Classification of tours according to the purpose of recreation. Types of recreational activities

Every person needs rest. Some prefer to lie at home with a book, someone likes to go out into nature, while others even choose to travel abroad or within their own country. In Russia on this moment tens of thousands of agencies are registered that help organize holidays. Turning to them, you should not worry about booking hotels, tickets, insurance and visas. So what are the most popular travel destinations? We'll talk about this in the article.

Why do people travel?

Regardless of what purpose of travel is chosen, the main thing is to go on a trip, taking with you a good mood and a positive attitude.

What are the challenges faced by tourists?

The task of the trip directly depends on the chosen purpose of the trip:

    If this is a vacation, you need to find out the main points: where you will live, how to get there, whether you need a visa to cross the border and much more. All these tasks can not be solved independently, but shifted to the shoulders of a travel agency.

    With pilgrimage tourism, things are much more complicated. Here the main task that the tourist faces is to know the main points of the tour. Be prepared to get up early as all services are held in the morning. Do not count on accommodation in 5 * hotels and luxury rooms. In addition, get ready for hiking, long bus rides. But the purpose of such a tour is spiritual enlightenment, not rest.

    If you go on a trip to collect scientific information, the main task is to find out the details about the excursion program, the schedule of work of historical and cultural sites. All this can be found in the tourist guide.

    The task of a tourist going on a trip for the purpose of recovery is not to forget to consult with the attending physician beforehand. So that later there would be no sad consequences from such a holiday.

    Going to support your favorite team, do not forget to book tickets for the match in advance, the risk is noble, but not justified.

The purpose and objectives of the trip are the primary points that the tourist must decide. If you can’t figure it out on your own, it’s better to turn to professionals in an agency.

Don't forget about rest

Goals tourist travel citizens may be different, but in 70% of cases they are committed for the sake of recreation. What could be better than relaxing on the warm sand after working days? For these purposes, citizens, as a rule, choose international famous resorts or islands. In these cases it will help tourist agency. All that is needed from a vacationer is to decide on the place of travel, pay for a ticket, pack your bags, and not be late for the plane. Managers will do the rest for you.

Recently, among the inhabitants of Russia, it has become fashionable and prestigious to relax in Sochi. Luxurious infrastructure, new hotels, high level of service - all this attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists every year. Traveling for the purpose of relaxation is perhaps the most enjoyable.

There are situations when a busy work schedule does not allow you to get out somewhere even for a couple of days. What to do in this case? Great option will organize a weekend in his city. You can complete this with a small picnic in the park or on the banks of the river, if there is one. Many are interested in: “What is the purpose of traveling around your city?” Of course, this is recreation, entertainment, and you can also add an excursion program, visit museums, other cultural and historical sites.

Trip around Russia

Foreign tourists are very fond of traveling around Russia, as it is extremely rich in many historical and cultural attractions. A country with such a rich history is interesting and at the same time incomprehensible to visitors. To truly feel like a Russian, you need to plunge into local traditions, try to get to know all the national features better. That is why tours are so famous ancient cities countries.

The most popular route is Gold ring". Tourists are offered to visit 8 cities of Russia, which are its pride and heritage. The purpose of traveling in Russia is to see historically important and cultural places and objects, to get acquainted with the traditions and customs of the country.

Sometimes a program is built in a surprising way at first glance. You can find items in it that no one expected to see, for example, a visit to the Rostov Zoo. The organizers specifically add such objects to the tour in order to change the emotional background of tourists who are tired of the large amount of information received. But what is the purpose of traveling to the zoo? Familiarization, expansion of horizons, cultural recreation. Probably, few people know that this zoo is one of the largest in Europe, not only in terms of area, but also in terms of the number of animals.

What is the difference between religious and pilgrimage tourism?

Traveling to visit holy places was especially popular in Russia before the advent of Soviet power. After they lost their former glory, and many objects (temples, monasteries) were completely closed. It revived again in the early 1990s. People became more interested in spiritual life, traditions and customs.

Many people ask, is there a difference between pilgrimage and religious trips? Experts say that there are significant differences. Pilgrims, as a rule, of the religion to which holy places they came to bow their heads. There are similar tours on great holidays and significant dates.

With a religious purpose, people often choose to travel when there are some important moments in their lives. Often people come to holy springs and places when they hope for God's help. In addition, such tourism involves familiarizing a person with church art. This may include visiting all religious sites, regardless of whether it is a temple, church or mosque. Such a program may include evening entertainment, hotel accommodation, non-fasting meals, and so on.

Pilgrims do not need such conditions, in some cases they may take this as a personal insult. It is important for them to directly participate in church processes, prayers, and services.

Traveling to visit holy places attracts a huge number of people. Russia is known for many monasteries and temples, where both foreigners and residents of the country come every year. For example, the Church of the Savior on Blood, the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg and many others.

Recently, tours of the villages, in which there are small old churches, have been very popular. They have no less attractiveness and historical significance. In such places you can find unique icons. And folklore, traditions, which are told by local residents, will only add color. Often, travelers are given whole performances in front of travelers. This is especially interesting for foreigners who take part in this kind of entertainment with great pleasure.

Many tourists, choosing such a tour for the first time, are interested in: “What is the purpose of the trip?” Experts say that there are several of them: rest, broadening one's horizons, unity with God.

What you need to know when going to holy places

When going on a tour of holy places for the first time, you need to know and adhere to the following tips:

    Women should wear modest clothing and do not use bright makeup.

    When entering the temple, it is obligatory to cover your head with a scarf, for men, on the contrary, take off their hats.

    Sportswear for visiting monasteries and churches is not allowed.

    Photographing and filming is allowed only in places where there is permission.

    Religious tourism involves long-term walking tours so bring comfortable shoes.

These simple tips will help you feel comfortable on such a journey.

The most famous places for pilgrimage

There are places on earth that are saturated with God's grace. Millions of people come there to get spiritual peace, to pray.


Briefly about the main

When determining your travel goals, do not forget to pay attention to the following points:

    Financial opportunities. If there is not enough money to choose decent living conditions, it is better to review the chosen resort and find a decent option.

    Health status. If you get seasick on a bus, do not purchase sightseeing or pilgrimage tours that use this type of transport.

    When choosing tours to familiarize yourself with cultural and historical sites, ask if they work on these dates.

The purposes of travel of tourists can be different. The main thing is to immediately decide which tour you need. Perhaps you are tired of working days, then it is best to just soak up the sea or ocean, go to Vacation home rest - it all depends on your financial capabilities. If this option seems boring, you want to relax and renounce all worries and problems, there is an option with pilgrimage tourism. Want to expand your knowledge base? Set your goal right. Traveling to the local history museum, various palaces, art galleries - these are just a small part of the objects that you can visit. There are a lot of interesting things in the world.

There are many definitions of a tourist, reflecting the direction of the normative act and certain economic interests of the state by affiliation. Actually, specialists have been working on this definition for more than 50 years. The first definitions of a tourist were formulated in 1937 by a special Committee of Experts on Statistics of the League of Nations. A tourist is recommended to consider a person who has the following characteristics: movement, temporary stay in a certain place, lack of connection with work and earnings.

A detailed analysis of the definitions of the term "tourist" was carried out by D. Frechtling. As a result, he identified four main criteria used in all formulations of the concept of "tourist": the purpose of the trip; type of vehicle used; duration of stay; distance covered. [Arefiev V.E. Introduction to tourism. Barnaul: AltGU, 2002.] It is generally recognized that the first two criteria are not essential for practical comparative definitions, and all attention has been focused on the last two.

Duration of stay is a fundamental component of the UN definition, according to which it is necessary for a tourist to stay at the place of visit for more than 24 hours, but less than 12 months. Some definitions focus primarily on the criterion of distance. For example, the National Tourism Resources Evaluation Commission of the United States defines tourist as "a person who travels more than 50 miles (one way) from their home for business, pleasure, personal or any other purpose other than commuting to work." The US Census Bureau uses the same definition, increasing the minimum distance to 100 miles.

E. Cohen identified six main dimensions that meaningfully describe the term "tourist" in various studies: constancy, voluntariness, direction, distance, periodicity and purpose. He himself defined a tourist as a temporary traveler traveling of his own free will for the pleasure of novelty and gaining experience during a relatively long trip, involving a return to the starting point. [Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. M.; St. Petersburg: Nevsky Fund; Gerda, 2007.] This definition has drawbacks - it has no temporal and spatial boundaries.

In order to solve the tasks set at the UN Conference on international tourism and Travel, held in Rome in 1963, addressed questions of tourist definitions and proposed the use of the terms "visitors", "tourists" (overnight visitors) and "tourists" (one-day non-overnight visitors). The following definition of the term " tourist": "A person who has arrived in a country in which he does not permanently reside and is not engaged in a paid professional activity, for the purpose of spending his free time for medical treatment, entertainment, education, recreation, religion, sports, family or business reasons."

At the same time, under visitor means any person traveling to a place outside his usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 consecutive months, whose main purpose of travel is not to engage in an activity paid from a source in the place visited. The UN Conference recommended that this definition be used for statistical purposes. The concept of "visitor" includes tourists and sightseers.

The concept of "tourist" adopted by international organizations differs from the concept of "tourist": a tourist spends more than a day outside his permanent place of residence, a sightseer - less than a day. For example, according to UNWTO, a tourist is a temporary visitor, i.e. a person who is in a country other than the country of his residence, for any purpose other than carrying out a paid activity. The main goals are study, treatment, transit. Thus, a tourist is a person who is away from his permanent place of residence for at least 24 hours and not more than a year.

In accordance with the UNWTO recommendations, the category of tourists also includes crew members of foreign air and sea ​​vessels spending at least one night in the accommodation facilities of the host country. The category of sightseers includes sea and sea passengers residing on board the vessel. river cruises, crew members of foreign aircraft and ships staying in the country of temporary residence for no more than one day, as well as transit one-day visitors. Figure 1.2 shows the UNWTO classification of travelers.


Rice. 1.2.

Extending these definitions to domestic tourism, tourist should be considered a consumer of a tour, a tourist product or tourist services - a temporary visitor to a locality, locality, territory or country, regardless of his citizenship, nationality, gender, language and religion, staying in this locality for at least 24 hours, but not more than 6 months during a calendar year or staying outside his place of residence within his country and spending at least one night in a collective or individual accommodation facility, traveling for pleasure or for educational, medical, business purposes and not engaged in at the same time, activities in the place of temporary stay, paid from a local source.

It is also necessary to define the categories of travelers who are not considered tourists and, accordingly, are not taken into account by statistics. These include:

  • persons traveling within their habitual habitat;
  • migrants - citizens who change their place of permanent residence to another or leave their place of permanent residence for a period of more than a year;
  • persons without a fixed place of residence - nomads, homeless people;
  • refugees and forced migrants;
  • persons who travel to engage in paid activities in the place of temporary residence;
  • migrant workers and residents of border areas - frontaliers;
  • representatives of diplomatic structures;
  • military personnel traveling for the purpose of military service, as well as members of their families;
  • illegal immigrants;
  • prisoners extradited from certain countries or regions to their home countries;
  • participants in group trips on tourist trains, sleeping in carriages;
  • participants in group trips on buses, sleeping in their salons;
  • crew members of ships, trains, sleeping in a cabin or carriage;
  • crew members aircraft who spend the night at the place of visit.

