Where on kmv. Caucasian Mineralnye Vody - all about the resort of the Caucasus

Caucasian Mineral Waters

Coat of arms of the region

Region map

Caucasian Mineral Waters(Kavminvody, KMV) - a group of federal resorts in the Stavropol Territory; specially protected eco-resort region of the Russian Federation, which has a coordinating administration. The direct state administration of this region is entrusted to the administration of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the head of which is appointed by the president. Russian Federation on the proposal of the Governor of the Stavropol Territory.

The region is located in the south of the European part of Russia, almost at the same distance from the Black and Caspian Seas - within the junction of the Mineralnye Vody inclined plain and the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus.

The electrified railway Moscow - Rostov - Baku with a branch to Kislovodsk (and a branch to Zheleznovodsk), an asphalted federal highway Rostov - Baku passes through the territory of the district. Mineralnye Vody Airport connects the KMV region with direct flights to all major centers Russian Federation, CIS countries, and also operates flights to non-CIS countries.

Geography

in administrative-territorial terms

The region-agglomeration Caucasian Mineralnye Vody, having an area of more than 500 thousand hectares (5.3 thousand sq. km), is located on the territory of three constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the boundaries of the district of the mountain and sanitary protection:

in the Stavropol Territory - cities and resort towns Georgievsk, Mineralnye Vody (including the resort Kumagorsk and resort area Naguta), Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, as well as the Georgievsky, Mineralovodsky and Predgorny districts proper, - 58% of the total area of the region;
in Kabardino-Balkaria - Zolsky district, - 9% (therapeutic mud of Lake Tambukan, Narzanov Valley and others);
in Karachay-Cherkessia - Malokarachaevsky and Prikubansky districts, - 33% of the territory (zone of formation mineral springs).

The regional center of the CMS with the seat of the coordinating administration is the city of Essentuki. Previously, this status belonged to the city of Pyatigorsk, even earlier - to Georgievsk.
At the same time, the regime of special nature management in adjacent territories is also carried out by state bodies of the republics.
The head of the administration of the KavMinVod, in accordance with the Regulations, is the first deputy chairman of the Government of the Stavropol Territory ex officio.

Physical and geographical characteristics (location)

The Caucasian Mineralnye Vody region occupies the southern part of the Stavropol Territory and is located on the northern slopes of the Main Caucasian Range, just a couple of tens of kilometers from Elbrus. Here the earth seems different, the sky seems different. From a distance, motionless white clouds are visible, which, when approached, turn out to be the snowy peaks of the Caucasus Mountains. Southern borders the district is the foothills of Elbrus, the valley of the Khasaut and Malka rivers; in the west - the upper reaches of the rivers Eshkakon and Podkumka; The northern border of the region is the city of Mineralnye Vody, behind which the steppe expanses of Ciscaucasia begin.

In terms of hydromineral resources, the region includes:

in the south: carbonic waters of the Upper and Lower Berezovsky in the Berezovsky gorge, Belovodsky and Bely springs in the upper reaches of the Alikonovsky gorge (Belovodskaya Balka river), Malkinsky gorge - Tkhobzashkhops springs (in the Kamennomostsky area), Seraphim Sarovsky spring with healing spring water (on the northern slopes of Dzhinal), Narzanov Valley, Cheget Lakh Ransky, Lahran Narzans [Kichmalka Plateau, Mount Ullu-Lakhran (1883 m)], spring (Khasautsky) in the area of Mal. Bermamyt (2644 m) and the village of Khasaut (in the southwest; on far south(adjacent to the Elbrus region) source Yungeshli).
in the west: in the Kumsky gorge - carbonic water of the Kumsky deposit in Krasno-Vostochny (the village of Krasny Vostok) and Suvorov baths, springs in the upper reaches of the Podkumka and Kum-rivers near the Gumbashi pass, and east of Gudgora (2489 m) on the Eshkakon river (Lower Eshkakonsky and Upper Eshkakonsky; tract Kanta-Tukele?); on the watershed - springs in the area of the villages of Michurinsky and Kholodnorodnikovskoye (near the village of Schastlivoe), and on the northern slopes of the Pastbishchny Range in the Coal Balk (above the forestry enterprises Coal Dacha and Bekeshevskaya Dacha - in Karachay-Cherkessia).
in the north: in the resort of Kumagorsk, Nagutsky springs in the balneological Nagutskaya resort area (sources near the villages of Nagutskoye, Soluno-Dmitrievskoye (station Nagutskaya - a plant for bottling mineral waters of one of the largest Nagutskoye deposits in the region (250 million bottles per year, 80s)), this also includes the mineral springs of the town of Camel).
in the east: Lysogorsk springs (Lysay Gora, including Batalinsky), as well as St. George's baths.

Story

KMV is one of the oldest resort regions in Russia. The first written information about its mineral springs is found in the doctor G. Schober (1717), who was sent by Peter I to examine the mineral storehouse North Caucasus. The first detailed descriptions of them were made by I. A. Guldenshtedt (1773), and then by P. S. Pallas (1793). After a study of the hot spring in Pyatigorsk (1801) and the conclusion of a special commission on the possibility of using mineral waters for therapeutic purposes (1802), by decree of Alexander I of April 24, 1803, the provision on the Cabinet of Mineral Waters was approved, when the historical Rescript "On the recognition state importance Caucasian Mineralnye Vody and the need for their organization, ”and their official existence as a resort area began.
The first information about Lake Tambukan was also reported by I. A. Guldenshtedt (1770s), but the use of its therapeutic mud began much later (since 1886 in Pyatigorsk and Essentuki, then in Zheleznovodsk). Initially, CMS attracted a limited number of patients, mainly from the military and the nobility. There were no plans for the development of resorts; the management of the CMS was usually entrusted to the military administration. Only a few of the administrators showed interest in the KavMinVody.

The history of the development of this unique resort region of the Russian Federation was characterized by ups and downs, with the transition from state management to private counterparties. Long distances from the central cities of the Russian Empire, when those wishing to receive medical treatment on Hot, Iron and Sour Waters were forced to make a real journey on horse-drawn carriages lasting one and a half to two months, military operations in the Caucasus, the unsettledness of the springs and resorts themselves - all this created certain difficulties in the development of Caucasian Mineral Waters. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, at the beginning of the 19th century, vacationers on Hot Waters lived in Kalmyk tents, specially sent here for the summer holiday season. Selfless work on the arrangement of the Cavalry Ministry of Waters of outstanding Russian patriots (in alphabetical order):

Johann K. and Joseph K. Bernardazzi
G. A. Emanuelya
A. P. Nelyubina
M. V. Sergeeva
N. N. Slavyanova
S. A. Smirnova
V. V. Khvoshchinsky

and many others has allowed step by step to turn them into a well-known balneological resort in Russia. During the Soviet era, Caucasian Mineralnye Vody became a popular source of health for the population of the Soviet Union. In 1990, about 1 million people from all over the country and from abroad rested and improved their health at the all-Union resort [kavmingroup].

But at the same time, the local population was growing at a rapid pace (see below - agglomeration). All this began to create a large anthropogenic load on the ecology of the CMS (see Pyatigorsk). Some shortage of mineral resources began to be felt. Excessive development of industry in resort cities, not related to health-improving (sanatorium-resort) purposes, the use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers in agriculture also posed a real threat of pollution of the hydro-mineral wealth of the unique resort. This could not but disturb the representatives of balneology, the leadership of the Stavropol Territory, the Russian government.
That is why the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin was signed on March 27, 1992, according to which the KavMinVody is a specially protected ecological resort region of the Russian Federation. It directly defined the goals of creating the region - the preservation natural resources resorts of the KMV - a world-famous area with unique health and healing factors, a unique historical, architectural and cultural image.

Mountains Kavminvod

Above all the resorts is Kislovodsk (817-1063 m), the rest of the resorts are approximately at the same height: Essentuki - along the river. Podkumok (600-640 m), Pyatigorsk - at the foot of Mashuk (510-630 m), Zheleznovodsk - in the valley between Beshtau and Zheleznaya, on the slopes at the foot of the latter (600-650 m). Vegetation is represented mainly by massifs of oak and hornbeam forests, alternating with meadow steppes; in the foothills there is steppe and forest-steppe vegetation, which in the mountains (at an altitude of 800-1100 m) is replaced by broad-leaved forests (beech, oak, hornbeam).

