general goals are recognized, according to which tourism is distinguished from travel in general:

- health-improving (restoration of the spiritual and physical strength of a person, as well as treatment);

- cognitive (improving and deepening knowledge about the nature of natural phenomena, the history and present of mankind, the culture of other countries and peoples);

- sports (preparation and participation in competitions and games at the professional and amateur levels, accompanying athletes, as well as participation as spectators);

– professional and business (business trips, participation in congresses, conferences, seminars, exchange of experience, professional training);

- religious (pilgrimage and cult, cultural and historical for the study of religion and cults);

- guest and nostalgic (visiting relatives, places of historical residence).

There are also the following tourism functions:

- Restorative - liberation of a person from a feeling of fatigue through a contrasting change in environment and type of activity;

- Developing - providing opportunities for personal development (expansion of the cognitive horizon, creative and organizational activities);

- Entertaining - providing vacationers with the opportunity to have fun. This also includes: getting to know the area, its inhabitants, organizing concerts, sports and other events, active recreation.

1.2. Classification, types and forms of tourism

The classification of tourism is the allocation of internally homogeneous taxa of tourism activities on accepted grounds.

The type of tourism is the result of the classification of tourism for one reason or another.

Motivational factors can also be used as a sign that allows classifying travel by type of tourism. With such a classification, one should proceed from the main motive that prompted a person to go on a trip. Although the motives are not always clearly defined, it is still possible to distinguish six types of tourism in the system of its management.

Leisure tourism. This type consists in a short or longer rest for the purpose of physical or psychological recovery of the body. In addition, this group also includes spa vacation, in which the natural properties of the soil, climate and sea water are used for treatment or recuperation.

Cultural tourism. Tourism, focused on the knowledge of a foreign culture, is divided into cognitive and pilgrimage. Educational tourism covers a visit to historical, cultural or geographical attractions. Tourists traveling for educational purposes are most often interested in social and economic relations the countries they visit. The purpose of pilgrimage tourism is to visit places of special religious significance.

public tourism. As public tourism are trips to visit relatives, acquaintances, friends, as well as club tourism. Club tourism is different in that travelers are consciously integrated into groups. Grouping occurs when there is an entertainment or sports program that interests people.

Sports tourism. Sports tourism includes trips for the purpose of active participation in sporting events, as well as trips that are passive in nature, participation in sports competitions.

Economic tourism– trips made out of professional and commercial interest: visits to stock exchanges, exhibitions, fairs, etc.

Congress (political) tourism is divided into diplomatic tourism, participation in congresses, as well as tourism associated with political events and activities.

Sometimes the need to specify tourism in its forms arises in connection with the different duration of travel (long and short trips). In this case, the length of stay on the trip is chosen as the main criterion for such a classification. If trips differ according to such an external criterion as the length of stay, then we can say that these trips belong to different forms of tourism. There are many opportunities to distinguish forms of tourism according to external criteria: by the origin of tourists; by organizational form; by duration of stay on the trip; according to the age; by means of transport; by time of year or season.

At first glance, it may seem that there is no big difference between the forms and types of tourism. In both cases, journeys are grouped based on certain points of view. The difference lies in the fact that the types of tourism differ in the motivation of travelers, i.e., in internal factors, and the forms of tourism differ in external causes and influences, which is very important for management.

Forms of tourism depending on the origin of tourists. Depending on the origin of travelers, tourism is divided into domestic and international. In this case, the word "origin" does not refer to a person's nationality or place of birth, but to his place of residence and work.

Forms of tourism depending on its organization(organizational forms). Depending on the forms of organization, there are lump-sum (providing a range of services for one price) and individual tourism. A package tour is a standardized, pre-organized package of tourist services. Private tour has the features that the tourist organizes and implements it independently. Such tours are also called solo, but this does not mean that you need to travel alone, because you can travel with your family, and at the same time the trip is called solo.

The concept of "individual tourism" is most often opposed to the concept of "mass tourism". Mass tourism originally meant that many people participate in tourism. Over time, this concept has acquired a negative meaning. Currently, mass tourism is associated with negative impacts, primarily lump-sum tourism, which is why the concepts of individual tourism and mass tourism are no longer suitable for distinguishing forms of tourism by the number of participants.

Forms of tourism depending on the length of stay. A very important classification of forms of tourism is their classification depending on the length of stay.