So, we can distinguish the following criteria that distinguish tourists from other categories of travelers:

  • trips are made outside the place of permanent residence;
  • the time of stay in the place of tourist destination is from 24 hours to a year (six months);
  • the target component of the trip is clearly expressed;
  • the impossibility of engaging in activities paid from a local source in the place of temporary stay.

Tourists are divided depending on the types of tourism into two types: international and domestic.

international tourist- a visitor traveling to a country other than the country of his habitual residence and outside the main environment of the person for a period not exceeding 12 months, whose main purpose is not to engage in activities paid from a source in the place visited, and who spends at least one night in a collective or private accommodation facility in the country visited.

Domestic tourist. Its definition is much more difficult. To this day, UNWTO experts do not have a unified point of view on this issue. In some countries, they are trying to give their own definition of a domestic tourist. Thus, the UNWTO Commission on National Tourism Resources defines a domestic tourist as a person who leaves his place of permanent residence in order to visit a place located no closer than 50 miles (80.5 km) from his place of residence. This trip may have professional, entertainment, personal, other purposes, excluding individual day trips to the place of work. It is not necessary for a local tourist to stay at the destination for more than 24 hours, which means they can stay overnight at the destination or return home the same day.

N.I. Kabushkin and A.P. Durovich is given the following definition: "An internal tourist is a visitor permanently living in a country traveling to a certain place in his country, outside the usual environment of a given person, for a period not exceeding 12 months, the main purpose of which is not an activity paid from the source in the visited place, and at least one night in a collective or private means of placement in a visited place." Liev N.A., Kulagina E.V. Introduction to the specialty: Tourism. Omsk: OGIS, 2002.]

All tourists can be classified according to the following criteria: depending on their activity or lifestyle. Traditionally, six groups are distinguished among tourists according to their activity during their holidays. [Dmitrienko Yu.V., Karmashkova N.V., Chernova T.V. Fundamentals of tourism business. Khabarovsk: DVGUPS, 2003.]

Relaxation lovers. Its representatives go on vacation to get rid of everyday stress and relax in a calm and pleasant environment. They are afraid of strangers and large crowds of people. Calmly resting vacationers are attracted by the sun, sand and sea.

Pleasure lovers. This is a type of very adventurous tourists who, during their holidays, are busy looking for a variety of pleasures and prefer a secular atmosphere. In relation to them, words such as flirting, long distances are most often used.

lovers active rest. These tourists love nature and create an active load on their bodies. They prefer measured movement and stay in the open air. Their vacation can be combined with treatment.

Sports enthusiasts. Unlike active tourists, sportsmen have all their attention focused on competitions. Sports are very important for them - their hobby. They are not afraid of physical activity.

Vacationers for the purpose of knowledge, study. This type of tourists is interested in raising their educational level, learning new things. There are three subgroups: Pr, P and Pd. Tourists like Pr visit the places described in the guidebooks. Type P focuses not so much on recognized landmarks as on finding places where he can feel their atmosphere. For him, feelings and moods come to the fore. Pd-type tourists have pronounced cultural and socio-scientific interests, they are very attracted to nature.

Adventure lovers. Only a few thrill-seekers go on a journey alone and put themselves at really serious risk in doing so. The type of adventurers can be attributed to those tourists who are looking for unusual experiences with a certain degree of risk. For them, risk is an opportunity to test themselves.

The classification of tourists into groups depending on their lifestyle suggests a more in-depth approach to the identification of types, as it considers a person and his behavior not in isolation, but in connection with his life position, attitude to various things and his desires.

When selecting groups of tourists, depending on their lifestyle, the basis is not some separate criterion, but the general attitude of a person to his life. It is very difficult to do this, since the trends and the economic situation in society are subject to strong changes over time. Depending on the lifestyle, there are four groups of tourists: lovers of pleasure, tendentious, family and exclusively relaxing tourists. With such a classification, it should be borne in mind that the selected groups are constantly changing, the boundaries between them are very vague.

Pleasure lovers. Representatives of this group make very high demands on the quality of rest. For them, travel is a way of self-expression. From rest, they want to enjoy, allow themselves some weaknesses or give themselves a sports load.

Trendy tourists. For them, rest is an opportunity to find and express themselves as a person. These are vacationers with high demands, but unlike "enjoying life", they do not need luxury conditions. They are looking for unity with nature, silence and the possibility of psychological relief, they are aware of the problems of the environment, they are interested in politics and culture of the region they are planning to visit.

Family tourists. This group includes only families with children. Family tourists like to spend their holidays with family, friends and relatives. They rest in a calm and comfortable environment, buy services at competitive prices, and do not like to be disturbed. Most of the time they take care of themselves.

Whole rest. The most important condition for tourists of this type is the opportunity to relax. This group includes relatively passive tourists who spend their holidays in the traditional way: they are content with silence, sleep for a long time, like to eat tasty and plentiful food, take short walks or short trips. Fans of such a holiday do not like to experiment and during the holidays they try to keep their habits.

Depending on the objectives of the study, various typology of tourists. The most common is the typology of the German specialist G. Gan, who distinguishes the following types of tourists:

S-type(German Sonne, Sand, See- Sun, sand beach, sea). A typical vacationer who prefers passive recreation on seaside resorts, tranquility and comfort; avoids fuss, but welcomes contact with pleasant people.

F-type(German Ferme und Flirtorientierter Eriebnisur Lauber- a vacationer who prefers long-distance travel and flirting). This type is characterized by a craving for a constant change of faces, events, impressions. He will only spend his holidays where there is something going on, as slow frying on the beach with his family or alone is not for him. The credo of such a tourist is society, pleasure, a change of impressions.

W-1-type(German Wald and Wanderorientiert- Lover of forest walks and hikes). A vacationer who prefers outdoor activities, hiking, etc. His credo is physical activity in the fresh air, regardless of the weather. On vacation, he strives to maintain good physical shape, but is not professionally involved in sports.

W-2-type- more of an athlete than an amateur. Withstands long and large, up to extreme, loads. When choosing a tour, the criteria for conditions for doing what you love dominate. Selection criteria such as "landscape, culture, history" are secondary (eg amateur pilot, passionate climber, etc.).

A-type(German Abentener- adventure). Adventure lover. Risk, new sensations, testing one's strength in unexpected situations, danger - this is what determines the choice of the purpose of travel for this type of tourist.

B-type(German Bildung and Besichtigung education and sightseeing). Curious tourists are divided into three subgroups:

  • "experts" who "collect" the sights they visit;
  • "emotional" lovers of culture and nature;
  • "specialists" who deepen their knowledge in certain areas of culture, history, art, etc.

Goals and motivation of tourists. Let us now consider the motives of tourism that attract foreign tourists. The main motives are:

  • learning and getting to know a new culture and way of life, food and customs;
  • introduction to entertainment nightlife, the opportunity to visit good restaurants, discos and other places of entertainment;
  • the opportunity to be a little in a different way of life, to have a drink, to spend freely the money that has been accumulating for a long period, to feel at least a little like a person of a higher level;
  • change of general environment, stress relief, rest;
  • visiting theaters, performances, festivals, carnivals;
  • meeting new interesting people;
  • studying the conditions for potential business in a given country;
  • shopping goals, purchase of souvenirs and gifts;
  • seaside recreation, sports; winter sports and recreation;
  • treatment, health goals;
  • religious purposes, pilgrimage;
  • meetings with relatives and friends.

Pleasure and relaxation- the natural needs of a person, allowing him to restore physical and mental strength, relieve stress accumulated during routine work over a long period. Normally working people usually have one to five weeks of rest every year.

The second most important are wellness And medicinal purposes: visits to resorts, sanatoriums, health-improving institutions, health-improving trips, stay on medicinal waters, other types of treatment.

Followed by professional business purposes: this includes seconded specialists, for example, sent to the installation and installation of equipment; participating in meetings, meetings, conferences, congresses and conventions, trade fairs and exhibitions; incentive trips for employees of enterprises (incentive tourism); performances with lectures and concerts; preparation of travel programs advertising tours); conclusion of contracts for accommodation and transport; work as guides and other positions in the field of tourism; participation in professional sports events; paid training, education and research activities.

V.A. Kvartalnov, developing an understanding of program tourism, identifies eight main groups of motives that serve as the basis for developing tourism service programs and highlighting major areas tourism.

Health care. This group of programs includes tours with treatment, massage and other procedures for families, disabled people, non-smokers or those who quit smoking, tours with recreational sports (swimming, aerobics, therapeutic exercises, etc.).

Sports as a means of psychological relaxation and increased vitality. This includes tours that allow you to practice sports during your holiday that most people don't have the opportunity to practice regularly throughout the year. This - skiing, tennis, golf, gliding, equestrian, sailing, surfing, windsurfing, scuba diving, kayaking and catamaran rafting.

Education. Here one can single out, first of all, the study of foreign languages ​​and conversational practice, which includes daily classes, as well as other types of recreational activities. In addition, this includes training in various sports and professional training programs (management, marketing, economics, etc.). A small group consists of educational tours of interest (cooking, ecology, astronomy).

Opportunity for self-expression and self-assertion. This group includes the so-called adventure tours: high category hiking trips, trip around the world on a boat, African safari, camel and motonart hunting, conquering mountain peaks, spearfishing and various expeditions.

Opportunity to do what you love (hobby) among like-minded people. There are special tours for car enthusiasts, "fans" and sports fans to sports competitions, championships and olympiads, pilgrims, collectors and amateurs, gourmets, etc.

Solving business problems. This includes the so-called business, congress tours, business trips, scientific tours. The travel company provides a cultural and tourist-excursion program of congresses, organizes business trips with visits to places of interest to customers and the provision of relevant services (transport, accommodation, meals, congress services, etc.).

Entertainment and the need to communicate with other people. These are mainly trips on holidays with an entertaining and educational program.

Satisfying curiosity and raising the cultural level. Such problems are solved in all the tours mentioned above. But they play the main role in educational tours of cities, capitals, historical and cultural centers. On theater tours - around the famous opera and ballet theaters, concert halls. In literary - according to the places of life and work of famous writers, the actions of the heroes of literary works, etc.

Rights and obligations of the tourist.[Kaurova A.D. Organization of the tourism sector. St. Petersburg: Nevsky Fund; Gerda, 2006.] When preparing a tourist for a trip and during his trip, including transit, a tourist has the right to:

  • to the necessary and reliable information on the rules of entry into the country or place of temporary residence and stay there; about the customs of the local population, religious rites, shrines, monuments of nature, history, culture and other objects of tourist display that are under special protection; state of the environment;
  • freedom of movement, free access to tourist resources, taking into account the restrictive measures adopted in the country (place) of temporary stay;
  • ensuring personal safety, consumer rights and the safety of their property, unhindered access to emergency medical care;
  • compensation for losses and compensation for non-pecuniary damage in case of non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract, retail purchase and sale of a tourist product by a tour operator or travel agent in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
  • assistance to the authorities and local self-government of the country or place of temporary residence in obtaining legal and other types of assistance;
  • unhindered access to communications.

During the journey, including transit, the tourist must:

  • comply with the laws of the country or place of temporary residence, respect local: customs, traditions, social structure, religious beliefs;
  • preserve the natural environment, take care of natural, historical and cultural monuments in the country or place of temporary residence;
  • comply with the rules of entry into the country or place of temporary residence, exit from the country or place of temporary residence and stay there, as well as in countries of transit;
  • observe the rules of personal safety and the safety of your property while traveling.