The relief of the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters begins at the foot of Elbrus, where the Rocky Range with a number of peaks clearly stands out. In the western and southern parts of the CMS, the mountains are steep, in some places sheer ledges break off to the south (the depth of these cliffs reaches 1000 m), and the northern long slopes are slightly (gently) inclined and merge with the foothill plain. These are Pastbishny and Skalisty ridges. They are divided by river valleys into a number of mountain ranges. The pasture ridge within the limits of the KavMinVod is cut by Podkumkom into two parts: the western one (the Borgustan ridge, the Darya heights of the Borgustan ridge) rises to 1200-1300 m, and the eastern one (Dzhinalsky ridge) has an absolute elevation of the top of the Upper Dzhinal 1542 m. The rocks on the spurs of the ridges are decorated with niches, openwork vaults, carved sandstone columns. To the south of Pastbishchnoye stretches the Rocky Range with the peaks of Bolshoy and Small Bermamyt (2592 and 2644 m ( highest point KMV), 30 km to Elbrus; in the early morning on Bermamyt you can sometimes see the so-called Brocken ghost). Bermamyt plateau, and Zhatmaz Range(Shidzhatmaz (Shatzhatmaz) 2127 m, astronomical station of the GAO RAS (2072 m), scientific base of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and Kichmalka plateau(Manglay 2055 m), below which, in the picturesque valley of the Khasaut River at an altitude of 1300 m above sea level, there is the Narzanov Valley - about 20 mineral springs (34 km south of Kislovodsk, in the southern foothills of the Rocky Range of the Greater Caucasus) - are inclined towards Kislovodsk and rest against the steep ledges of the Pasture Range that. To the south of the Rocky Range towards Elbrus extends the vast Bechasyn Plateau (with Mount Bechasyn 2364 m). By absolute altitudes the territory of the CMS belongs to the middle mountains, the maximum amplitude of heights is 2464 m (and taking into account Elbrus - 5462 m, the second place after Kabardino-Balkaria).
The dissected relief, which creates a wide variety of landscapes, is explained by the long development and complex geological structure of the territory.

Geology

The region of the KavMinVod is located within the junction of the Stavropol Upland (Ciductaucasia) and the northern slopes and foothills of the North Caucasus. This is the center of the Caucasus, where for a long geological history along with folded and vertical movements, horizontal movements also occurred. Its territory is bordered on all sides by huge deep faults. Faults are associated with the origin of laccoliths. These mountains were formed by gradual uplift or tectonic extrusion of viscous, cooling lava through the thickness of sedimentary deposits. Volcanic bodies are still cooling down in our time. At the base of the stratal plains inclined to the north, at the very bottom, there are Paleozoic rocks crumpled into folds and permeated during mountain building by veins of acidic magma: quartz-chlorite schists, quartzites, granites. The most ancient rocks of the area can be seen in the valley of the Alikonovka River south of Kislovodsk, 4-5 km above the Castle rock, one of the local attractions. Here, pink and red granites come to the surface, the age of which is determined at 220-230 million years. In the Mesozoic time, the granites that came to the surface were destroyed and formed a thick (up to 50 m) layer of the weathering crust, consisting of crystals of quartz, feldspar, mica. Geodes come across - "stones with a secret." Splitting such a stone, you can find inside white crystals of calcite, gray opal and translucent chalcedony. Sedimentary deposits of the Jurassic and Cretaceous seas, having a thickness of more than 1000 m, can be seen on the southern slopes of the Borgustan and Dzhinal ridges. Here brownish-gray and yellowish limestones, dolomites, red ferruginous sandstones come to the surface. These are the famous Red and Gray stones (see the park). On Mount Goryachaya in Pyatigorsk, one can see various forms of travertine deposits - a stone that arose during the evaporation of mineral water. Petrified leaves and twigs are visible in travertine. Karst is developed here, which is also found on the Rocky and Pasture Ranges. The peculiarity of the geological structure of Razvalka is associated with the amazing phenomenon of “summer frost”, which is explained by seasonal air circulation in the cracks of the mountain.

With all the diversity of the composition of waters and the nature of the deposits, the mineral springs of the CMS are closely related by the common geological conditions of formation and formation. common history development on their basis of a group of famous, oldest resorts in Russia.
The presence of mineral springs is associated with a complex of sedimentary formations of the Meso-Cenozoic age, gently plunging from S to N from the Greater Caucasus to the Stavropol Upland. From the point of view of the possibilities of accumulation and movement of groundwater, the rocks of the Meso-Cenozoic sinking to the north form a large artesian slope, the main area of the supply of which coincides with the area where the most ancient metamorphic rocks come to the surface. Of several aquifers, the most abundant are: the Titon aquifer complex, flow rate 0.1-10 l / s, depth of occurrence from 260 m (Kislovodsk region) to 1000 m (Essentuki); Valanginian complex, debit of St. 15 l/s, depth from 170 m (Kislovodsk) to 800 m (Essentuki); Aptian complex, flow rate 10 l/s, maximum depth up to 500 m (Essentuki); Upper Cretaceous complex, flow rate up to 5 l/s, depth up to 300 m (the total flow rate of the most abundant is about 3-3.5 million l per day). Of great importance in the hydrogeology of the region are faults and intrusions of igneous rocks (intrusions), which form peculiar dome-shaped mountains-laccoliths in the relief (Mashuk, Beshtau, Zheleznaya, Razvalka, Zmeyka, etc.). Separate deposits of mineral waters (Berezovskoye, Kislovodskoye, Kumskoye, Essentukskoye, Pyatigorskoye, Zheleznovodskoye, Nagutskoye, Kumagorskoye, etc.) and a large number of outcrops of various mineral springs are associated with zones of tectonic disturbances, as well as with contacts of intrusions and sedimentary rocks. Groundwater resources of the CMW (fresh and mineral) are formed mainly due to infiltration of atmospheric precipitation (in the mountains of the Greater Caucasus). Part of the groundwater is enriched with gases (carbon dioxide) formed under conditions of high subsoil temperature. The formation of the composition of mineral waters proceeds with a significant participation of the processes of leaching of host rocks, cation exchange and mixing; this last process is especially widespread in the upper parts of the section, where deep highly gas-saturated portions of water ascending along the faults from the basement enter. Pushing aside less mineralized streams and partially mixing with them, the rising waters here form the final chemical and temperature appearance of the region's mineral waters.

Climate

Along with mineral waters, the CMS resort resources make up a favorable climate in the central and southwestern parts of the region, used for climatotherapy.
The climate of the KavMinVod region has long been highly appreciated by balneologists and has been successfully used as healing factor. The main advantages of the local climate are associated with a large number of sunny days - in Kislovodsk there are only 37-40 days a year without sun. It is relatively dry here, moist air masses from the Black Sea do not reach here - they are delayed by the Main Caucasian Range.

The diversity of the relief creates a difference in the climate of the CMS resorts, and is formed under the influence of a number of factors: the difference in the altitude position of cities, the protection of the mountains determines the characteristics of the microclimate. The foothill character of the area and the proximity of the snowy peaks of the Main Caucasian Range on the one hand, and on the other hand, the proximity of arid steppes and semi-deserts of the Caspian coast determine the continental features of the climate of this region. By climatic conditions The Kavminvod region can be conditionally divided into two zones: the southern one - the Kislovodsk region with features of the continental climate of the low mountains, and the northern one - Yessentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk with typical features of the steppe zone. The most favorable, according to medical climatology, is the southern zone.

The region of the resorts of Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki is a climatic zone with a lot of heat and moderate rainfall. The average annual precipitation is within 600 mm, mainly in spring and early summer. Compared to the southern zone, here, as a rule, the average annual air temperature is higher, relative humidity is at the level of 65-71%, the number of days with fogs and without sun is 85-92 (thick fogs are typical in winter), days with precipitation are 120-160, and frosty days are about 90. Cloudy days with fogs and frost occur in the autumn-winter period, which creates a contrast with Kislovodsk. In Pyatigorsk, summers are warm, winters are moderately mild (a third of winter days are with rains, thaws, fogs). The climate of Zheleznovodsk corresponds to the mountain-forest and moderately dry climate of the middle mountains of the Alps. The number of hours of sunshine here is relatively high, but the greenery and constant winds soften the heat. The climate of Essentuki is characterized by contrast - the summer is hot and dry, the winter is frosty, often rainy. Spring and autumn are clearly expressed. Kislovodsk is famous as a climatic resort, where, due to the closed conditions of the basin, clear, dry weather prevails; for example, winter in Kislovodsk is “frost and sun, a wonderful day”, the sun shines 300 days a year.