Travel duration refers to the time spent by a tourist in the course of a trip or stay in a visited place or country. Day trips are classified as follows: less than three hours; three to five hours; six to eight hours; nine to eleven o'clock; twelve or more hours. Overnight trips can be classified as follows: 1-3 nights; 4–7 nights; 8-28 nights; 29–91 nights; 92–365 nights.

Long trips are usually complemented by short trips. Short trips include transit trips, day trips and short term tourism. Transit tourism is the stops of tourists on their way to their destination. Day trips are day trips that do not involve overnight stays. A particularly important form of short-term tourism is short-term tourism. Short-term tourism includes business tourism and weekend trips. Regardless of whether trips are made for business or personal purposes, their average duration is 2-4 days, i.e. they include a minimum of one, a maximum of three nights.

Forms of tourism depending on the age of travelers. When classifying forms of tourism, the age of travelers is also taken into account. According to the age scale, the following groups of tourists are defined: children traveling with their parents; youth (tourists aged 15–24); relatively young, economically active people aged 25–44; economically active people of middle age (45-64 years) (travel, as a rule, without children); pensioners (65 years and older).

Forms of tourism depending on vehicles. Depending on the vehicle used to move tourists from one place to another, the following forms of tourism are distinguished: air tourism, bus, rail, road and sea.

Forms of tourism depending on the season. Depending on the time of year, winter and summer tourism differs. Seasonal classification of forms of tourism shows fluctuations in demand for tourism services during the year. The time at which the maximum number of trips is made is called the tourist season, the period of decline in travel is called the off-season. Tourist seasons in different regions may not coincide.

In addition to the proposed six criteria, there are other points of view that allow classifying travel by form. To make the classification of tourism more complete, the World tourism organization proposes to classify tourism according to the following types: domestic tourism - travel of residents of a region in this region; inbound tourism - travel in any country by persons who are not its residents; outbound tourism is the travel of residents of a country to another country. These main types of tourism can be combined in different ways to form categories of tourism. These categories of tourism can apply not only to any country, but also to the region; the term "region" - to some area within a country, or to a group of countries. The definition of "tourism within the country" includes domestic and inbound tourism; "national tourism" - domestic and outbound tourism; "international tourism" - inbound and outbound.

Tourism classification:

- by the number of participants in the trip: individual, group, family;

- by region of recreation: national, international;

– by market: domestic, foreign;

- according to the method of organization: unorganized, organized, amateur (qualification);

- by purpose: relaxation (rest), rehabilitation (sanatorium), recreational;

- by age: children, youth, middle age, third age;

- by means of transportation: automobile, bus, water, pedestrian, railway, riding;

- by type of main activity: business, educational, sports, environmental, congress;

- according to the main used natural resources: mountain, sea, forest, river, bathing and beach, medical;

- by the nature of the territory: continental, coastal, island;

- by sources of financing: commercial, social;

- according to the method of accommodation of tourists: hotel type, non-hotel type;

- by travel distance: near, far;

– by duration of travel: short-term, medium-term, long-term;

- according to the rhythm of tourist flows: seasonal, year-round.

Types of tourism.

Automobile tourism - 1) a special type of travel using a personal or rented car as a means of transport; 2) a specially organized categorical trip on cars and motorcycles. As part of automobile tourism, caravanning stands out, in which a caravan is used as a means of accommodation - a van with sleeping places.

Active tourism - 1) in international tourism - the number of visits to a given country by residents of other countries; 2) tourism performed for the development of physical strength, including for sports purposes; recreational activities using active methods of movement.

Bicycle tourism - special categorical trips that provide for the passage of the route on a bicycle.

Domestic tourism is the temporary departure of citizens of a particular country from their permanent place of residence within the state borders of the same country for recreation, satisfaction of cognitive interests, sports and other tourist purposes.

Water tourism - special categorical trips that involve rafting on rivers, passing lakes or other bodies of water.

Outbound tourism is the travel of persons permanently residing in a country to another country.

Inbound tourism is travel within the country of persons who do not reside permanently in this country.

Mountain tourism - special categorical hikes, providing for the passage of routes on foot in mountainous areas, overcoming passes above 3000–3500 meters, passing rocky areas, steep slopes, glaciers, snowfields, mountain rivers.

Group tourism is a form of organizing a tourist trip of people united by the possibility of joint travel along a specific route or in order to receive program services; satisfaction of the collective interest in the object of travel.