Tourist freedom. Freedom of movement- the most important factor determining tourism. It is necessary for participation in travel, the harmonious development of tourism and individual improvement. States in their national legislation should take into account the need to simplify and facilitate tourism formalities (customs, currency, health, police, passport and visa) as an important condition for the intensification of tourist flows.

according to immigration rules, the same procedure applies to tourists. Accounting for sexual characteristics primarily takes place when placing tourists. According to generally accepted norms, with the exception of spouses and families, as well as individuals who have expressed a special wish, tourists are placed on the basis of gender.

According to circumstantial evidence age can also be an obstacle to a tourist trip, especially if the authorities of the country have established a requirement for medical insurance with a fairly high coverage limit. Usually, people over 70 years of age are not covered by health insurance or such insurance is very expensive. For the purposes of tourism and statistics, the following age categories are distinguished: 0-2 years - infant (baby); 3-12 years old - child; 14-18 years old - schoolboy; 18-25 years old - youth; 18-28 years old - students; 26-44 - adults; 45-64 - older adults; 65 years and older - pensioners (third age).

belonging to any religious denomination cannot serve as an obstacle to tourism. The tourist must be familiar with local laws and customs and respect them. According to international standards, a tourist has the right to freely perform religious rites and prayers, however, if this does not interfere with other tourists and does not violate local customs and rules for staying in a hotel and other public places.

Knowledge local language- private business of the tourist. No one obliges him to study and know. Tourist services, if necessary, should include the services of a guide-interpreter, if necessary, as well as an accompanying tourist group (tour leader, group leader, guide-interpreter), who is obliged to resolve emerging problems with representatives of local authorities.

(V. I. Zhmurov)

SELECTING AREA OF TRAVEL

It is best to start tourism in your area or region. These initial local trips will not require large financial costs for transport and equipment, a long time for entrances. After hiking in your own region, it is more interesting to get acquainted with other regions of the country.

The travel area is chosen depending on the interests and tastes of the participants. When choosing a region, the availability of convenient access routes, the time required for travel, transport and other costs are also taken into account.

To simplify the organization of travel, the Central Council for Tourism has developed a "List of Classified Tourist Routes" for all types of tourism in various regions of the Soviet Union. These routes are built based on settlements, tourist and mountaineering bases, meteorological and research stations, trading posts and hunting and fishing camps.

GROUP COMPLETION

The correct staffing of the group is one of the main conditions for a successful and trouble-free trip.

Usually the idea of ​​a hike occurs in 1-2 enterprising tourists. They choose a travel area, outline the initial version of the route, and then talk about their intentions at a meeting of the tourist section or place an ad in a wall newspaper, a large circulation newspaper.

Participants of the future campaign must be selected carefully, preferably from one production team. They should have approximately the same age and physical fitness, common interests, more or less equal knowledge and tourist skills.

As a rule, there is the main backbone of the group - 2-3 people who traveled together on several trips. The rest of the team is selected from tourists of their own or other teams.

Tourist groups are also organized on a family basis: parents travel with children - older students. 2-3 families can also unite.

A completed group should start studying the route and area of ​​the trip in a timely manner, prepare equipment, conduct joint training, and work out tourist equipment. During the preparation period, participants get to know each other better. The task is to rally a team capable of fulfilling the planned trip plan before going on the route.

"Rules for the organization of amateur tourist trips on the territory of the USSR" established that groups for travel |, ||, III categories of complexity should consist of at least 4 people, and for trips IV and V categories of at least 6 people. Ski trips in taiga conditions and regions of the North, when the routes pass away from the roads and away from settlements conducted by a group of at least 8 people.

A smaller group will not be able to provide security measures on its own. In the event of an accident or an accident with at least one participant, it does not guarantee assistance to the victim, being unable to evacuate him to the nearest settlement. Too much large group complicates the journey. It is difficult to choose the terms of the trip that would satisfy everyone. Someone is forced to rush and pull the rest. In addition, it is not easy to arrange an overnight stay for a group of 12-15 people in a village. Participants have to be placed in several houses, which violates the economic structure of the group, undermines discipline. When moving along a trail or ski track, a large group is greatly stretched, which makes it difficult for the leader to follow the participants. It takes a lot of time to overcome various natural obstacles, and the pace of movement slows down significantly.

In an excessively large group, the lack of proper control by the leader of all participants during the movement, lack of organization and violation of the established order can cause accidents.

As an exception, groups of 20-40 people, made up of members of one production team, may be allowed to complete a specific task to study an entire area or conduct a training tourist gathering. In this case, the entire detachment is divided into squads (groups) of 8-10 people.

All participants in the future campaign must clearly understand its goals and actively prepare for it.

Depending on the type of tourism, they should be able to ski well, ride bicycles, and tourists going on a water or water-walking trip should be able to swim and row.

Requirements for leaders and participants of travel are set out in the "Rules for the organization of amateur tourist trips through the territory of the USSR."

Group leaders are responsible for timely preparation and provision of equipment, for discipline, organization of tourists and trouble-free travel.

A weekend trip can be led by a tourist who has experience in participating in such trips, possesses basic tourist skills and is familiar with the simplest security measures.

Tour leaders of the I category of complexity must have experience in managing weekend trips, and leaders of trips of II, III, IV and V categories of complexity - experience in managing a trip one category lower and experience in participating in a trip of the same category of complexity for this type of tourism.

In water travel on several ships, senior officers are allocated on each of them, ensuring coordinated actions and following the instructions of the group leader.

Participants of trips of the 1st category of complexity must have experience of participating in weekend hikes. Two-thirds of the members of the group in a trip of II, III, IV and V categories of complexity must have at least experience in traveling one category of complexity lower for the same type of tourism, the rest of the tourists - two categories lower.

Participants of ski trips of II and III categories of difficulty must have experience of field overnight stays in winter conditions.

Leaders mountain travel, providing for the passage through high mountain passes, must have experience in participating in the passage of a pass of a similar category of complexity and experience in managing a passage through a pass to a category lower than planned.

Leaders and participants of high-mountain trips must comply with the requirements of the "Rules for conducting mountaineering events in the USSR".

The leader and participants of the trip are obliged to: be able to use tourist equipment; be familiar with natural obstacles and know how to overcome them; master the technique of orientation and movement in various terrain and weather conditions, organization of field overnight stays; be able to develop a travel plan, the main route and its alternate options, as well as a traffic schedule; be able to provide safety precautions and communication with settlements and the organization that sent the group on a trip.

The experience of travel of any category of complexity and management required above applies only to any one type of tourism. As an exception, the experience of a hiking trip of the 1st category of difficulty can be equated to the experience of a mountain or ski trip of the 1st category of difficulty.

As soon as the group is completed, it is necessary to distribute responsibilities among the participants. At the same time, their tourist and professional experience, physical data and practical skills should be taken into account. Strict economic specialization of each tourist is especially important in winter trips.

Responsibilities are distributed among the other participants: deputy head, treasurer, supply manager, medical instructor. In addition, those responsible for repairing equipment, keeping a diary, collecting herbarium or mineral collections, a meteorologist, cameraman, photographer, etc. can be appointed. water travel on ships with outboard motors, it is necessary to provide 1-2 motor mechanics.

The team leader leads the preparations for the trip, conducts training with the participants, is responsible for developing the route and preparing the output documentation, and takes care of obtaining official permission for the trip. In the campaign, he is the sole commander and his orders must be carried out unquestioningly.

One of the experienced tourists is chosen as the deputy leader. His orders are also binding on the group, for he acts in accordance with the decisions of the leader.

The caretaker is responsible for food and equipment, keeps a record of them, distributes food and equipment into backpacks, draws up a menu, and takes care of replenishing food on the way.

The treasurer collects money from the participants before the trip, draws up letters of credit, stores the money himself or distributes it to tourists for safekeeping. By order of the head, he makes all cash payments on the way.

The medical instructor acquires, stores and replenishes the first-aid kit, monitors the implementation of sanitary and hygienic rules by the members of the group, and, if necessary, provides first aid to the victim. In preparation for summer travel in the northern and northeastern regions of the country, takes care of timely encephalitis vaccinations / participants, the purchase and reasonable use of mosquito repellents.

The mechanic-minder in advance "runs" the engine, acquires spare parts for it.

The person responsible for the diary keeps a "chronicle" of the campaign. The diary of the group can be supplemented by entries of other members of the tourist group.

The cameraman, photographer or artist depicts the camping life of the group consistently from beginning to end.

The Equipment Repair Officer manages and stores repair tools and materials and repairs equipment by himself or with teammates.

With a small group, the deputy leader is not elected and the same participants have several responsibilities.

On weekend trips and on simple routes, all members of the group on duty are usually engaged in turn by setting up a bivouac, preparing firewood, cooking and other household chores. Everyone should learn to fulfill these easy duties.

If necessary, shifts are set up at night. The attendant maintains the fire, monitors the sleeping comrades, dries their shoes and clothes, prepares breakfast in a timely manner and raises the group. To preserve the strength of the participants and a more complete night's rest, sometimes night shifts are dispensed with. If there are more than 8 people in the group, the leader is released from night duty and special duties when setting up a bivouac. He only controls the actions of the participants and helps them as an instructor.

Responsibilities between tourists are also distributed during preparation for the trip: one prepares documentation for consideration by the route commission, the other organizes written communication with local institutions in the area of ​​the intended trip, the third is responsible for collecting information about the area of ​​the trip, the fourth is for obtaining and manufacturing equipment, the fifth is for buying food, the sixth is for purchasing travel tickets etc. Sometimes such a distribution of responsibilities is not carried out and the group decides all issues jointly.

ROUTE DEVELOPMENT

All participants of the future trip, without exception, are involved in the development of the route.

In many cities there are tourist clubs, children's excursion and tourist stations, large tourist sections at voluntary sports societies. In these institutions you can get advice and the necessary literature.

The travel route must meet certain requirements, only then it will be complete.

First, it must be interesting in a cognitive sense. Depending on the composition of the group and the purpose of the trip, various objects for inspection are planned on the route; historical places, monuments of culture and military glory, archaeological and museum objects, cities and villages, new buildings, etc. Tourists, of course, will get acquainted with the life and way of life of the local population.

Secondly, travel should promote health, improve the physical development of tourists, improve their sports skills, and acquire applied skills. Therefore, the category of complexity of the planned route should correspond to the physical fitness of the hikers and their experience.

Having experience in passing simple routes, you can plan more complex ones - increase the length of the route, include additional natural obstacles in it. When planning to overcome sections of rough terrain, mountain passes, forest areas, the group must rely primarily on their own strength, experience and skill.

But even with good physical preparation, tourists should not get carried away with too long and difficult routes through deserted areas, as this will complicate the journey, deprive them of the opportunity to get acquainted with the objects planned for inspection, violate the timing of the trip, and cause physical and moral overwork of the participants.

Routes can be linear, circular or radial. Radial exits are made from the main route to inspect various objects.

The third requirement for the route is the availability of short railway, automobile or water (steamboat) entrances. It is necessary to adhere to the rule according to which the time for the entrances to the route and for the return trip, as well as transport costs, should not exceed 20-30% of the time and money spent on the entire trip.

When developing a route, the group tentatively determines the category of its complexity, using the standards of the "Rules for organizing amateur tourist trips on the territory of the USSR" or comparing their route with similar routes from the "List of Classified Routes".