The air temperature depends on the altitude of the place and the season of the year. average temperature January in Pyatigorsk -4.0 ° C, in Kislovodsk -3.9 ° C. The July temperature is +22° and +19° respectively.
The amount of precipitation decreases from the mountains to the plains: in Bermamyt - 724 mm, in Kislovodsk - 599 mm, in Pyatigorsk - 472 mm; the least of them are in Essentuki. More than 85% of all precipitation falls as rain (in winter, rains prevail over snowfalls). Snow cover is low and unstable, snow falls and melts quickly. In Kislovodsk, the snow cover is continuously on average up to 10 days. More than half of the winters pass without snow cover at all.
The greatest cloudiness on the plains is observed in winter; in the mountains (Kislovodsk, Bermamyt, Narzanov Valley), on the contrary, the clearest winter months.

CMS resorts have a wind regime favorable for climate treatment. Calms are frequent here, especially in the Kislovodsk basin in winter (the average annual wind speed in Kislovodsk is 2.4 m/s). In the mountains, for example, on Bermamyt, there are strong winds- more than 15 m/sec.
The best time of the year for recreation and travel in the Caucasian Mineral Waters is late summer and autumn. It is sunny, dry, rich in fruits and bright colors of landscapes.

Natural resources

Hydromineral, balneological resources

basis resort resources KMV are min. waters of various composition, on the basis of which the so-called North Caucasian recreational and medical region arose.

In terms of the composition and quality of its climatic and balneological resources, concentrated on a relatively compact territory, in terms of the richness and diversity of mineral springs, the resort region of Russia - KavMinVody - have no analogues on the entire Euro-Asian continent, and indeed in the world; in terms of chemical richness and diversity, quality and healing properties, the mineral water springs are extremely diverse and have no equal. The origin, formation and properties of mineral waters are associated with the Pyatigorsk laccoliths and the highland regions of the North Caucasus, where groundwater is formed. Atmospheric precipitation falling in the mountains, as well as melt waters, penetrate into the rock masses to great depths, mineralize, heat up, become saturated with gases and come to the surface through cracks in river valleys. In terms of chemical composition and use for the treatment of water, for the most part, they are low- and medium-mineralized with a salt content of 2 to 15 g / l. The highest mineralization at the Batalinsky and Lysogorsky springs is 21 g/l.
In a small area (546.5 thousand hectares), unique hydro-mineral wealth is concentrated, a wonderful bouquet of healing mineral waters with approved operational reserves of 15.6 thousand cubic meters per day. According to the data for 2001, 2.2 thousand m³ is extracted and used per day. At the same time, 1.5 thousand m 3 /day (68%) of them went to drinking and balneological treatment, and 0.7 thousand m 3 /day (32%) - to industrial bottling of medicinal and medicinal table waters.
Within the district of the mining and sanitary protection there are 24 deposits and sites. Conventionally, several separate deposits can be distinguished: Kislovodskoye, Essentuki, Pyatigorskoye, Beshtaugorskoye, Inozemtsevskoye, Zheleznovodskoye, Zmeykinskoye, Lysogorskoye, Krasno-Vostochnoye, Kumagorskoye, Nagutskaya resort area, etc. Of the total approved reserves in category A + B, 13,706.8 m³ per day is concentrated within the Stavropol Territory, within the boundaries of Karachay-Cher kesskoy republic - 1910.0 m³ per day (13.9%). In addition, prospective reserves (categories C 1 +C 2 +P) amount to 7629.9 m 3 per day. Of the 5 hydrochemical provinces of underground mineral waters, 3 turned out to be characteristic of our region: the provinces of carbonic (at the Mashukogorsk deposit in Pyatigorsk, for example, these are the 1st, 2nd and 4th Pyatigorsk types), radon waters (3rd type), and nitrogen and nitrogen-methane waters (5th Pyatigorsk type).
At the same time, Pyatigorsk is called the MinWater Museum for the exceptional variety of mineral springs concentrated in a small area around Mount Mashuk. These are the famous hot hydrogen sulfide waters, carbonic waters (Pyatigorsk Narzans), radon waters, mineral water Essentuki type (fourth Pyatigorsk type), nitrogen-methane waters. The unique salt-alkaline waters of the Essentuki resort (Essentuki-4, Essentuki-17) are famous all over the world for their healing properties. The dolomitic, sulfate and simple Narzany of Kislovodsk are widely known. Invaluable for the treatment of a large number of diseases are carbonic sulfate-carbonate calcium-sodium (Smirnovskaya and Slavyanovskaya waters), as well as bitter-salty waters of the Batalinsky and Lysogorsky springs. Almost the entire spectrum of human diseases can be treated at Caucasian Mineralnye Vody.

More than 50 enterprises and specialized workshops are engaged in industrial bottling of mineral waters in a specially protected eco-resort region. In 2001, 200,642.6 thousand liters of mineral water were produced and sold. Thereby healing properties our waters are well known in all regions of the country and abroad.

The unique wealth of the Caucasian Mineral Waters is the healing brine and mud of the Tambukan [near the border of the region and Kabardino-Balkaria] and Lysogorsk mineral lakes. The Tambukan lake is fed mainly by rain and melt water, and since it is located in the arid steppe zone, it undergoes cyclical changes in the water surface. The area of the water surface is about 180 (230) ha, the depth is from 1.5 to 3.1 m. The water of the lake is a brine of sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium composition (mineralization 50-60 g/l). The total operational reserves of the most valuable black and dark gray mud are 1600 thousand cubic meters. m. (reserves of silt mud (contains 0.4% hydrogen sulfide) in the lake are estimated at 2.3 million tons). The mud is used in the resort facilities of the KavMinVod (most widely - in Pyatigorsk and Essentuki; in Zheleznovodsk, brine and mud of the Lysogorsky [Inozemtsevsky] lakes are equally exploited; in Kumagorsk, sulfide-silt mud used for mud therapy is extracted from a small salt lake, located on the territory of the resort), as well as sanatorium-resort institutions of Dolinsk (Nalchik), Sernovodsk and North Ossetia. Therapeutic mud is also sent to health-improving institutions in Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, Sochi.
In addition, a therapeutic (so-called biostimulating) drug [of the FiBS type, peloidin] is obtained from the mud, which retains its healing properties and can be used in non-resort conditions.

Caucasian-Mineralnye Vody agglomeration

The core of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody region is the Caucasian-Mineralnye Vody polycentric urban agglomeration, uniting the cities of Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Mineralnye Vody. The Kavkazsko-Mineralovodskaya agglomeration has 946,000 (2010 census) (only in the territory of the Stavropol Territory, including the urban (658,000) and rural population (288,000) of the Predgorny, Georgievsky and Mineralovodsky districts), surpassing the Stavropol one in size, and is the largest in the Stavropol Territory and the North Caucasus Federal District. The transport and economic center of the agglomeration is the city of Mineralnye Vody. The largest city The Pyatigorsk agglomeration is the center of the North Caucasian Federal District formed in 2010.

Administrative center The specially protected ecological resort region Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is located in Essentuki.

Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is one of the most densely populated areas of the North Caucasus; the average population density exceeds 150 people per 1 km2.

Peculiarities

Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is the largest and one of the oldest resort regions in the Russian Federation. Over 130 mineral springs and large reserves of silt mud of Lake Tambukan (and Lake Lysogorsk) make KMV unique balneological resort. The CMS region is distinguished by picturesque natural landscapes, a mountainous salubrious climate and is famous for its sanatorium-resort complex enterprises in Russia. Their main specialization is the provision of medical and health services, treatment with world-famous waters and mineral mud. Also, land plots located on the territory of the CMS (within the boundaries of the districts of sanitary (mountain and sanitary) protection of the CMS resort) by virtue of the law are lands of specially protected natural areas. The fact that land plots are classified as lands of specially protected natural areas (land resorts) means that it is impossible to provide it to the property of the company in connection with its classification as land plots limited in circulation (subparagraph 1 of paragraph 5 of Article 27 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, paragraph 8 of Article 28 of the Law on Privatization)

Notes

Literature

A. M. Prokhorov (editor-in-chief) Caucasian Mineral Waters //

As one of the most worthy and great Russian writers and poets would say: "Whoever did not breathe the mountainous Caucasian air - he did not live ..".

In this article we will talk about the Caucasian Mineral Waters. What is good about this Caucasian resort and what is unique about Min. waters.

The Caucasus is not just mountains, gorgeous nature, springs, springs, eagles over gorges, vipers on mountain roads between placers of rhododendrons, the Caucasus is a special spirit, a special culture, this can not be found anywhere else, a harsh, wild, proud, very beautiful, sometimes virgin region.

Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is a group of resorts of federal significance in the Stavropol Territory, a specially protected eco-resort region of the Russian Federation.

South of the European part of Russia. The resort includes the cities and territories:

“The region-agglomeration Caucasian Mineralnye Vody, having an area of more than 500 thousand hectares (5.3 thousand sq. km), is located on the territory of three constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the boundaries of the district of the mountain and sanitary protection:

in the Stavropol Territory - the cities and resort towns of Georgievsk, Mineralnye Vody (including the resort of Kumagorsk and the resort area of Naguta), Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, as well as the districts of Georgievsky, Mineralovodsky and Predgorny, - 58% of the total area of the region;

in Kabardino-Balkaria - Zolsky district - 9% (therapeutic mud of Lake Tambukan, Narzanov Valley and others);

in Karachay-Cherkessia - Malokarachaevsky and Prikubansky districts - 33% of the territory (zone of formation of mineral springs).

The location of the resort is, to put it mildly, chic:

“The region of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody occupies the southern part of the Stavropol Territory and is located on the northern slopes of the Main Caucasian Range, just a couple of tens of kilometers from Elbrus. Here the earth seems different, the sky seems different.

From a distance, motionless white clouds are visible, which, when approached, turn out to be snowy peaks. Caucasus mountains. The southern borders of the region are the foothills of Elbrus, the valley of the Khasaut and Malka rivers; in the west - the upper reaches of the Eshkakon and Podkumka rivers; The northern border of the region is the city of Mineralnye Vody, beyond which the steppe expanses of Ciscaucasia begin.

Very close to the Stavropol Territory famous resorts Krasnodar Territory, Sochi:

“In the west and southwest, the Stavropol Territory borders on the Krasnodar Territory, in the northwest on the Rostov Region, in the north and northeast on Kalmykia, in the east on Dagestan, in the southeast on the Chechen Republic, in the south on North Ossetia-Alania, Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardino-Balkarian Republics”.

About the resorts of Caucasian Mineralnye Vody in the video:

There are many sources of mineral waters in the Caucasian Mineral Waters, because it is not easy for the region to be named that way. The name of the main city - Essentuki - is listed on the bottles of medicinal water, which has been known to everyone for a couple of decades.

And the water really has healing properties, unlike the products with which the store shelves are crammed.

In addition, there are many springs, waterfalls, salt and mud springs in the region.

The resort has existed since the beginning of the 18th century, more precisely, the first mention of it dates back to this time. All forces were directed to the arrangement of the region, so in the 20th century the resort became the largest in Russia, and the most healing.

Most famous cities and resorts of Caucasian Mineralnye Vody:

Kumagorsk

Nagutsk

Zheleznovodsk

Pyatigorsk

Essentuki

Kislovodsk

Kislovodsk most mountain resort, it is located at an altitude of 817-1063 m above sea level, the lowest mountain point Kislovodsk - 750 m above sea level, and the highest - 1409 m (on the Big saddle in the Kislovodsk park).

“Kislovodsk is located in the south of the Stavropol Territory, practically on the border with Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria, 65 km from Mount Elbrus.

The city is located in a small and cozy picturesque valley, surrounded by the slopes of the Main Caucasian Range and formed by the gorges of two merging rivers - Olkhovka and Berezovka, flowing into the Podkumok River. The length of the valley from southeast to northwest is about 7 km.

The weather here is almost always good:“The climate of the KavMinVod region has long been highly appreciated by balneologists and is successfully used as a healing factor. The main advantages of the local climate are associated with a large number of sunny days - in Kislovodsk there are only 37-40 days a year without sun.

It is relatively dry here, moist air masses from the Black Sea do not reach here - they are delayed by the Main Caucasian Range.

« In terms of the number of sunny days, Kislovodsk is not inferior to the best resorts in the world. On average, per year, the number of clear days in Kislovodsk is about 150, while in Pyatigorsk - 98, in Zheleznovodsk - 112, and in Essentuki - 117. The number of cloudy days is also small - an average of 61 days per year.

The air in Kislovodsk is always clean, mostly dry and invigorating. Kislovodsk stands out among other resorts of KavMinVod with its mostly quiet weather without strong winds and low humidity in winter, which fluctuates from 56 to 70% during the day, which has a beneficial effect on the well-being of holidaymakers.

In January, it was 18 degrees Celsius, minus temperatures reached 20 degrees, but much more often the temperature at this time of the year is around zero or “light minus”. The hottest months are July, August, the temperature, depending on the location near or in the distance of mountains, snowy gorges, from 4-5 degrees Celsius to 37 degrees of heat.

All the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters are primarily medicinal, but Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk are special. After Sochi, Kislovodsk is the second city in terms of the number of health resorts and sanatoriums.

A third of all medical and preventive institutions in the region are located here. In Kislovodsk there is a source of the famous sour mineral water - Narzan.

Built on the site of a former fortress, the city is now replete with green spaces and orchards, in terms of numbers it is a very small town: 130 thousand people.

Most health resorts in Kislovodsk have a medical profile for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, nervous diseases and respiratory organs.

In addition to health resorts, mineral springs and other beauties of the city, one of the most striking sights is the Kurortny Park, its area is 948 hectares, which is comparable to the huge city parks in Europe and the world.

“The park is located on both sides of the Olkhovka River and contains over 250 species of trees and shrubs, including cedar, fir, birch, pine, spruce, black walnut, Chinese paulownia, cork tree, etc. More than 800 species of herbaceous plants grow in the highland part of the park in alpine meadows.

There are ornamental plant nurseries and greenhouses in the park. More than 80 varieties of profusely blooming roses have been planted at the "Platform of Roses" and in the "Valley of Roses". Squirrels have acclimatized in the park, trustingly taking food from the hands of people, various species of birds.

The monument of nature is the Red Stones, which emerge in several places in the park and are sandstones with a red-brown color and various forms of weathering.

The park has a route for therapeutic walking - health path. And in Kislovodsk itself, there are several dozen large and popular sanatoriums.

Despite the fact that resorts and cities are located close to each other, the atmosphere in them is quite different. So, in Zheleznovodsk there is a different air, a slightly different climate - compared to other resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters.

Zheleznovodsk - the most dynamically developing resort of Kavminvod. In 2003 he was awarded the title of " Best City Russia" among small towns.

The climate here is mountain-forest, similar to the climate of the Middle Alps. Long-term meteorological observations made it possible to attribute it to the mountain-forest mid-mountain alpine, moderately dry.

The air is saturated with oxygen and phytoncides of the forest. Moderately hot summers with cool nights, a large number of sunny days with weak refreshing winds, winters are not cold.

The population of Zheleznovodsk is only about 25 thousand people, but despite the small number of inhabitants, the city is truly a pearl not only among the resorts of the Stavropol Territory, but throughout Russia.

Yes, there are few residents, but there are many more guests: for example, health resorts (about two dozen sanatoriums) in Zheleznovodsk can accommodate up to 80 thousand tourists. The direction of treatment is mainly diseases of the digestive system, kidneys, metabolic disorders.

Over 20 mineral water springs and several mud springs.

Pyatigorsk more, so to speak, "struck by industrialization" than the small towns and remote cities of Stavropol. In Pyatigorsk there are about 145 thousand inhabitants, industry, trade, and the scientific sphere are well developed.

“In the city there are Mount Mashuk (993.7 m, with a 112-meter TV relay tower installed on it) and its spurs.

The climate in Pyatigorsk is characterized by mild winters and hot summers. Due to the large amount of water resources and mild climate, the city has picturesque reservoirs, forest belts and parks.

The resort area, rich in underground mineral water sources, is relatively poor in surface water resources.

The tourist infrastructure of the resort city of Pyatigorsk includes:

More than 30 health resorts and sanatoriums. Every year they are visited by over 200 thousand people a year (225-250 thousand people a year in 16 sanatoriums and 7 boarding houses - in the second half - the end of the 80s);

43 travel companies and organizations;

17 hotels;

The city and Pyatigorye have a colossal tourism potential and have the right to compete with leading European resorts and balneological health resorts.”

There are many museums, theaters, historical monuments, libraries, beautiful places in Pyatigorsk. The city has parks and fountains.

“The surrounding mountains are adorned with natural forests, in which mighty oaks and snow-white birches, honey-bearing maples and lindens grow, and in autumn, dogwood, hawthorn, wild rose, barberry, mountain ash turn red with berries.