Long-distance tourism - trips that require a significant amount of time to travel to the destination (over 4 hours by plane, 4 days by car, and 4-5 days by boat or train).

Business tourism - temporary business trips and trips for official purposes, including participation in conferences, congresses, etc., without receiving income at the places of business trip.

Incentive tourism is tourism by invitation. It is especially common in large private firms, which thus encourage their employees and at the same time hold corporate events (congresses, exhibitions, meetings and conferences).

Individual tourism is a form of organization of tourist activity of a person. Most of all, it is realized within the framework of business, scientific, balneological and health tourism.

Foreign tourism is a system of travel and exchanges carried out on the basis of interstate agreements, taking into account existing international standards.

Short-term tourism - a trip for up to 5-7 days.

Congress tourism is the most significant and constantly increasing segment of the tourism market, focused on holding and servicing congresses, symposiums, congresses, conferences, meetings, etc.

Cultural tourism - tourism for the purpose of acquaintance and knowledge cultural heritage various countries and peoples.

Ski tourism - special categorical trips, providing for the passage of the route on skis along the plains, foothills and middle mountains.

Multi-stage tourism - tourists visiting several countries during one trip.

Youth tourism is a specific type of tourism activity of youth and adolescents, implemented both within state borders and at the regional and global levels.

National tourism - the state and development of tourism within the state (national) borders.

Unorganized tourism - spontaneous trips of tourists organized by the tourists themselves without the participation of an intermediary organization, tourist club or section.

Nostalgic tourism - tourist trips to the place of birth, youth, past residence, to the places of one's origin.

Organized tourism - trips on tours and routes organized by travel companies or clubs.

Hiking tourism - special categorical trips, the routes of which are laid along the plain or in the foothills, low mountains, in almost any area.

Cognitive tourism - tourist trips, the main purpose of which is to satisfy the curiosity of other cognitive interests.

Incentive tourism - group tourist trips provided by the administration of enterprises and institutions to their employees on extremely favorable terms or free of charge as a bonus for high performance.

Regional tourism is a tourist activity characteristic of a particular region - a set of countries or territories with the same conditions for the development of tourism and a similar level of tourist development.

Recreational tourism - trips for the purpose of recreation, recovery and treatment, restoration and development of the physical, mental and emotional forces of a person.

Religious tourism - trips to holy places.

Amateur tourism - 1) travel using active modes of transportation, organized by tourists on their own. Priority type of tourism activity. Types of amateur tourism - hiking, water, mountain, skiing, speleotourism, autotourism, cycling, equestrian tourism, mototourism; 2) a specific type of tourism activity, implemented on a voluntary basis.

Rural tourism is recreational travel to the countryside as a response to environmental pressures in cities.

Family tourism is a form of organizing trips for people related by family ties.

Speleotourism - special categorical tourist trips, providing for the passage of routes through caves and karst cavities underground.

Neighbor tourism - short-term international tourist trips to border areas neighboring country with movement usually by car and bus.

Social tourism is a social tourism product that satisfies the cognitive interests, spiritual or other needs of people, including health improvement, recuperation, at the expense of various sources of funding, including funds allocated by the state for social needs.

Specialized tourism is a tourist activity designed to fulfill the specific needs of people during a trip, visiting an object. Private types - congress, scientific, youth, professional, business, balneological, school, teenage, family, etc.

Tourism of military personnel is a specialized type of tourism activity implemented in order to meet the needs and needs of the personnel of the Armed Forces.

Tourism of compatriots - tourist trips of compatriots from near and far abroad, including through family ties, which are designed to maintain family ties, promote the cultivation of their native language, familiarization with their national values, mutual understanding and cooperation.

Tourism of the “third age” is a model of social tourism for people who have reached retirement age, which is common in foreign practice.

Festival tourism - wide range tourist trips that are organized to visit fairs, exhibitions, festivals, sports competitions.

Ecological tourism is tourism focused on the direct use of more or less "wild" nature as a habitat for tourists and travel goals based on the introduction of environmental technologies in all components of the tour.

Elite tourism is tourism, which includes the highest strata in the system of social hierarchy and VIPs.

Ethnocultural tourism - trips organized in places of residence of small peoples who do not have their own national state or administrative formation.

1.3. Tourist: concept, goals, types

There are many definitions of a tourist, which reflect the direction of the normative act and certain economic interests of the state by belonging. Actually, specialists have been working on this definition for more than 50 years. The first definitions of a tourist were formed in 1937 by a special committee of the League of Nations.