The development of the route takes place approximately according to the following plan. After the travel area is selected, a point is determined that can be reached using rail, water, road or horse-drawn transport. Then a point is determined from where it is convenient to return home using the above transport. The route line should connect the starting and ending points, passing by natural paths (country roads and paths, valleys of rivers and streams, mountain passes, equipped crossings through water barriers) through settlements and various bases. Intermediate settlements and bases will serve as strongholds for the group. In them, she can plan overnight stays and days, repair equipment and replenish food supplies.

If some sightseeing objects remain away from the main line of the route, then radial routes are laid to them. In this case, part of the cargo can be temporarily left for storage at the strong point.

The route is drawn on the map, all possible sections with natural obstacles are identified, ways to overcome them are determined and the total mileage is calculated.

Taking into account the pace of movement possible for this group, the presence of natural obstacles on the route, the location of settlements and sightseeing objects, the degree of physical fitness of the participants and the weight of their backpacks, a movement schedule is planned on the map.

However, it should be remembered that the daytime transition and its difficulty depend not only on the mileage and weight of the backpack, but also on the terrain, forest coverage, snow conditions, wind direction and strength, and other circumstances.

In the first days of the trip (especially in difficult hikes), the mileage is small, since the weight of the backpacks is still large, and the participants are not sufficiently involved in the work. The first day trip is done after 2-3 days of travel, after the need for additional adjustment and repair of equipment has been revealed. In a ski trip, days are often arranged depending on meteorological conditions. If the weather is favorable at the beginning of the trip, tourists, as a rule, do not arrange day trips, accumulating a reserve of time for subsequent days, when the weather may worsen and forced stops will have to be made.

At the end of the route, the mileage, according to the schedule, decreases again. There is a gradual relaxation of the body after heavy loads. In addition, there is some reserve time in case of violation of the schedule due to unforeseen circumstances.

EXPLORE THE AREA OF TRAVEL

The study of the travel area usually occurs simultaneously with the development of the route.

Tourists should familiarize themselves in detail with the geographical, economic and other features of the travel area, using scientific and fiction literature, geographical descriptions and directories, meteorological observations, navigation of rivers and lakes, reports of tourist groups that have visited the area.

Participants of the future trip should get an idea in advance about the terrain, temperature fluctuations in the hiking area, rainfall, the most likely weather during the period scheduled for the hike (if possible, ask for a weather forecast), find out the location of excursion objects, etc.

When planning a trip to an area rarely visited by tourists, it is necessary to establish written communication with local institutions and public organizations. When informing about the planned dates of the trip, the group should request information that will help prepare for it: about the availability and nature of means of communication and means of communication, about the possibility of acquiring food and equipment on the spot, about the prices existing there, etc. Finding out these questions, you need to find out what kind of socially useful work on the route local organizations consider desirable.

Such requests are best made through your institutions or sports organizations. Along with this, you can start a correspondence with school teachers, hunters, foresters. If there is a tourist section at any point of the route, it is advisable to establish a connection with it. A detailed preliminary study of the hiking area is necessary not only in order to see and learn more, but also to ensure the safety of the trip itself.

OBTAINING A TRAVEL PERMIT

According to the "Rules for organizing amateur tourist trips on the territory of the USSR", all tourist groups going on amateur hikes along routes of any complexity must obtain permission from their physical education team and have a conclusion from the route qualification commission on the readiness of the group to travel.

A travel document for tourist groups on hikes in complexity below category I - itinerary sheet. Route sheets are numbered, registered and issued to groups by organizations conducting the trip. After the end of the trip, the group leaders return the route sheets to the organizations that issued them.

A travel document for tourist groups traveling along routes of I-V categories of difficulty is a route book. Forms of route books are numbered by tourism councils and issued to travel organizations.

Tourist group preparing for Journey I-V categories of complexity, submits an application book to the relevant route-qualification commission. The application book is certified by the organization conducting the trip, and for combined groups - by the club of tourists or the tourism council.

The application book indicates the travel plan, route and its options; a list of personal and group equipment, a diet and an estimate of expenses are given; a list of participants in the trip and the distribution of responsibilities in the group are given; lists measures in case of unforeseen circumstances and accidents, deviations from the route and the traffic schedule; safety measures are provided in case of a sharp deterioration in the weather.

Travel plan. The plan indicates the main tasks of the trip (cognitive, sports, socially useful), specifies socially useful and local history work on the way, lists the sightseeing objects that are supposed to be visited, contains data on the route, timetable, etc.

The list of participants in the trip and sports characteristics are compiled according to the form: age, occupation and place of work of tourists, home and business addresses, tourist experience, experience in hiking routes in this type of tourism (indicate the area of ​​the hike, the main points of the route, the timing of the passage, as whom they participated in the hike), the presence of categories in related sports, etc. The leader, in addition, must indicate which specific hikes he led.

Meals on the route. Knowing the calorie content of various foods, their content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins, as well as the estimated daily energy costs on the route, the group makes up a diet. The type of tourism, the season, the complexity of the route, the financial capabilities of the participants and the actual availability of a particular range of products are taken into account.

The catering document must indicate the weight and cost of the daily ration per person, total weight products for each tourist and for the whole group, a list of products purchased before the trip, and products that are planned to be purchased on the way.

Costings. When preparing for a trip, the group must correctly account for their financial expenses. The estimate indicates the main items of expenditure: the purchase of tickets to the starting point of the route and to return home; payment for transport on the route, purchase of products, purchase and manufacture of the necessary equipment, payment for overnight stays in settlements, purchase of tickets to museums, theaters, cinema, purchase of photographic materials, writing materials. It is necessary to have a reserve in the amount of 10-15% of the total expenses. The main share of expenses usually falls on the purchase of products and payment for transport.

Equipment list. Depending on the type of tourism, the season and the area of ​​travel, they purchase special group and personal equipment, as well as repair equipment. Properly selected high-quality equipment is the key to a successful trip. The list indicates the actual availability of equipment.

A map of the route with a planned line of march is attached to the plan. The scheme should show the proposed places of lodging for the night and days. In addition to the main one, an alternate route option is planned (in case the main one cannot be completed). The scale of both diagrams attached to the plan must be the same.

The diagram must be accompanied short description the most difficult sections of the path and the proposed ways to overcome them.

Communication order. To ensure accident-free travel, it is necessary to carefully consider all issues of communication between the group and the institution that approved the route, to outline and indicate the target dates for the trip, the points from which tourists will send telegrams, letters, radiograms.

The route qualification commissions, which include experienced tourists, check the correctness of the route development, the conformity of the tourist experience of the participants and the head of the difficulty group of the chosen route, the correct selection of equipment, the calculation of meals, etc. In addition to a thorough check, the commission gives advice on the preparation of documentation, travel and safety measures on the route.

After a thorough review of the submitted materials and a conversation with the participants of the future trip, the route-qualification commission gives its opinion, drawing it up in the form of a protocol in the application book. The protocol is signed by the chairman of the commission (or his deputy).

The route-qualification commission may oblige a group going on a trip of II-IV categories of complexity to conduct a one- or two-day training trip to check its actual readiness and, in case of poor preparation of tourists, prohibit the trip.

On the basis of the application book, the organization conducting the trip issues a route book to the tourist group, signed by the responsible person of this organization and certified with a seal. Application books are stored in organizations that issued route books.

Tourist groups that have a travel permit and have issued route books can first of all receive advice, a map and a description of the route, as well as equipment (for rent) and products for cash at the tourist base or in the camp.

PREPARATION OF THE GROUP TO GO TO THE ROUTE

Preparation of a tourist trip consists not only in the acquisition of a group, the acquisition and manufacture of equipment, the purchase and packaging of food, required documents for the route-qualification commission. It should ensure a meaningful and safe trip. Long before entering the route, the group must begin systematic physical training and work out the elements of sports (rowing, cycling, skiing) and tourist (working with a map and compass, setting up a bivouac, overcoming natural obstacles, etc.) techniques. It is desirable that the group take part in competitions for the championship of their team, district or city in orienteering. 1-2 months before the trip, the group conducts joint training, at first walking short distances and without cargo, and 1-2 weeks before they make a test trip with full gear and with all equipment for a distance equal to that planned on the first day of the trip.

Getting ready for the tough winter travel, a test hike is necessarily combined with an overnight stay in the field to check the quality and fit of equipment, the ability to quickly set up a bivouac and cook food in the field, and the physical endurance of the participants.

Such a trip is organized as follows. On the eve of the day off, a group in regimental strength, with all the necessary equipment, with a backpack layout equal in weight to the layout on the first day of the campaign, leaves the city. After walking a short distance (3-4 km), tourists stop for the night. Slowly put up a tent and stove. At the same time, all participants study their design, installation procedure and practical use of them. The next day, the group operates according to the daily routine planned for the trip. It is advisable to walk 12-14 km on this day, check the tactics and technique of movement on virgin snow, bushes, on country roads and other characteristic places. The test hike ends 1.5-2 hours before dark. All detected shortcomings must be eliminated in the time remaining before the trip.

All members of the group not earlier than a month before departure for the route must undergo a medical and physical examination and obtain a doctor's permission to participate in a trip of this category of complexity,

CONTROL OVER INDIVIDUAL HIKING

The organization that sends a tourist group on a trip is fully responsible for its preparation and conduct. It also organizes search and rescue operations, if necessary.

Control over the conduct of weekend trips and trips is carried out by the councils of physical education groups, sports clubs, tourist clubs and sections, local tourism councils and DSO with the active participation of the Komsomol and trade union organizations.

Before going on difficult hikes, tourist groups, no later than two weeks before leaving for the route, inform through their organizations to the regional (territorial, republican) tourism council, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich the trip will take place, the authorized representative of the Central Tourism Council for this area or the head of the control and rescue service, the control date for the return of the group and the exact route, indicating the time of passage of individual sections.

Direct control over the passage of complex routes by a group is carried out by the organization that allowed the trip.

When carrying out trips of all categories of complexity, the group is obliged to make notes about the passage of the route in local authorities, in local governing Komsomol or physical culture bodies, at camp sites and, as an exception, at post offices. On difficult journeys, the team must also report to their organization that they have passed checkpoints along the route.

JOURNEY SUMMARY

Having completed the journey, the group reports to the tourist section of their team and sports society, to the institution that organized the trip, and to the route qualification commission that issued the travel permit. For trips of the 1st category of complexity, a route book is submitted to the route commission and an oral report is made, for more difficult trips - a route book and a written report, the volume and nature of which are determined by the route-qualification commission. Only after the submission and review of the reports, the trip can be credited and the participants are issued certificates for obtaining the badge "Tourist of the USSR" or registration of the corresponding category.

The need to sum up the results of tourist trips is dictated not only by the desire to promote tourism. Its main goal is to summarize the experience of preparing and conducting trips, the experience of socially useful work on the way, to identify shortcomings for eliminating them in the future.

A certain order of summing up the results of the trip was established. Usually, having finished the trip, tourists discuss the route they have traveled on the way back, analyze the deviation from the plan that has occurred, the mistakes made by the group or individual participants, and evaluate the role of the leader and his assistants.

It is advisable to make a detailed oral report at a meeting of the tourist section of a sports society (or in a city club of tourists) no later than one and a half to two months after returning from a hike. By this time, you need to draw up and issue a written report and photo albums, develop and edit a movie. The report should be accompanied by a display of photographs, a demonstration of amateur films, samples of equipment used in the campaign, collected collections of minerals, herbariums, etc. The basis for a written report and the preparation of an oral report at the section is a travel diary.