The animal world is not so diverse due to the proximity of the city, but tourists are invariably pleased with squirrels, which can be found even in small squares in the very center of the city. Swans swim in the pond of the Kirov Park in summer.

The population is about 105 thousand people, many health resorts, more than 20 mineral springs, the main direction of treatment is "diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and metabolism."

Festivals are held in Essentuki, cultural events, there are a lot of cultural institutions.

The resorts of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody have this name for a reason: the main attraction and the main treasure of the region are the sources of mineral waters. And if someone was not here, then everyone drank mineral water.

In 2000, almost 500 thousand people rested here and improved their health.

The program "Genius of the Place" tells about the sights of the Caucasian Mineral Waters:

Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is in first place in popularity among Russians among Russian resorts:

“The Association of Tour Operators of Russia (ATOR) has analyzed the most popular destinations of domestic tourism in the summer of 2014, the first line of the rating was the resorts of the Krasnodar Territory (Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse), the second - the Crimea, on the third, fourth and fifth lines are Caucasian Mineralnye Vody, Golden ring and Karelia, respectively, Baikal took the sixth position.”

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Caucasian Mineral Waters- eco-resort region with a speaking name. The lands of the Northern Ciscaucasia are indeed full of mineral springs - in such quantity and variety as here, mineral waters are not found anywhere else in the world. In the bowels of the laccolith mountains, rocky ridges, terraces descending to the river valleys, and in the expanses of the foothill steppes, self-flowing sources of hydrogen sulfide waters, Pyatigorsk and Kislovodsk narzans, drinking waters such as Essentuki, Smirnovskaya and Slavyanovskaya beat out of the ground. In addition to the springs, there are therapeutic muds of Lake Tambukan and vast forests in the Caucasian Mineral Waters.

The resorts of Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk need no introduction. The name of each of these cities is familiar to most from childhood on the labels of mineral water bottles that can be found in the pharmacy of any Russian city. They have become a kind of symbols of the resort business, owners of magnificent medical parks with openwork drinking galleries, ancient bath buildings and health trails, modern sanatoriums and resort complexes and rich cultural heritage.

Geography

The ecological resort region Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is located in the south of the European part of Russia, on the territory of the Stavropol Territory, the northern lands of Kabardino-Balkaria and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. The region covers four resort towns - Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk.

Caucasian Mineralnye Vody lies at the junction of the Stavropol Upland, dissected by river valleys and gullies, and the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus. Only about 50 km separates the resort region from the highest peak in Russia - the majestic Elbrus volcano, bound by ice. The relief of the Caucasian Mineral Waters is heterogeneous - resort towns lie in hollows, river valleys, near ridges covered with dense broad-leaved forests and at the foot of cone-shaped mountains. The northern border of the region is the city of Mineralnye Vody, beyond which the steppes of the Northern Ciscaucasia extend, and the southern border - the valleys of the Khasaut and Malka rivers.

Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is a region distinguished by its natural wealth. The slopes of the surrounding mountains cover endless forests. On the slopes of Pyatigorye stretches the Beshtaugorsky forest park, in which ash, pedunculate oak, beech and hornbeam grow. In the resort parks, plants and trees from different parts of the world are collected: alder, pine, Atlas cedar, blue spruce, thuja, Verginsky juniper and red-leaved plum. Through the efforts of gardeners, the resort of Essentuki, surrounded by the steppe, has been turned into a blooming garden city.

Climate

The climate of the resort region Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is diverse. Depending on the geographical latitude and altitude, several climatic zones are distinguished - the low-mountain and foothill climate of the steppe zone, the climate of the highlands on the slopes of the Greater Caucasus. Resort towns are located in the zone of foothill climate, which is one of the main healing factors in the region, due to geographical features, each of the resorts has its own climatic features.

Winter in the resorts of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is moderately warm and dry. The first frosts come in November. The average temperature of the coldest month, January, is -3°C. At this time of the year, thaws and fogs are not uncommon.

Summer is moderately warm, not hot, sunny and long. The average July temperature in the resorts of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is 19-22 °C.

The number of hours of sunshine is 1900-2200 per year.

The indicator of the average annual precipitation decreases with distance from the Greater Caucasus. In Kislovodsk, the amount of precipitation is about 600 mm per year, in Pyatigorsk - about 470 mm.

In general, the region is characterized by favorable weather conditions for recreation at any time of the year.

Time

Caucasian Mineralnye Vody live according to Moscow time. The time zone is MSK (UTC+3).

Population

The population of the resort region Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is 952,646 people. Russians, Armenians, Karachais, Ukrainians, Abaza, Georgians, Ossetians and representatives of other peoples of the Caucasus live in resort towns.

Types of tourism

Main tourist destination resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters - Spa treatment And wellness vacation.

Caucasian Mineralnye Vody have powerful natural healing resources. The region is the owner of various types of mineral waters, therapeutic mud, climatic conditions, ideal for health procedures. In terms of the volume of medical resources concentrated on the territory of the region, Caucasian Mineralnye Vody has no analogues in Russia and in the world.

On the territory of the eco-resort region, 24 deposits of mineral waters are distinguished, including Essentuki, Zheleznovodskoye, Kislovodskoye and Pyatigorskoye. There are sources of hydrogen sulfide, carbonic and radon waters, drinking mineral waters of the Essentuki type, nitrogen-methane waters and narzans. Mineral waters are used for drinking treatment and balneological procedures in the treatment of various organs and systems - from diseases of the digestive system to diseases of the genitourinary system.

On the territory of the resort region there is Tambukan Lake, which is a source of sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium brine, as well as therapeutic sulfide-silt mud. The silts of Lake Tambukan are used in the form of applications and wraps in the sanatoriums of Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk and Kislovodsk, as well as in health resorts in different regions of Russia.

The climate of the foothills is distinguished not only by the special purity of the air, the absence of allergens, but also by rarefaction. Low partial pressure of oxygen provokes rapid breathing, saturation of blood, tissues and organs with oxygen. This effect is especially beneficial for people with respiratory diseases.

The complex relief of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody resort region creates favorable conditions for health paths - therapeutic walking with a difference in heights for training the cardiovascular system. In addition, the natural landscapes of the region and resort parks create a favorable psychological environment, increasing the effectiveness of spa treatment.

The natural abundance of the region served as the development of the resort business. KavMinVody is one of the oldest resort regions in Russia. The first baths, drinking galleries, alleys of medical parks were opened at the beginning of the 19th century. Today, the region has a developed network of sanatorium and resort institutions, as well as general resort health resorts - clinics, baths, drinking galleries with pump rooms.

The main indications for recreation and spa treatment at the resorts of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody are:

Diseases of the respiratory and ENT organs
Diseases of the digestive system
Diseases of the genitourinary system
Diseases of the endocrine system and metabolic disorders
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system
Diseases nervous system
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels

Leisure also widely developed and popular in the resort region of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody. First of all - hiking, the surroundings of the resorts are cut by health paths and tourist routes leading to the peaks of the surrounding mountains, lakes, waterfalls. In addition, the guests of the resorts are offered horseback riding and cycling, river rafting, cave visits - speleotourism. Do not forget that the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody are located at a distance of a short car trip from Dombay, Teberda, Elbrus, Cheget, Arkhyz, where tourists skiing, mountain tourism, mountaineering and even hang gliding.

Excursion tourism. The Caucasian Mineral Waters have something to surprise even sophisticated travelers. There are many preserved here architectural monuments- from the buildings of baths and mud baths, small architectural forms of resort parks to noble mansions and villas, magnificent garden and park ensembles, natural attractions. The history of the resorts is associated with the names of prominent artists - in the cities of the resort region there are many museum houses and historical sites. The resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters are also attractive because you can get to know many sights on your own as part of a walk. Excursion bureaus of sanatoriums and boarding houses offer their guests trips to Dombay, Elbrus and Arkhyz.

Directions

The group of resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters includes four cities: Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk.

Zheleznovodsk- balneological and mud treatment resort, the most modest in size among the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. The hot springs of Zheleznovodsk have been known since antiquity, and the first serious studies of the waters were carried out at the end of the 18th century. Outstanding architects and gardeners worked on the construction and arrangement of the resort, based on the plans of the best European resorts. From the very foundation of the resort, the health resorts were headed by prominent scientists who made a significant contribution to the development of the resort business in the Caucasus.

Kislovodsk- one of the most famous balneological and climatic resorts in Russia, the birthplace of the mineral waters of the Narzans and, perhaps, the most attractive city of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. The formation of spa medicine in Kislovodsk is associated with the names of prominent domestic clinicians and balneologists, it was here that many physiotherapy techniques used in sanatoriums and health-improving complexes all around Russia.