In 1963, at the UN Conference on International Tourism in Rome, questions of tourist definitions were considered. The following definition for a tourist has been adopted:

A tourist is a temporary visitor who stays in a visited area (region, country) for more than 24 hours and whose purposes of travel can be defined as leisure, recreational, festive, health, educational, religious and sports, as well as business and guest.

In the theory of tourism, in relation to Russian conditions, this definition in full is as follows: a tourist is a consumer of a tour, a tourist product or tourist services - a temporary visitor to the area, locality, territory or country, regardless of his citizenship, nationality, gender, language and religion, staying in this area for at least 24 hours, but not more than 6 months during a calendar year, or staying outside his place of residence within his country and spending at least one night in a collective or individual accommodation facility, traveling for pleasure or for educational, medical, business purposes and not engaging in activities at the place of temporary stay paid from a local source.

Consider the incentives for tourism that attract foreign tourists. The main motives include the following:

– learning and getting to know a new culture and way of life, food and customs;

- Introduction to entertainment nightlife, the opportunity to visit good restaurants, dance houses and other places of entertainment;

- the opportunity to be in a slightly different lifestyle, to have a drink, to freely spend money that has been accumulating for a long period, to feel at least a little like a person of a higher level;

- change of the general situation, stress relief, rest;

– visiting theaters, performances, festivals, carnivals;

– meeting new interesting people;

– studying the conditions for potential business in a given country;

– shopping goals;

– purchase of souvenirs and gifts;

- seaside holidays, sports;

– winter sports and recreation;

- treatment, recreational purposes;

– religious purposes, pilgrimage;

- Meeting with relatives and friends.

Pleasure and relaxation are the natural needs of a person, allowing him to restore physical and mental strength, relieve stress accumulated during routine work over a long period. Normally working people usually have one to five weeks of rest every year.

Health-improving and medical purposes are determined second in importance: visits to resorts, sanatoriums, health-improving institutions, health-improving trips, stay on medicinal waters, and other types of treatment.

This is followed by professional business goals: this includes seconded specialists, for example, sent to the installation and installation of equipment; participating in meetings, meetings, conferences, congresses and conventions, trade fairs and exhibitions; incentive trips for employees of enterprises (incentive tourism); performances with lectures and concerts; preparation of travel programs advertising tours); conclusion of contracts for accommodation and transport; work as guides and other positions in the field of tourism; participation in professional sports events; paid training, education and research activities (we note especially that this methodology unfairly includes government business trips here, including diplomats and military personnel or employees of international organizations, with the exception of serving in the visited country); guest trips to relatives and friends, leave with a visit to their homeland, attendance at funerals, care for the disabled; religious - pilgrimage, participation in religious events.

Types of tourists.

All tourists can be classified according to the following criteria: depending on their activity; depending on lifestyle. Traditionally, tourists are divided into six groups according to their activity during their holidays:

– lovers a relaxing holiday . Its representatives go on vacation in order to get rid of everyday stress and relax in a calm and pleasant environment. They are afraid of strangers and large crowds of people. Calmly resting vacationers are attracted by the sun, sand and sea.

– Pleasure Lovers. This is a type of very adventurous tourists who, during their holidays, are busy looking for a variety of pleasures and prefer a secular atmosphere. In relation to them, words such as flirting, long distances are most often used.

– Outdoor enthusiasts. These tourists love nature and create an active load on their bodies. They prefer measured movement and stay in the open air. Their vacation can be combined with treatment.

– Sports enthusiasts. Unlike active tourists, sportsmen have all their attention focused on competitions. Sports are very important for them - their hobby. They are not afraid of physical activity.

– Vacationers for the purpose of knowledge, study. This type of tourists is interested in raising their educational level, learning new things. In this type, three subgroups are distinguished: Pr, P and Pd, Tourists of the Pr type, visit the places described in the guidebooks. Type P focuses not so much on recognized landmarks as on finding places where he can feel their atmosphere. For him, feelings and moods come to the fore. Pd-type tourists have pronounced cultural and socio-scientific interests, they are very attracted to nature.

– Adventure lovers. Only a few thrill-seekers go on a journey alone and put themselves at really serious risk in doing so. The type of adventurers can be attributed to those tourists who are looking for unusual experiences with a certain degree of risk. For them, risk is an opportunity to test themselves.