The report is presented in sections.

In chapter " general characteristics hike area” describes the geographical features of the area, terrain, climate, amplitude of probable temperature fluctuations; provides information on the amount of precipitation and the main periods of precipitation, wind direction, information on the hydrographic network (rivers, lakes), river flow rates, depths, slopes, rapids and rifts, soil, flora and fauna, information on the presence of edible and medicinal plants; data are reported on the possibility of hunting and fishing, the presence of minerals, the state of the road network and the improvement of settlements.

Information about the population, the peculiarities of their work and life, the economic and cultural development of the travel area is presented in detail. It is necessary to provide data on previously conducted hikes here, paved routes, places of interest and other sightseeing objects.

When compiling this section, maximum use should be made of available literature on the area, advice from competent persons and reports from other tour groups. At the end of the section, give a list of references, indicate the names of consultants, their addresses (or telephone numbers).

In the section "Preparation for the trip" a list of group members is placed, their tourist experience is characterized, the most interesting and difficult routes passed by them are listed, the distribution of responsibilities is given; the reason for choosing this area for the trip, the procedure for developing the route, the goals and objectives set for the group in this trip are indicated; it is indicated from which organizations which tasks were accepted and how they were performed

Lists the diet, stock of food, place of purchase and cost, a set of medicines and their use on the road.

Planned and actual cost estimates are compared, sources of funds for travel are indicated.

A list and characteristics (purchased, self-made) of individual and group equipment are given; drawings of the most interesting samples of equipment are attached.

Information is provided about the total load of the group and the layout for each participant at the beginning of the route, about the possibility of replenishing food supplies on the way and transporting equipment and cargo by local transport, about checkpoints and terms, about measures to ensure safety, about the method of establishing preliminary written communication with local institutions and organizations of the travel area.

It is reported who considered the route, when it was approved, what is the actual implementation of the travel plan.

The section "Conducting a hike and technical description of the route" describes the path traveled, the conditions and possibilities of movement, difficult sections of the route (passes, rapids, crossings, etc.) and the methods and means used to overcome natural obstacles, security measures and group actions in difficult conditions. Information is provided on the availability of fuel, water suitable for drinking, and convenient sites for setting up bivouacs, as well as data on the timing of movement, meteorological observations of the weather.

In the "Travel Diary" section, the leader or one of the participants talks about the events of the day, the well-being of the participants, impressions, places of interest, meetings with interesting people, details of camp life, about conducting local history or research work on the trip. The diary contains stories local residents, songs, legends, legends.

The section “Conclusions about the hike and recommendations for other groups” reports on the category of difficulty of the route traveled, its educational value, provides a specific assessment of equipment, tips and recommendations for other groups on choosing routes V area, equipment, movement technique and security measures.

The travel report must be accompanied by a general map with a plotted route and places of accommodation, as well as sketches of the most difficult sections with an indication of the path of their passage.

The report must be illustrated with photographs and drawings describing the difficult sections of the route and the group's actions on them, the nature and sights of the area. The written report should preferably be bound and bound. The recommended report format is a typewritten sheet. One copy of the report must be handed over to the organization that issued the permit for the hike.

LITERATURE

Potresov A. S. Companion of a young tourist. FiS, 1966. Romashkov E. Weekend hikes. FiS, 1967. Arkhangelskaya O. How to choose a tourist route.

Dobkovich V, V. Tourist of the USSR. FiS, 1957.

Compiled for tourists in Moscow. Valid until the approval of a similar document by the TSSR. Option "0-1" Agreed: Arsenin, Kostin, Nizhnikovsky, Pigulevskiy, Nikonorov, Renteev, Smirnov, Khoroshilov.
Developed by Alekseev.

1. INTRODUCTION

In the last decade, the quality of reports on tourist trips represented in the ICC at all levels has decreased markedly. In many cases, the reports do not meet the requirements for these documents. It is far from always possible to get an idea of ​​the actions and real qualifications of the group from such reports. Poor quality reports cannot be used in the preparation of routes, which leads to aging of the information stored in libraries and can significantly affect the safety of hikes.
At the same time, ICCs at all levels have reduced the requirements for reviewing submitted reports. Often, certificates are issued on the offset of the trip according to reports in which the technical description is reduced to a detailed calendar plan of the trip. It is extremely rare that poor-quality reports are returned for revision.

2. GENERAL

The trip report is the document by which the ICC evaluates real experience groups, evaluates the actions of tourists on the route and the literacy of tactical decisions. Based on the reports, the ICC decides on the offset of the campaign and the assignment of categories. Based on the reports, the judging boards hold tourism championships.
Reports are one of the main sources of information about the travel area. On them, tourists are preparing for hiking. Based on the materials from the reports submitted when approving the route, the ICC decides whether the complexity of the declared hike corresponds to the qualifications (capabilities) of the group. The library of tourist reports serves as the information basis for the work of specific and interspecific commissions of tourism federations.

3. PURPOSE OF TOUR REPORTS

The main task of the tourist report is to convey the maximum reliable useful information about the travel area and about specific local obstacles. It should contain information about the routes of communication with the hiking area, the features of the organization of movement, nature reserves and border zones, natural obstacles, climatic features and others. The report should tell how the group acted and contain recommendations for subsequent trips.

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TOURIST REPORT

4.1. The report should contain only reliable information.
The report should unequivocally answer the question: where and how the route ran, how the group acted during its passage.
The report, in addition to purely technical descriptions, may contain the impressions of the group members about the area, the route thread and the obstacles passed.
4.2 The report on the tourist trip can be written or oral. Submission of a written report is obligatory for hikes of 4-6 grades, as well as for hikes participating in tourism championships. In all other cases, as well as for trips 1-3 c.s. The form of the report, its volume and content are established by the IWC when considering application materials, taking into account the novelty and availability of information on the given area in the IWC library. The decision of the ICC is recorded in the route book. The section "Technical description of the route" in relation to the "Detailed route schedule" (see 5.5) is mandatory for all reports.
4.3. Along with the report, the ICC is provided with a route book or a photocopy of it and documents confirming the passage of the route, completed certificates of credit for the trip of the established form for all participants.
4.4. An oral report is made by the head and members of the group at the meeting of the ICC. In this case, the documents listed in clause 4.3, photographs, video materials, etc., as well as maps and route schemes are submitted. The oral report is built on sections of the written one (see 5.)
4.5. A written report must be typewritten (computer-based), have continuous page numbering, and SHOULD BE HARD BOUND, which ensures long-term preservation of the report. See section 5 for the contents of the written report.
4.6. Photos and sketches included in the report should characterize the difficult sections of the route and the actions of the group on them, provide subsequent groups with orientation on the ground, display the nature and sights of the area. The photographs are marked with the route traveled and the recommended route, as well as danger zones are highlighted. The photographs must be consecutively numbered and MANDATORY have captions that allow identifying the displayed object without referring to the text of the report. The text of the report must contain links to photographs and other illustrated material.
4.7. The report is accompanied by an overview map (scheme) of the hiking area with a plotted route, fallback options, directions of movement and possible evacuation, as well as overnight accommodations indicating their serial numbers and dates, and major obstacles. The map can be supplemented with sketches or large-scale diagrams of difficult areas, indicating the line of motion, landmarks and photographic points.
For hikes with significant elevation changes, water and cave hikes, a route profile (altitude graph) is drawn up.
In reports about water trips directions are given with indication of obstacles and their landmarks, diagrams of obstacles with drawing the path of passage, places of insurance and mooring.
Topographical materials on underground cavities are given in the reports on cave hikes.
Reports on automoto trips indicate points of possible refueling and repair Vehicle.

The text part should contain the sections indicated in the "Typical form and content of a report on a tourist trip, trip and sports tour" (see Appendix I). Individual sections are discussed in detail below, as well as in the "guidelines" (see Annex 4).
5.1 Title page (see Appendix 2).
5.2 Contents (Contents).
5.3 Reference information about the campaign.
The name of the conducting organization, country, republic, city, type of tourism, category of complexity of the trip, length and duration of the trip, number of the itinerary book and information about the authority of the ICC are indicated. This is followed by a detailed thread of the route, defining obstacles, a list of the group indicating the year of birth, tourist experience and responsibilities in the group, addresses for consultations are given. 5.4. General geographical and tourist characteristics of the hiking area. It includes the geographic location of the area, its tourist opportunities, access and departure options, characteristics of vehicles, including the fare and traffic schedule, emergency and emergency options for this route, information about medical points, retail outlets, the location of border and protected areas, the procedure for obtaining passes to restricted areas, addresses and telephone numbers of relevant organizations, location and addresses of the PSS and PSO, the most interesting natural and historical objects, climatic and other characteristics of the route.
5.5. ORGANIZATION OF THE TRIP.
The features of the pre-trip preparation, the features of the chosen route are described, the rationale for the choice of the main and backup options, and the organization of transfers are given. The section should answer the question why this particular route was chosen; How successful was the original plan of the campaign. In this section, the declared route thread and the separately actually passed one are given in a form convenient for comparison.
5.6. DETAILED MOVEMENT SCHEDULE.
It is given in the form of a table, for which the following columns are recommended: day of travel, date, section of the route, length (km), net running time, determining obstacles in the section8, weather conditions, elevation difference (for mountain hikes). At the end, the total duration, length, elevation difference are indicated. For hikes in the mountains, an altitude chart is given, and for water -profile route. INFORMATION IN THIS SECTION WILL BE DETAILED IN THE FOLLOWING SECTION.
5.7. DIARY AND TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE.
The main section of the report. It includes a detailed, without any exceptions, description of the route in the order of its passage, difficult sections according to the schemes below, technique and tactics of the route, dangerous sections and security measures. Without this section, the report cannot be considered by the IWC.
The route description is divided into days or tactical sections. The latter are also broken down by day. The heading of each day indicates the date and day of the journey, as well as for the convenience of users, the route section, mileage, elevation difference, net running time in hours and weather conditions during the day. A sample title is given in Appendix 3.
The text indicates the object (the point to which the group is striving), landmarks and the direction of movement. Descriptions of the sections are given in strict sequence, the characteristics of the section to be overcome (obstacles), the time of movement, the technique and tactics used, dangerous sections, and methods of insurance are indicated.
To facilitate the work on the report, it is convenient to use the ready-made diagrams below. Examples of their application and a methodology to facilitate the preparation of this section are given in Annex 4.

LOCAL OBSTACLES DESCRIPTION SCHEME (on the example of a pass)

1. Name, category of difficulty (c.t.), height, characteristics of the slopes, where it is located, which valleys, glaciers, etc. connects.
2. From where it is visible, where it is located, landmarks for searching.
3. Characteristics (description) of approaches and take-off, dangerous areas.
4. Group activities, insurance, running time.
5. Description of the saddle.
6. View from the pass.
7. Characteristic (description) of the opposite slope.
8. Actions of the group on the descent, insurance, running time.
9. Recommendations for going to the pass reverse direction.
10. Total driving time.
11. Places of possible lodging for the night.
12. Required special equipment.
13. Recommendations for equipment and insurance.
14. Evaluation by the group of k.t. obstacles and ways to overcome them.
See also Appendix I

SCHEME OF DESCRIPTION OF EXTENDED OBSTACLES (on the example of a valley)

1. Indicate the final goal (landmark) of the movement, for example local obstacle(pass, crossing) to which the group is going and its location.
2. Indicate landmarks, direction of movement, points from which landmarks or the purpose of movement are visible.
3. Characteristics of the path to the chosen goal (road, trail, forest, scree, etc.)
4. The movement of the group from landmark to landmark, indicating the time of movement, characteristics of obstacles and group actions, insurance, dangerous places.
5. Total driving time, pure running time.
6. Places of possible overnight stays.
7. Recommendations for groups going in the opposite direction.
8. Evaluation by the group of c.t. obstacles.