Pyatigorsk- the famous balneological and mud resort, which is part of the group of resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. For its wealth of natural mineral springs, Pyatigorsk is often called the "natural gallery of mineral waters", and elegant architecture and magnificent parks attracted aristocratic public to the resort back in the 19th century. It is believed that it was in Pyatigorsk that Russian balneology as a science was born - in 1863, the Russian Balneological Society was founded in the city, bringing together the best doctors and scientists of its time.

BASE:

1. Federal Law No. 214-FZ dated July 29, 2017 “On conducting an experiment on the development of resort infrastructure in the Republic of Crimea, Altai Territory, Krasnodar Territory and Stavropol Territory.

2. Law of the Stavropol Territory No. 130-kz of 08.12.2017 “On some issues of conducting an experiment on the development of resort infrastructure in the Stavropol Territory”.

RESORT FEE: RUB 50 per person.

The territory of the experiment includes the territories of the following municipalities of the Stavropol Territory:

the resort town of Essentuki;
resort city of Zheleznovodsk;
resort city of Kislovodsk;
resort city of Pyatigorsk.

RESORT TAX PAYERS: individuals who have reached the age of majority and stay in the accommodation for more than 24 hours.

RESORT FEE EXEMPTIONS:

1) persons awarded the titles of Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Russian Federation or who are full holders of the Order of Glory;

2) persons awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor or Hero of Labor of the Russian Federation or awarded the Order of Labor Glory of three degrees;

3) participants of the Great Patriotic War;

4) combat veterans from among the persons specified in subparagraphs 1 - 4 of paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the Federal Law of January 12, 1995 N 5-FZ "On Veterans"; 5) persons awarded with the badge "Inhabitant of besieged Leningrad";

6) persons who worked during the Great Patriotic War at the facilities air defense, local air defense, in the construction of fortifications, naval bases, airfields and other military facilities within the rear borders of the operating fronts, operational zones of the operating fleets, in the front-line areas of iron and highways, as well as crew members of the ships of the transport fleet, interned at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in the ports of other states;

7) war invalids;

8) family members of the dead (deceased) war invalids, participants of the Great Patriotic War and veterans of military operations, family members of those who died in the Great Patriotic War from among the personnel of the self-defense groups of the facility and emergency teams of the local air defense, as well as family members of the deceased workers of hospitals and hospitals in the city of Leningrad;

9) persons exposed to radiation as a result of the catastrophe at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, as well as as a result of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site, and persons equated to them;

10) disabled people of groups I and II;

11) persons accompanying disabled people of group I and disabled children in accordance with the Federal Law of July 17, 1999 N 178-FZ "On State Social Assistance";

12) low-income families, low-income citizens living alone and other categories of citizens provided for by the Federal Law of July 17, 1999 N 178-FZ "On State Social Assistance", which have an average per capita income below the subsistence level established at their place of residence in the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation; 13) persons who arrived on the territory of the experiment in order to receive specialized, including high-tech, medical care or medical rehabilitation after the provision of specialized, including high-tech, medical care in the conditions of sanatorium-resort organizations, as well as a person accompanying them if the patient is a child under the age of 18;

14) patients with tuberculosis;

15) persons under the age of 24 studying full-time in educational institutions located on the territory of the experiment;

16) persons permanently working on the territory of the experiment on the basis of an employment contract or service contract;

17) persons who have a place of residence in the territory of the experiment;

18) persons who own residential buildings (shares in the ownership of them) and (or) residential premises (shares in the ownership of them) on the territory of the experiment;

19) athletes, coaches, sports judges, as well as other specialists in the field of physical culture and sports who arrived to participate in official sports events on the territory of the experiment.

Exemption from the payment of the resort fee is carried out upon presentation to the operator of the resort fee of the original document confirming the right to exemption from the payment of the resort fee, or a duly certified copy thereof. Exemption from the payment of the resort fee of the persons specified in paragraph 11 may also be carried out on the basis of a written application of the accompanied person or his legal representative.

PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION, PAYMENT AND TRANSFER OF RESORT FEE:

1. The resort fee payable is calculated by multiplying the number of days the resort fee payer actually stays at the property, excluding the day of arrival, and the applicable resort fee. However, the resort fee to be paid is not included in the price.

2. The resort fee will be charged no later than the time of departure from the property.

3. Repeated collection of the resort fee for the same period of stay in the experimental area is not allowed.

4. The resort fee is subject to transfer to the budget of the Stavropol Territory.

5. The transfer of the resort fee to the budget of the Stavropol Territory is carried out by the resort fee operator after the expiration of the payer's actual residence in the accommodation facility no later than the 28th day of the month following which the resort fee is calculated, but not earlier than the expiration of the payer's actual residence in the accommodation facility.

6. If it is impossible to withhold the calculated amount of the resort fee from the payer, the operator of the resort fee, no later than three working days from the date of departure of the payer from the accommodation facility, is obliged to notify the executive authority of the Stavropol Territory responsible for conducting the experiment (hereinafter referred to as the authorized body) in the form established by it about the impossibility of withholding the resort fee from the payer and the amount of the resort fee payable.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE RESORT FEE OPERATORS:

1. Operators of the resort fee, in accordance with the procedure established by the law of the subject of the Russian Federation, are obliged to calculate, collect and transfer the resort fee to the budget of the subject of the Russian Federation.

2. The operator of the resort fee, when collecting the amount of the resort fee payable from the payer of the resort fee, is obliged to issue to the payer of the resort fee a document confirming the fact of payment.

3. Operators of the resort fee, in accordance with the procedure established by the authorized body of the subject of the Russian Federation, are obliged to keep records of payers of the resort fee and persons exempted from payment of the resort fee, in compliance with the requirements of the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 N 152-FZ "On Personal Data".

4. The operator of the resort fee is obliged to submit to the authorized body of the subject of the Russian Federation the report of the operator of the resort fee, prepared on the basis of accounting data, as well as the information necessary for maintaining the register of operators of the resort fee.

The Caucasus attracted the attention of representatives of various sectors of society: creative intelligentsia, nobility, travelers, merchants, as well as romantic adventurers of all stripes, and of course those to whom amazing waters promised hope for miraculous healing.

The picturesque nature of these places inspired more than one generation of writers and poets: the majestic foothills of Elbrus, the winding channels of mountain rivers, carrying their waters among fragrant valleys, azure waterfalls, vast expanses of the steppe, generously endowed with the sun ... All this created a surprisingly mild healthy climate, and a lot of healing mineral waters and high-quality therapeutic mud glorified the Caucasus, both in our country and abroad.

The official history of one of the oldest balneological centers Russia, began in 1803. On the site of the first settlements and campgrounds organized around healing springs, the first settlements began to grow very quickly, and then cities. People of different professions and classes began to come here to improve their health “on the waters” and relax in a pleasant society. Gradually, the news of the miraculous properties of these places spread throughout Russia and Europe - the resort became favorite place rest and treatment. But still, the peak of the popularity of this region falls on the Soviet era, when the journey for health became not as difficult and tiring as it was in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

After the revolution, nationalized hotels and private houses were converted into medical institutions. At the same time, the construction of sanatoriums, hydropathic centers and resort complexes was organized. During the war years, immediately after the liberation of the resorts in the spring of 1943, hospitals began to receive thousands of wounded Soviet soldiers. Thanks to the healing waters and mud, the selfless work of doctors and all the staff, hundreds of human lives were saved. In the post-war period, dozens of new deposits of mineral waters were discovered, the construction of hotels, sanatoriums, pioneer camps and resort complexes was going on at a rapid pace, and the range of medical and health services expanded. As a result, Caucasian Mineral Waters become a resort of all-Union significance, receiving up to one and a half million vacationers a year.

Today, the famous resort of Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is located on the territory of three subjects of the Federation: the Stavropol Territory, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Here are some of the best enterprises of the sanatorium complex, with a wide range of medical and health services offered.

A fan of foreign health resorts will be interested to know that Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is a unique region in which almost all types of mineral waters are represented - more than 130 sources! You will not find such a variety in composition, quality and healing properties anywhere in the world!

In addition, just 12 kilometers from Pyatigorsk is the famous Tambukan Lake, at the bottom of which there are hundreds of thousands of tons of healing silt. Every year, for the needs of sanatoriums and health resorts, about 10 thousand tons of therapeutic mud is mined here, which is also recognized as one of the best in the world.