The classification of tourists into groups depending on their lifestyle suggests a more in-depth approach to the identification of types, as it considers a person and his behavior not in isolation, but in connection with his life position, attitude to various things and his desires.

When selecting groups of tourists, depending on their lifestyle, the basis is not some separate criterion, but the general attitude of a person to his life. It is very difficult to do this, since the trends and the economic situation in society are subject to very strong changes over time.

Depending on the lifestyle, there are four groups of tourists: lovers of pleasure, tendentious, family and exclusively relaxing tourists. With this classification, it should be borne in mind that the distinguished groups are constantly changing and the boundaries between them are very vague.

Lovers of pleasure. Representatives of this group make very high demands on the quality of rest. For them, travel is a way of self-expression. From rest, they want to enjoy, allow themselves some weaknesses or give themselves a sports load.

tendentious tourists. For tourists belonging to this group, rest is an opportunity to find and express themselves as a person. These are vacationers with high demands, but unlike the “enjoying life”, they do not need luxury conditions. They are looking for unity with nature, silence and the possibility of psychological relief. They are aware of the problems of the environment, are interested in the politics and culture of the region they are planning to visit.

Recreational tourism is the movement of people in their free time for the purpose of rest, necessary to restore the physical and mental strength of a person. For many countries of the world, this type of tourism is the most widespread and massive. For the development of this type of tourism, recreational resources are needed. Recreational resources constitute the most important part of the natural potential of the region. In addition, their role in the formation and development of modern tourism in the region is constantly increasing, especially from an ecological and geographical point of view.

Recreational resources are assessed on the basis of a factor-by-factor assessment of each of the components: relief, water bodies and soil and vegetation cover, bioclimate, hydro-mineral and unique natural healing resources, historical and cultural potential, etc.), considered from the point of view of its use by a specific type of tourism.

Recreational tourism can be divided into several types:

Tourist and recreational type

Cognitive-tourist type

Each type requires its own type of recreational resources. Recreational resources are understood as a complex managed and partially self-governing system, consisting of a number of interrelated subsystems, namely: vacationers, natural and cultural territorial complexes, technical systems, service personnel and a governing body. The composition of natural characteristics includes the area and capacity of the recreational area, climate comfort, the presence of water bodies, primarily of balneological properties, aesthetic features of the landscape, etc. The optimal combination of these characteristics creates the necessary basis for the development of recreational tourism.

For the first type, these are climatic factors, which, in combination with mineral water springs and therapeutic mud, create favorable conditions for the formation of a resort complex. For the second, in addition to the above - the historical and cultural potential. In territorial terms, several main recreational zones can be distinguished in the Russian Federation. Forest-steppe, forest, mountain and coastal zones have opportunities for organizing both mass recreation and tourism, and medical and rehabilitation resort holidays almost all year round. Let's take a closer look at the coastal mountain zone. The coastal zone mainly includes the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from Anapa to Sochi, and the mountainous Caucasian Mineralnye Vody. Biomedical assessment of climatic and weather conditions at seaside resorts is based on the determination of the possibilities of various types of rehabilitation and recreational activities in these conditions. The main types of climatic and recreational activities in seaside resorts are aerotherapy (breathing sea air, air baths), thalassotherapy (sea bathing), heliotherapy (general solar radiation and their special types), kinesitherapy. The latter includes walks along the seashore, sports games on the beach, active swimming, rowing and other water sports. Combinations of these types of recreational activities are common. So, when staying on the beach, aero-helio-thalasso-kinesis effects are usually combined. Walks along the shore are aero-kineso- or aero-helio-kineso-influences, etc. Despite the noted diversity and complexity of recreation, two main types of recreation can be distinguished, depending on climatic and weather conditions in different ways.

Recreational activities of the first type can be called passive. These include sunbathing and air baths alone. They are usually carried out on the beach. The people are naked. This type of recreation makes strict demands on the weather.

The second type is active recreation: walks, sports games, etc. From passive recreation, active is distinguished, firstly, by the fact that physical activity causes increased heat production. Secondly, during active recreation, people are usually dressed. And although in this case light clothing with a thermal protection level of 0.5-1.0 klo is usually used, in combination with increased heat production, this makes lower air temperatures comfortable than for passive recreation. Weather requirements are less stringent compared to passive recreation. Let's consider each zone separately.