5.8 GROUP EQUIPMENT
A list of special equipment, features of personal and public equipment and comments on them are given. Here is the calculation of the weight of the backpack.
5.9. ESTIMATE OF THE TRIP
The cost of travel, accommodation, food and all other expenses is given. Recommendations are given for optimizing costs.
5.10. RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This section summarizes and draws conclusions about the achievement of the goals. The correctness of tactical decisions, the choice of the route thread and the traffic schedule are analyzed, recommendations are given for its passage and possible changes. It analyzes the compliance of the category of complexity of the route and individual obstacles with the declared ones, the reasons for changing the original trip plan.

ANNEX 1

STANDARD FORM AND CONTENT OF A REPORT ON A TOURISM TRAVEL, TRAVEL, SPORTS TOUR

1. Title page. (See Appendix 2)
2. Content (table of contents)
3. Reference information about the campaign.
3.1. Conducting organization (name, address, telephone, fax, e-mail, www)
3.2. Country, republic, region, region, district, subdistrict, array (venue)
3.3. Are common background information about the route (in a column or in the form of a table).

3.4. Detailed itinerary.
3.5. Defining obstacles of the route (passes, traverses, peaks, canyons, crossings, rapids, vegetation cover, swamps, scree, sands, snow, ice, water areas, etc.) in the form of a table to determine the complexity of the route according to the TSCP method.

3.6. Group list.
3.7. Full name, address, phone, e-mail, leader and participants.
3.8. Report storage address, availability of video and film materials.
3.9. Hike reviewed by the IWC __________________

4. General geographical and tourist characteristics of the area.
4.1. Geographical position and tourist features of the area.
4.2. Entry and exit options.
4.3. emergency exits from the route and its fallbacks.
4.4. Characteristics of vehicles, weather conditions and other information specific to the area and type of tourism.
4.5. The location of border zones, nature reserves, the procedure for obtaining passes, the deployment of PSOs, medical facilities and other useful data.
4.6. List of the most interesting natural, historical and other objects (occupations) on the route.

5. Organization and conduct of the campaign.
5.1. Goals and objectives of the route. Preparation, route selection. Tactical ideas, novelty.
5.2. Route changes and their reasons.
5.3. Expanded traffic schedule. Prepare in the form of a table, briefly citing the main information disclosed in the section "Technical description of the group's route." Recommended graphs: Travel days. Date of. Section of the path (from-to). Length in km. Net running time. Determining obstacles on the site. Weather conditions.

6. Technical description of the route.
The main section in the report.
Difficult sections: passes, rapids, crossings, places with difficult orientation, etc. ≈ are described in more detail, indicating the time intervals of their passage and the action of the group on them. Special attention should be given to a description of the technique and tactics of movement, as well as measures to ensure safety on the route, extreme situations. The text "Technical description of the passage by the group of the route" must be "tied" to the text of the "Detailed timetable" through the dates and days of the journey.
Potentially dangerous sections on the route are described separately.
The technical description is broken down by travel days or tactical sections. The latter are also broken down by day. The title of each day indicates: Date, day of travel, and it is also desirable to indicate the route section, mileage, elevation changes, net running time in hours and weather conditions during the day (see Appendix 3).

7. Material support of the group.

8. Cost of accommodation, meals, equipment, transportation costs.

10. The report is accompanied by an overview and detailed map route with indication of emergency options and emergency exits, photographs of defining obstacles confirming their passage by the group (all photographs must be numbered, linked to the text of paragraph 6 and signatures that allow identifying the depicted object without referring to the text), passports of local obstacles passed for the first time. In order to create a data bank of the routes traveled and to simplify the exchange of information, it is recommended, in addition to a written report to the IWC, to submit a report "made (preferably with maps, photos, etc.) on a CD-ROM (diskette) in one of the formats pdf, html, rtf, doc, txt - text format.

APPENDIX 2

TITLE PAGE

REPORT
about (type of tourism) hiking
_______ difficulty category by (geographical area)
committed by a group of tourists (city, team)
in the period from _________ to ________ 200__.

Route book No. ___________
Team leader ____________
Address, phone, e-mail of the head

The route-qualification commission reviewed the report and believes that the trip can be credited to all participants and the head of the difficulty category.
Report to use in the library ____________

City __________ 200_

APPENDIX 3

A POSSIBLE OPTION FOR THE TITLE OF THE DAY OF THE WAY. (example)

APPENDIX 4

METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARING A TOURIST REPORT

Cool at first
and then it fades...
(Description of the pass ZB k.s.)

We go on hikes for ourselves, while many tourists write reports not for themselves, but for others, and consider compiling a report an obsolete, unnecessary, sad duty, without which the "evil uncles from the IWC" will not give the coveted certificates of standings and will not be allowed on a more difficult hike. "We are athletes, we are techies, not writers," - such an opinion can often be heard on the sidelines of tourist clubs.
"Colleagues, (I want to object to this), what materials did you prepare routes for? Maybe some non-athletes, support staff, second-class tourists or hired workers write reports for you?" Nothing like that, they are written by your comrades and, moreover, by no means always the elders. Reports, and even more so good reports, are written by honest athletes, those who not only use (for free!) Other people's experience, but also help their friends and colleagues with their experience.
Let's be honest with ourselves and friends, and this manual will help you fulfill your duties with minimal labor and maximum benefit.
A person enjoys any (including technical work on tourist route if he succeeds in this work). But in order to succeed, you first need to learn, “But in our school there were triples in essays, well, it’s not given to us to write,” the stubborn people will continue to object. However, all over the world, millions of non-writers and non-journalists write industrial and scientific reports, instructions, articles, statements and explanatory notes. The task of these non-writers is to bring any information to the interested parties. And in this they are helped by well-developed document schemes. If all the elements of the scheme (points of the plan) are observed, you will be understood, even if you write clumsily, boringly and ponderously.

I. HOW TO WRITE A REPORT

If you want to make your job as easy as possible, start writing a report long before the trip. During the preparation period, you can write a draft of the "general geographical and tourist characteristics of the hiking area." Since you will still have to study the area before the trip, nothing prevents you from setting out the information you have received on paper or magnetic media in advance. After the trip, it remains to make minor corrections, add the information received during the trip and start the printer. The same applies to some other sections. In order not to suffer with a technical description, it must be written on the route, following fresh tracks; in the form of a diary. It is best at halts, after each transition, to describe the area covered. You can write yourself, or you can dictate to a participant with good handwriting (the ideal option is when several people keep diaries on a campaign, for example: a leader, a chronicler and a timekeeper). In this case, your comrades will be able to make corrections and additions, and, at the same time, learn to write themselves. Then, after the campaign, all that remains is to edit and retype the text. It is dangerous to postpone the description for the evening. Much will be forgotten, and there may not be conditions and time for writing. And it is absolutely unacceptable - to write a report from memory, having arrived home. Important details will be missed, timing will be forgotten, and, besides, there will most likely not be time for long writing after the trip.
But most importantly, credibility will be lost. And the report should contain only reliable information! It is not for nothing that the participants of geographical expeditions professed and profess the principle: "what was not recorded in the field log was not observed"!
Here is an example: the editor of the newspaper Free Wind, known to many travelers, SV. Mindelevich walked according to the report of E.A. Ionikh in the Elbrus region, the Yusengi pass (2B). Ionih passed this pass second, there were no other materials in the library. From the report it followed that the bend of the glacier "in the central part ends with a smooth roll-out onto the tongue. But instead of a roll-out behind the bend, there was a flight - on sheep's foreheads with a height drop of about 300 meters! There was a thin layer of fresh snow on the ice, and the bend did not allow looking down. Having started the descent without crampons and ropes, the group ended up on unreliable steps above the cliff ... in a hurry at home, after the hike-...
Another tragicomic case: a group of MEPhI tourists passed through the 1B pass in Digoria. According to the description, straight from the saddle to the flat part of the glacier there was an even snowy slope. From the pass, the slope was not visible. Without a shadow of a doubt, the leader sat down on the polyethylene and disappeared behind the bend. The rest heard a frightened cry, but then the leader rode out onto level ground and waved his arms invitingly. The second participant disappeared behind the bend, and again a cry and again allowing a wave of the hand. The third participant sat down on the polyethylene and after a few seconds saw a huge (perhaps it seemed from fear) bergschrund under him. Fortunately, there was a small springboard above the upper edge. Slowly, very slowly, a gaping bottomless mouth floated below. Hit, slide, roll out!
Both of them were lucky. Both used unscrupulous descriptions.
To keep a diary on the route, you need a hardcover notebook, pens or pencils, a compass, an altimeter or a GPS. Diary entries and, accordingly, the description of the route must be kept in strict sequence, without interruptions (breaks). They must have accurate timing. However, it is not necessary to indicate "Live time", it is unlikely that anyone will be interested that you walked from the place of spending the night to the ford from 7-00 to 7-30, but pure running time, that is, "it took 30 minutes." It is all the more useless to point out that, for example, they went from the crossing to the glacier from 10-00 to 15-40, since it is not clear how much you rested, whether or not you had a snack, etc.
You need to describe the route from one noticeable landmark to another, indicate what and where you can see, and in what weather conditions passed the stage. In some cases, it is useful to mention the state of a group. All this can be useful to those who follow you.