But even those who have not heard of the Kavminvod resorts are well aware of another area of activity in the region - the production of bottled mineral water. The legendary "Essentuki" and "Narzan" are familiar to everyone since childhood. These and other types of water are now supplied throughout Russia and neighboring countries.

Another interesting direction which continues to develop actively every year - educational and sports tourism. In the edge with rich history and culture, many interesting natural objects, there is no shortage of attractions. Therefore, many tourists come here not so much for recovery, but for vivid sightseeing impressions, a peaceful atmosphere for long walks and active sports holidays in the mountains.

Based: 1803
Square: 5.3 thousand km 2
Population: 1,194,859 people (2018)
Currency: Russian ruble
Language: Russian
Off.site:/http://www.adm-kmv.ru/

Flight time:
from Moscow - from 2 hours 15 minutes.
from St. Petersburg - from 3 hours
from Kazan - from 4 hours 50 min. (1-2 transplants)
from Yekaterinburg - from 3 hours 5 minutes.
from Novosibirsk - from 4 hours 35 minutes.

The most popular resorts in the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody region are Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk and Pyatigorsk. Each resort town has its own medical specialization.

Kislovodsk- is considered the sunniest and greenest resort. On the territory of the city, in addition to the famous medicinal narzans, there is a huge park for walking, which goes far into the mountains. Favorable climatic conditions and crystal clear air, saturated with tart smells of resin and needles, create a wonderful healing effect. It is recommended for the treatment of the cardiovascular system and the gastrointestinal tract.

Essentuki— a small cozy resort specializing in the treatment of endocrine disorders, gastrointestinal tract, liver and bile ducts. Perhaps this is the main healing "source" of mineral waters in the Caucasus.

Zheleznovodsk— the smallest and quietest resort among its fellows, but no less famous! This is the only resort in Russia and Europe with hot calcium mineral waters. Therefore, the main specialization of the resort is the treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system and metabolic disorders. This resort can also be considered for the treatment of respiratory organs.

Pyatigorsk- the most versatile resort of the CMS. It is famous for its mud treatment, but in general it is a universal resort for a comprehensive recovery.

How to get there

get to famous resorts quite easy and relatively inexpensive. If the trip is not planned during the high season, then train tickets can cost you more than a plane ticket. The cost of trips on electric trains plying in Kavminvody is comparable in price to similar trips in big cities. Minibuses and taxis are cheaper than in metropolitan areas. When planning a trip, remember that most of the routes, no matter where you come / fly from, will lead you to Mineralnye Vody - the main transfer point.

Airplane

In Mineralnye Vody there is the largest international airport in the south of the country, which daily receives flights from different cities of Russia and neighboring countries. The plane is the most convenient and fastest way to get to the Caucasus Mineral Waters. The flight time from Moscow will be about two hours, from St. Petersburg - about three. When looking for air tickets, pay attention to S7 Airlines and NordStar, which have interesting budget offers. The Mineralnye Vody airport itself is small, but modern, located at a distance of 4 km from the city.

If your further route runs through the Mineralnye Vody railway station, from which electric trains depart to popular resort cities, we recommend using a fixed-route taxi No. 10, No. 11. Minibuses depart from the airport every 30-40 minutes. from 6.00 am to 19.30 pm. Choosing route number 11, you will reach the city bus station, which is also connected by routes with many resort cities: Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Dombay and others (travel time to the bus station is about 10 minutes). Do not believe taxi drivers who talk about the cancellation of these routes or long breaks between flights. Taxi services can be used if you want to get to other cities of Cavminvod without transfers. For example, a taxi ride to Kislovodsk, on average, will cost you 900 rubles (January 2016).

Train

Before choosing this method of transportation, we recommend that you look at how many days you need on the road. Even fast trains in this direction make a large number of stops and do not go quickly, so the trip can be quite tiring, especially during the hot season. Like the airport railroad station Mineralnye Vody is one of the most important transport points in this region. You can get to it, and the terminal station of the North Caucasian Railway - Kislovodsk, without transfers from many cities in Russia.

The station in Mineralnye Vody corresponds to the status of the station - a majestic building, with massive columns, a dome, stained-glass windows and frescoes, quite spacious and comfortable for waiting. In front of the entrance you will be met by the famous sculpture "Eagle defeating the Snake" - the symbol of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. Trains depart from the station on long-distance and suburban routes.

Special mention should be made of the wonderful transport connection inside the territory of the Caucasus Mineral Waters! Suitable trains on the Mineralnye Vody - Kislovodsk branch (its length is 64 km) are the main public transport between the cities of Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Beshtau, Mineralnye Vody. Electric trains also run to Georgievsk, Nevinnomyssk, Budennovsk and other cities of the Stavropol Territory, with the exception of Zheleznovodsk. To get to Zheleznovodsk, you need to get off at the Beshtau station (located 6 km from Zheleznovodsk) and continue your journey by taxi or bus number 10 (about 5-7 minutes). If a long-distance train does not stop at the Beshtau station (for example, No. 004С "Kavkaz" from Moscow), then from railway station Mineralnye Vody (from the station square), as well as from the bus station, to Zheleznovodsk can be reached by bus or minibus number 107.

Electric trains run very often, at intervals of 40 minutes - 1 hour 20 minutes (depending on the time of day), from 5 am to 11 pm. And, importantly for the convenience of tourists, in every city, even the smallest, the train makes 2-3 stops! The train schedule changes periodically. Fare, for example: Mineralnye Vody - Kislovodsk - 154 rubles. 20 k., Kislovodsk - Essentuki - 64 rubles. 10 k., Kislovodsk - Pyatigorsk - 115 rubles. 90 k. (2016)

Distance between cities KMV

	Kislovodsk	Essentuki	Zheleznovodsk	Pyatigorsk
Kislovodsk
Essentuki
Zheleznovodsk
Pyatigorsk

Bus

You can get to the resorts of Kavminvod by direct bus from many large cities in Russia. From Moscow to Kislovodsk, through the resort towns, comfortable buses run, departing mainly from the South Gate bus station. Travel time will be a little more than a day, the ticket price is about 2000 rubles (2016). The main carrier in the North Caucasus region is Kavminvodyavto, which also operates regular flights on the Moscow-Kislovodsk route and flights to nearby regions.

Bus stations and bus stations of the KMV hub

Kislovodsk: the bus station is located outside the city - st. Promyshlennaya, d. 4, getting to it is not very convenient. Opening hours from 6:00 to 19:00. Serves the following directions: Arzgir, Anapa, Astrakhan, Baku, Blagodarny, Budyonnovsk, Vladikavkaz, Volgograd, Gelendzhik, Georgievsk, Grozny, Derbent, Krasnodar, Labinsk, Maykop, Makhachkala, Mozdok, Moscow, Nazran, Neftekumsk, Nalchik, Oktyabrsky, Prokhladny, Stavropol, Sochi, Cherkessk.

Mineral water: There are two bus stations in the city: the old one is on the street. Gagarina, d. 98 (working hours from 06:30 to 18:00) and the New bus station "Ruslan", located on the street. Sovetskaya, d. 97 (working hours from 5.00 to 23.00 without breaks and days off). Buses depart from the new bus station in all directions of the Kavminvodyavto carrier.

Essentuki: the bus station is located on the street. Gagarin, d. 93 behind the complex of the Central market. Finding it is also not easy because of the proximity to the market and the large traffic congestion. The building is old, in poor condition, you should not count on a comfortable waiting for a flight. Opening hours from 5:00 to 19:30. Serves the following directions: Arzgir, Anapa, Astrakhan, Baku, Blagodarny, Budyonnovsk, Vladikavkaz, Gelendzhik, Derbent, Maikop, Makhachkala, Mozdok, Moscow, Nalchik, Novoselitskoye, Prokhladny, Stavropol, Stepnoye, Uchkeken.

Pyatigorsk: the main bus station is located in the city center at the intersection of Kalinina avenue and st. Bunimovich. Opening hours from 5:45 to 21:00. Serves northern flights: Mineralnye Vody, Stavropol, Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Moscow. There are also departures from this station. fixed-route taxis to Nalchik, Cherkessk, Vladikavkaz, Makhachkala and Grozny.

There are several more bus stations in Pyatigorsk. From the bus station "Upper market" taxis go to the suburbs and neighboring settlements, including Kabardino-Balkaria. The most popular routes are: No. 108: "Pyatigorsk - Georgievsk", No. 130: "Pyatigorsk - Vin-Gardens" and No. 112: "Pyatigorsk - Lermontov". Shuttle buses run from the bus station at the railway station to Lermontov - No. 112, Zheleznovodsk - No. 213, Mineralnye Vody - No. 223. To resort area and Lake "Proval" there is a city bus number 1, boarding the bus at the barrier.