2. WHAT TO WRITE IN THE REPORT

At the beginning of the description of the running day, it is necessary to give its characteristics (see Appendix 3). Readers of the report should be able to find a description of the section of the route they need without turning over the entire text and, without referring to other sections of the report, immediately determine where and where you were going. In the text of the report, after the title of the day, it is necessary to indicate where the group starts moving from, even if this is clear from the description of the previous day. And then outline WHERE THE GROUP GOES. For example, the path to the Round Lake starts from bus stop in the center of the village of Igoshino along a dirt road leading between houses to the northwest. Or: from spending the night at the confluence of the Bystraya and Kedrovaya rivers to the Sosnovy Pass, we go along the left bank of the Bystraya River along a well-developed path to the southeast. At the same time, these phrases contain information about the nature of the beginning of the path (path, road) and where this path starts from (there may be several roads and paths).
Then, if possible, it is necessary to indicate distant landmarks. For example, you have to go about 1.5 hours (5 km) until the confluence of the second large right tributary, the valley of which is visible from the place of spending the night (from the turn of the main valley to the right, etc.). - This will allow those walking according to your description less experienced travelers do not skip the desired turn in bad weather, or by distraction.
Now we proceed, in fact, to the description of the route. We indicate the nature of the path (paths, off-road), forests, swamps, crossings. We indicate the time of movement between noticeable landmarks, for example, until the next tributary, clearing, river bend. Here we also describe the actions of the group in difficult areas, berry thickets, places for overnight stays and others. useful information. As well as interesting objects, passes, waterfalls, canyons, forks in paths and roads. If orientation when moving in the opposite direction is difficult, for example, because of the steep bank, the bridge is not visible or the path is lost when entering the clearing and it is difficult to find it when moving in the opposite direction, we give recommendations for those going towards.
Respecting your colleagues, do not clutter up the text with abbreviations like "kpu" and "mn" (the end of the previous section and the place of overnight stay), and also avoid everyday details, perhaps very nice, but not related to the passage of the route - there are newspapers and magazines for them.
In no case should descriptions be limited to only a narrow corridor or a thread, as is done at rallies and competitions at the "movement according to the legend" stage. Without a landmark visible from afar or knowledge of the general direction of movement, a slight inaccuracy in the description, inattention or a slight change in the relief (the snowfield has melted!) is sufficient, and it will be impossible to restore your location.
Let us give an approximate scheme for describing the linear section of the route using the example of a river valley, adhering to which you can confidently state all the necessary information

SCHEME FOR DESCRIPTION OF AN EXTENDED OBSTACLE OR LINEAR SECTION OF THE WAY

1. Indicate the starting point of the movement and the final (intermediate) goal to which the group is going and the location of this goal.
2. Indicate the landmarks (the nearest one and the subsequent ones as you move), the direction of movement, the points from which the landmarks or the final goal of the path are visible.
3. Characteristics of the path (path, road, forest, slopes, scree, etc.)
4. Describe the movement of the group from landmark to landmark, indicating the net running time, the characteristics of the path and obstacles, the actions of the group when overcoming obstacles, dangerous places and the types of insurance applied.
5. Time of movement between the most important landmarks and the total time of movement to the selected goal or per day.
6. Places of possible lodging for the night.
7. Recommendations for going in the opposite direction.
8. If necessary, recommendations for equipment. If there is a pass or other local obstacle on the way of the group, requiring detailed description, at the beginning we give it brief description, then we orient the readers of the report, where it is located and from where it can be seen, and only after that we write the description itself, according to the scheme given below for the case of the pass - the most common local obstacle.

SCHEME OF THE DESCRIPTION OF THE PASS (LOCAL OBSTACLES)

1. Name, category of difficulty, height, characteristics of the slopes, where it is located, what valleys, glaciers, etc. connects.
2. From where it is visible, where it is located in the circus or in the crest of the ridge, other landmarks that provide confident orientation.
3. Characteristics (description) of the pass takeoff, dangerous areas.
4. Actions of the group, organization of insurance, running time, possible options, total running time to climb.
5. Description of the saddle, possibility of lodging for the night.
6. View from the pass.
7. Recommendations for going in the opposite direction, if due to the shape of the slope it is not visible from above and at the same time access to dangerous or unreasonably difficult sections is possible.
8. Characteristics of the opposite slope, along which the descent is to be.
9. Actions of the group on the descent, insurance, running time, possible options.
10. Recommendations for going in the opposite direction, if the path, especially in the upper part, is poorly visible from below.
11. The total time for the descent and ascent, recommendations for the passage, the necessary equipment, the organization of insurance, conclusions.
12. Places of possible lodging for the night. (See also Appendix 3). Below we will give examples of how not to and how to write descriptions for simple and difficult passes, give recommendations for determining the steepness of the slopes and wish you successful trips and good reports.

SIMPLE PASS

1. How NOT to write a description

26.08.2001 From the overnight stay (there is no word about its place on the previous sheet) we move to the Dzhankuat glacier and along the path on the tongue of the glacier we cross the Dzhankuat-stream (it is not clear which coast). We climb the path to the crest of the moraine of the glacier (sometimes called the Dinosaur). Climbing a steep conglomerate slope (it is not clear how to look for a path on the slope). We go out on the trail on the crest of the moraine (50-60 minutes). We pass along the trail - about 300 meters and leave it - opposite the stream flowing from under the Koyavganaush pass (the first mention of the goal in the description of the day!). We climb the path along the stream to the "Spartak overnight stays". Here perfect place for overnight stays before the pass (the nature of the slope is not indicated, it is not clear where the overnight stays are, there is no time to climb to them).
Ascent to the saddle of the pass along a poorly visible path along a small moving black scree, in some places crossed by snowfields. It is better to pass the pass early in the morning, when the talus is seized by frost and does not creep. The ascent from overnight stays takes an hour and a half (there is no indication where to look for the pass in the circus, a false saddle is missed, the glacier at the foot of the pass is forgotten, there is no general ascent time).
The saddle is wide, talus, you can put up several tents. From the saddle there is a good view of the Adyrsu valley.
The descent from the saddle along snowfields and small live scree to the Koyavgan glacier takes from 20 minutes to 1 hour (the dangerous section is omitted, it will be given in the "correct description", it is not clear what caused the descent time spread by three times). Coming out on the flat surface of an open glacier, we move closer to the - left edge along the slopes of the Koyavgan peak (the peak is not visible, its mention is meaningless). In 30-40 minutes we reach the final moraine, leaving the steep tongue of the glacier on the right along the way (there are no instructions for finding the pass from this side, the passage of the glacier is not described in detail).
There is water and platforms on the moraine. From here begins a terrible path, which in an hour and a half leads to a green island on the banks of the Adyrsu River. This is an ideal place for a day trip - pine trees, a clear stream ... - (the description of the valley and the "terrible trail" is not detailed, there is no total time for the descent and the total time for passing the pass).

2. How to write a description

Today we have to take the last and easiest pass Koyavganaush (IA, 3500, sn.-os). The pass is located in the Adyrsu ridge between the peaks of Koyavganbashi and VIAtau and connects the valleys of the Adylsu and Adyrsu rivers. It leads from the tongue of the Dzhankuat glacier to the Koyavgan glacier and to the ruins of the Dzhailik a/l.
From the place of our overnight stay at the "Green Hotel" hut in the upper reaches of the Dzhankuat stream (2400 m), one can see the Dzhankuat glacier and a stream breaking through its right-bank moraine near the tongue. Along the stream there is a trail to the pass.
Passing through moraine deposits and pebbles along the Dzhankuat stream, we cross the glacier to the right bank. Further along the left bank of the stream along the path cut in the conglomerate, we climb into the pocket of the right-bank moraine of the Dzhankuat glacier. Along the pocket and along the ridge there are trails to the upper reaches of the valley to the training pass (Gendarmes). A moraine slope leads to our pass from the pocket, cut by gullies in which snowfields lie. On the slope along the stream flowing from under the pass, there are paths leading to a small circus. To the left along the way - grassy areas of "Spartak's overnight stays" (3 hours).
From here, on the right side of the circus, under the rocky massif of Koyavganbashi, near the pyramidal gendarme, a pass is visible. Closer to the top of VIAtau there is a false saddle. The further path runs along a small gently sloping glacier, the lower part of which is open, and the upper part can be covered with snow, but there are no cracks here. Passing under a false saddle, we rise to the pass along a wide snow-scree slope. If the scree is saturated with water and creeps underfoot, you can go to the left, along simple rock outcrops. The saddle is quite wide, scree. A bivouac is possible on it. Tour with north side on the rocks. (5 hours from the "green hotel"). The pass is one of the best panoramic points of the Elbrus region. From here, the upper reaches of the Adyrsu valley and the Adyrsu ridge from the Freshfield pass to the Kulumkol pass open. Elbrus and the Donguz-orunbashi massif are visible in the western sector.
The descent to the Koyavgan glacier passes along a wide slope (30°, 400m). In its upper part, there is usually a snowfield, the steepness of which can reach 40°. If the snow density is high, you can move a little to the left to the ridge of the destroyed rocks. Below, the famous Koyavgan "sypukh" begins, which, depending on the humidity, rides underfoot or turns into a solid conglomerate.
The end of the snowfield is not visible, so we decided not to risk it and went around it on the left. They did the right thing: at the end of the summer the snowfield was reduced, and in the event of a breakdown, it would be difficult to linger until the flight to the scree.
Further along the paths laid in the black slate scree, we descended to the glacier (1 hour). When passing this slope on the rise, it is advantageous in the upper part to go to the right to a larger scree. (Rockfalls on the right!). We walked along the glacier along the left edge, bypassing the zone of swelling and ice breaks (rockfalls from rocks, open radial cracks). Having passed the turn along the ice littered with fragments, we go to the left-bank moraine and descend along it to the platforms at the upper edge of the terminal moraine of the glacier (upper Koyavgan overnight stays) (50 minutes). You can also get here along the center line of the glacier. In this case, the descent to the moraine, not reaching the steep part of the tongue. Further, having passed the moraine, on the left bank of the stream (in the off-season it is avalanche-prone here), we go out to the grassy "lower camps". From here, a steep, deeply trodden path with frequent serpentines descends into the Adyrsu valley. Turning to the right, up the valley and crossing the stream from under our pass, we find ourselves in a pine grove, where there are numerous parking lots (2200, 4 hours from the saddle). We note that it is difficult to walk this pass from grass to grass, but we have the end of the route and the experience of the "four" behind us.
When moving in the opposite direction, it must be borne in mind that the first to open is a false saddle under the slopes of VIAtau. A cornice usually hangs on it. The pass is located on the left side of the circus behind the rocks and is not visible until the turn of the glacier. If a group descends towards the pass, it is better to wait behind the rock separating the main and false saddles so as not to fall under the rockfall

DIFFICULT PASS

1. How NOT to write a description

6 08.08 1 Mn - the gorge of the river Tyutyusu 2,4 1.20 Three moraine terraces with coarse scree slopes between them, in the lower one there are outcrops of rocks traversed along the left slope. The crest of the right-bank moraine (some sections with a steepness of up to 30°) 7.00 clear, T+6°C 12.00 clear, T+22°C 19.00 cloudy. Thunderstorm at night. Half day, reconnaissance and processing of the beginning of the pass slope
2 Kpu - Tyutyu glacier 3 1.00
3 Kpu - median moraine 3 1.05 Moraine cover, open glacier with transverse fissures
7 09.08 1
F.11-13		 Mn - lane Semenovsky 1,8 2.05 Gentle closed glacier ~ 1100 m. Glacial rise ~ 300 m, steepness up to 30°. Firnovy - pass takeoff with a bergschrund in the lower part ~ 400 m, the steepness in the upper part is up to 40 °. Descent along the ascent path. 7.00 fog. T+14°C 12.00 cloudy, T+18°C 19.00 snow T+10°C radial exit. Ligaments, cats
2 Back 1,8 1.00
8 10.08 1
F.14		 Mn - bergschrund under the north-east buttress in Tyutyu. 0,4 0.20 Closed glacier. Snow-firn take-off ~ 100 m, steepness up to 25°. 7.00 clear, T+11°C 12.00 clear, T+16°C windy, 19.00 clear, T+20°C Ligaments, cats. Separate transportation of backpacks. Observation of stones while crossing the gutters. A total of 330 m of railings (9 ropes) were hung. Ligaments.
2
F.15-16		 Kpu - a wide ice-snow couloir with avalanche flutes. 0,2 2.25 Bergschrund with elevation difference up to 4 m, snow slope ~40 m, steepness up to 40°. Narrow bergschrund, ice-firn slope ~80 m, steepness up to 45°. Railings, hook insurance, the first without a backpack. Open ice ~ 20-25 m, steepness up to 50°. Railings, hooks.
3 Kpu - the upper end of the avalanche flutes. 0,25 2.15 Snow-firn slope, cut by avalanche gutters up to 1.5-2 m deep, slope length ~250 m-, steepness over 45° (railing, safety through an ice ax), movement along the edge between the gutters. The stones in the lower part are on the right along the way, and from the middle and on the left - from the slopes. Easy rocks ~ 10 m.
4
F.17-21		 Kpu - Suvorov pass 0,2 0.30 Snow-ice couloir up to 200 m long, steepness 45°, in the upper part up to 50°, the saddle of the pass is a rocky scallop ~ 3m
5 Kpu - lake under the glacier Zap. Jailyk 4,5 2.10 Medium clastic scree ~ 1000m, steepness up to 30°. Closed gentle glacier ~ 1000 m. Large and medium rocky slope - trail.

No other texts were found in this report.

2. How to write a description

Pass Suvorov(version of the Dzhailyk pass) (ZA, 4100, ice., - sk., 132, fig.) is located in the northwestern branch of the Adyrsu ridge between the peaks of Dzhailik and Tyutyubashi in the southern shoulder of the latter. It connects the Kulumkol (Adyrsu) and Tyutyu (Baksan) valleys, leads from the Tyutyu glacier to the Western Jailyk glacier. Completed for the first time
In the upper left cirque of the Tyutyu glacier, on the right along the Dzhailik peak, a snow-ice dam with rocky teeth of the Dzhailik pass is visible. The Suvorov Pass is located to the right along the path behind a low rocky pyramid. The pass requires the use of the entire arsenal of ice and rock equipment. The defining side is described on the rise. Throughout the ice and snow slopes are rock-hazardous. lower part Take-offs take place only in the morning hours.
Depending on the snow and ice conditions, the optimal ascent route may change markedly. It is planned to hang up to 600 meters of railings, of which about 150 meters are on ice.
From overnight stays "Tyutu lower" we climb the Tyutyu glacier and move to the upper part of the median moraine under the pass, where we organize the initial bivouac (1 hour). From here you can see the pass "take-off with a hanging glacier, in the lower third of which the left side merges with the avalanche.
The stem is broken by two bergschrunds. We overcome the lower one along the bridge, we pass the upper one on the right along the way, and head to the tongue of the hanging glacier. On the ice (40-50°, walls up to 60°) we climb to the circus under the pass (railing 150m). Directly above us is one of the saddles of the Dzhailik pass (PZ), an extended rocky snow-ice couloir leads to our pass. On the closed glacier (20-30°) we go up to the right under the rocks, to the right along the couloir, and after walking about 80 meters along its edge, we come out onto the rocks (8 hours). On the rocks (20-30°, 80m) we climb to the buttress, which goes into the couloir. Then we climb the buttress (40-60°, 80m) to a wide grassy ledge. On it we cross the side couloir (40m) and go to the next buttress with a characteristic rocky tooth. On this buttress (40-60, in some places up to 80 °, 100 m) we climb to the scree. On it up and to the left (along the way) we go under the pass couloir and along it (40-60 °, 30 m) we go to the ridge. (8 hours from the pass circus). Semi-sedentary overnight stays are possible in the area of ​​buttresses.
From the pass there is an excellent view in both directions. A bivouac is possible on the ridge, but there is no water. The descent towards the Adyrsu valley along a small living scree leads to the Western Jailyk glacier. We continue the descent along the right edge of the glacier. We pass comfortable grounds under the Dragon's Tail Pass (IA) (2.5 hours).

1. Temporary departures (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons from a permanent place of residence for health-improving, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary residence (Law of the Russian Federation “On the Basics of Tourist Activities in the Russian Federation”, 1996).

2. Temporary departure of people from their permanent place of residence for vacation, health, educational or professional business purposes without engaging in paid activities at the place of temporary residence (Recommendatory legislative act "On the basic principles of cooperation between the CIS member states in the field of tourism", 1994).

3. Activities of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one year for leisure, business and other purposes.

4. A special form of movement of people along the route in order to visit specific objects or satisfy a specialized interest.

5. Type of travel for leisure, educational, business, recreational or specialized purposes. “Tourism is one of the types of active recreation, which is travel made with the aim of knowing certain areas, new countries and combined in a number of countries with elements of sports” (Manila Declaration on World Tourism).

6. Movement (movement), being outside the permanent place of residence and the aspect of temporary stay in the object of interest. The Manila Declaration on World Tourism (1980) proclaimed: "Tourism is understood as an activity of great importance in the life of peoples by virtue of its direct impact on the social, cultural, educational and economic spheres of the life of states and their international relations."

7. A form of mental and physical education, implemented through the social and humanitarian functions of tourism: educational, educational, health and sports.

8. A popular form of organization of recreation, leisure activities.

9. A branch of the economy that serves people who are temporarily away from their place of permanent residence, as well as a market segment in which enterprises of traditional industries converge to offer their products and services to tour operators.

10. The totality of all types of scientific and practical activities for the organization and implementation of: tourist and excursion business; resort business; hotel business.

Term tourism(tourism) was first used by V. Zhekmo in 1830. The word "tourism" comes from the French "tour", which means "walk". Until recently, the concepts of "tourism", "tourist" were understood differently in different countries. In our country, due to the fact that tourism and sanatorium-resort institutions were managed by different systems, the concept of "tourist" was limited to participants in tourist trips and hikes and was separated from the concept of "vacationer" in sanatoriums, boarding houses and rest homes. In other countries different types recreational activities were also often defined in different terms. With the development of tourism in the modern world, especially international and with the creation of international tourist organizations, it became necessary to give a generally accepted definition of the concept of "tourist" and, accordingly, "tourism".

The international conference of 1963 gave such a definition of the concept of "tourist" - this is a person who arrived in a country in which he does not permanently live and is not engaged in a paid professional activity, in order to spend his free time for the sake of treatment, entertainment, education, recreation, religion, sports, for family or business reasons. Extending this definition to domestic tourism, a tourist should be considered a person who temporarily leaves his permanent place of residence to spend his free time for various purposes, except for a permanent paid professional activity.

The concept of "tourist" adopted by international organizations differs from the concept of "tourist": a tourist spends more than a day outside his permanent place of residence, a sightseer - less than a day.

According to the WTO, a tourist is a temporary visitor, i.e. a person who is in a country other than his country of residence for any purpose other than carrying out a paid activity. The main goals are education, treatment, transit. That. tourist - a person who is away from their permanent place of residence for at least 24 hours and not more than a year

One of the first and most precise definitions of tourism was given by the University of Bern professors Hunzicker and Krapf and was later adopted by the International Association of Scientific Experts on Tourism. These scholars define tourism as a series of phenomena and relationships that arise as a result of the travel of people as long as it does not lead to a permanent stay and is not associated with obtaining any benefit.

Tourism is a special case of travel, however, it has clear delimitations from the generality, strictly defined characteristics, there are many definitions of tourism in the conceptual sense, and, of course, a person who makes or participates in a tourist trip, tourist trip, hike, and is generally referred to as a tourist.

Tourism is:

a special mass type of travel with clearly defined goals of tourism, made by the tourists themselves, that is, the activity of the tourist himself, and

activities for the organization and implementation (accompaniment) of such trips - tourism activities. Such activities are carried out by various enterprises of the tourism industry and related industries.

Let us now give the classical definition of tourism.

Tourism is the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or another area within their country in their free time for the purpose of obtaining pleasure and recreation, health and medical, guest, educational, religious or professional business purposes, but without engaging in work in the place of temporary residence, paid from a local financial source.

Tourism is a type of travel and covers the circle of people traveling and staying in places outside their usual environment for leisure, business or other purposes. Although various interpretations of this concept have appeared in the process of tourism development, the following criteria are of particular importance in determining this phenomenon:

1. Change of location.

In this case, we are talking about a trip that is carried out to a place that is outside the usual environment. However, people who make daily trips between home and place of work or study cannot be considered tourists, as these trips do not go beyond their usual environment.

2. Stay elsewhere.

The main condition here is that the place of stay should not be a place of permanent or long stay. In addition, it should not be related to labor activity (wage). This nuance should be taken into account, because the behavior of a person engaged in labor activity differs from the behavior of a tourist and cannot be classified as tourism. Another condition is that travelers must not stay in the place they visit for 12 consecutive months or more. A person who stays or plans to stay for one year or more in a certain place is considered a permanent resident from the point of view of tourism and therefore cannot be called a tourist.

3. Payment for labor from a source in the place visited.

The essence of this criterion is that the main purpose of the trip should not be the implementation of activities paid from a source in the place visited. Any person entering a country for work paid from a source in that country is considered a migrant and not a tourist to that country. This applies not only to international tourism, but also to tourism within one country. Every person traveling to another location within the same country (or to another country) to carry out activities paid from a source in that place (or country) is not considered a tourist of that place.

These three criteria, underlying the definition of tourism, are basic. At the same time, there are special categories of tourists for whom these criteria are still insufficient - these are refugees, nomads, prisoners, transit passengers who do not formally enter the country, and persons accompanying or escorting these groups.

Analysis of the above features, characteristics and criteria allows us to identify the following features of tourism:

· business trips, as well as travel for the purpose of spending free time - this is a movement outside the usual place of residence and work. If a resident of the city moves around it in order to make purchases, then he is not a tourist, since he does not leave his functional place;

Tourism is not only an important branch of the economy, but also an important part of people's lives. It covers the relationship of a person with his external environment.

Consequently, tourism is a set of relationships, connections and phenomena that accompany the trip and stay of people in places that are not places of their permanent or long-term residence and are not related to their work activity.

There are five clearly defined important features that separate tourism from travel and other activities and processes:

Temporary movement and visit to the destination and indispensable return back;

Destination is another locality (country) different from the place of permanent residence of a person;

The goals of tourism, which are distinguished by a purely humanistic content and orientation;

Making a tourist trip in your free time from work or study;

Prohibiting a tourist from engaging in activities in the destination that are paid from a local financial source.

From the set of economic characteristics of tourism, five should be defined conceptually:

1) tourism as a process and result of the movement of people along various tourist routes;

2) definition of two main basic elements of tourism: travel to the place of stay and stay there;

3) travel means leaving the country (region) of permanent residence of the tourist;

4) the movement of tourists to various tourist centers takes time, which means that they will return to their place of permanent residence in a few days, weeks or months;

5) an excursion is a trip without permanent residence in a tourist center, which is not intended to generate additional income.

The following functions of the social and humanitarian impact of tourism can be distinguished: restoration of working capacity; rational use of free time; providing employment; the rise in the standard of living of the working people; environmental friendliness and orientation.

The purpose of travel is one of the main and defining features of tourism. In the classical theory of tourism, only 6 general goals are recognized, according to which tourism is distinguished from travel in general:

Wellness (restoration of the spiritual and physical strength of a person, as well as treatment);

cognitive (improving and deepening knowledge about the nature of natural phenomena, the history and present of mankind, the culture of other countries and peoples);

sports (preparation and participation in competitions and games at the professional and amateur levels, accompanying athletes, as well as participation as spectators);

professional business (business trips, participation in congresses, conferences, seminars, experience exchange, professional training);

Religious (pilgrimage and cult, cultural and historical for the study of religion and cults);

Guest and nostalgic (visiting relatives, places of historical residence).

There are also the following functions of tourism:

Restorative - liberation of a person from a feeling of fatigue through a contrasting change in environment and type of activity;

Developing - providing opportunities for personal development (expansion of the cognitive horizon, creative and organizational activities);

Entertaining - providing vacationers with the opportunity to have fun. This also includes: getting to know the area, its inhabitants, organizing concerts, sports and other events, active recreation.

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