Zheleznovodsk: a small bus station is located on the Station Square of the railway station. Opening hours from 06:00 to 17:00. Public transport routes and several intercity flights stop here.

Bus schedule for Mineralnye Vody bus station

Automobile

The nearest highways of federal significance to Kavminvodam are M29 (“Caucasus”, passes through Mineralnye Vody and Inozemtsevo) and A157 (section of the road Mineralnye Vody - Kislovodsk). The road Lermontov - Cherkessk (A156) is ten kilometers south of the city. You can get from Moscow to Kislovodsk along the M4 Don Federal Highway (E115), through Rostov-on-Don to the village of Pavlovskaya in the Krasnodar Territory, and then along the M29 (E50) highway through Mineralnye Vody.

Climate and weather in Caucasian Mineralnye Vody

The climate in the Caucasus Mineralnye Vody region depends on the particular city, because the mountains are able to form unique weather in a relatively small area.

For example, due to the fact that Kislovodsk located higher than other resort towns of the Caucasus Mineralnye Vody region, sunny weather is observed here for about 150 days a year. The climate in Kislovodsk is temperate continental, the city is surrounded by the Caucasus Range, which protects it from cold winds and creates a special mountain climate.

Caucasian Mineral Waters

Coat of arms of the region

Region map

Caucasian Mineral Waters(Kavminvody, KMV) - a group of federal resorts in the Stavropol Territory; specially protected eco-resort region of the Russian Federation, which has a coordinating administration. The direct state administration of this region is entrusted to the administration of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the head of which is appointed by the president of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the governor of the Stavropol Territory.

The electrified railway Moscow - Rostov - Baku with a branch to Kislovodsk (and a branch to Zheleznovodsk), an asphalted federal highway Rostov - Baku passes through the territory of the district. Mineralnye Vody Airport connects the KMS region with direct flights to all major centers of the Russian Federation, neighboring countries, and also operates flights to non-CIS countries.

Geography

in administrative-territorial terms

in the Stavropol Territory - cities and resort towns Georgievsk, Mineralnye Vody (including the resort Kumagorsk and resort area Naguta), Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, as well as the Georgievsky, Mineralovodsky and Predgorny districts proper, - 58% of the total area of the region;
in Kabardino-Balkaria - Zolsky district, - 9% (therapeutic mud of Lake Tambukan, Narzanov Valley and others);
in Karachay-Cherkessia - Malokarachaevsky and Prikubansky districts, - 33% of the territory (zone of formation of mineral springs).

Physical and geographical characteristics (location)

The Caucasian Mineralnye Vody region occupies the southern part of the Stavropol Territory and is located on the northern slopes of the Main Caucasian Range, just a couple of tens of kilometers from Elbrus. Here the earth seems different, the sky seems different. From a distance, motionless white clouds are visible, which, when approached, turn out to be the snowy peaks of the Caucasus Mountains. The southern borders of the region are the foothills of Elbrus, the valley of the Khasaut and Malka rivers; in the west - the upper reaches of the rivers Eshkakon and Podkumka; The northern border of the region is the city of Mineralnye Vody, behind which the steppe expanses of Ciscaucasia begin.

In terms of hydromineral resources, the region includes:

in the south: carbonic waters of the Upper and Lower Berezovsky in the Berezovsky gorge, Belovodsky and Bely springs in the upper reaches of the Alikonovsky gorge (Belovodskaya Balka river), Malkinsky gorge - Tkhobzashkhops springs (in the Kamennomostsky area), Seraphim Sarovsky spring with healing spring water (on the northern slopes of Dzhinal), Narzanov Valley, Cheget Lakh Ransky, Lahran Narzans [Kichmalka Plateau, Mount Ullu-Lakhran (1883 m)], spring (Khasautsky) in the area of Mal. Bermamyt (2644 m) and the village of Khasaut (in the southwest; in the extreme south (adjacent to the Elbrus region) the source of Yungeshli).
in the west: in the Kumsky gorge - carbonic water of the Kumsky deposit in Krasno-Vostochny (the village of Krasny Vostok) and Suvorov baths, springs in the upper reaches of the Podkumka and Kum-rivers near the Gumbashi pass, and east of Gudgora (2489 m) on the Eshkakon river (Lower Eshkakonsky and Upper Eshkakonsky; tract Kanta-Tukele?); on the watershed - springs in the area of the villages of Michurinsky and Kholodnorodnikovskoye (near the village of Schastlivoe), and on the northern slopes of the Pastbishchny Range in the Coal Balk (above the forestry enterprises Coal Dacha and Bekeshevskaya Dacha - in Karachay-Cherkessia).
in the north: in the resort of Kumagorsk, Nagutsky springs in the balneological Nagutskaya resort area (sources near the villages of Nagutskoye, Soluno-Dmitrievskoye (station Nagutskaya - a plant for bottling mineral waters of one of the largest Nagutskoye deposits in the region (250 million bottles per year, 80s)), this also includes the mineral springs of the town of Camel).
in the east: Lysogorsk springs (Lysay Gora, including Batalinsky), as well as St. George's baths.

Story

KMV is one of the oldest resort regions in Russia. The first written information about its mineral springs is found in the doctor G. Schober (1717), who was sent by Peter I to examine the mineral storehouse North Caucasus. The first detailed descriptions of them were made by I. A. Guldenshtedt (1773), and then by P. S. Pallas (1793). After the study of the hot spring in Pyatigorsk (1801) and the conclusion of a special commission on the possibility of using mineral waters for therapeutic purposes (1802), by decree of Alexander I of April 24, 1803, the provision on the Caucasian Mineral Waters was approved, when the historical Rescript "On the recognition of the state significance of the Caucasian Mineral Waters and the need for their device" was signed, and their official existence as a resort area began.
The first information about Lake Tambukan was also reported by I. A. Guldenshtedt (1770s), but the use of its therapeutic mud began much later (since 1886 in Pyatigorsk and Essentuki, then in Zheleznovodsk). Initially, CMS attracted a limited number of patients, mainly from the military and the nobility. There were no plans for the development of resorts; the management of the CMS was usually entrusted to the military administration. Only a few of the administrators showed interest in the KavMinVody.

Johann K. and Joseph K. Bernardazzi
G. A. Emanuelya
A. P. Nelyubina
M. V. Sergeeva
N. N. Slavyanova
S. A. Smirnova
V. V. Khvoshchinsky

But at the same time, the local population was growing at a rapid pace (see below - agglomeration). All this began to create a large anthropogenic load on the ecology of the CMS (see Pyatigorsk). Some shortage of mineral resources began to be felt. Excessive development of industry in resort cities, not related to medical and health-improving (sanatorium-resort) purposes, the use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers in agriculture also posed a real threat of pollution of the hydro-mineral resources of the unique resort. This could not but disturb the representatives of balneology, the leadership of the Stavropol Territory, the Russian government.
That is why the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin was signed on March 27, 1992, according to which the KavMinVody is a specially protected ecological resort region of the Russian Federation. It directly defined the goals of creating the region - the preservation of the natural resources of the CMS resorts - a world-famous area with unique health and healing factors, a unique historical, architectural and cultural image.

Mountains Kavminvod

The relief of the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters begins at the foot of Elbrus, where the Rocky Range with a number of peaks clearly stands out. In the western and southern parts of the CMS, the mountains are steep, in some places sheer ledges break off to the south (the depth of these cliffs reaches 1000 m), and the northern long slopes are slightly (gently) inclined and merge with the foothill plain. These are Pastbishny and Skalisty ridges. They are divided by river valleys into a number of mountain ranges. The pasture ridge within the limits of the KavMinVod is cut by Podkumkom into two parts: the western one (the Borgustan ridge, the Darya heights of the Borgustan ridge) rises to 1200-1300 m, and the eastern one (Dzhinalsky ridge) has an absolute elevation of the top of the Upper Dzhinal 1542 m. The rocks on the spurs of the ridges are decorated with niches, openwork vaults, carved sandstone columns. To the south of Pastbishchnoye stretches the Rocky Range with the peaks of Bolshoy and Small Bermamyt (2592 and 2644 m (the highest point of the CMS), 30 km to Elbrus; in the early morning on Bermamyt you can sometimes see the so-called Brocken ghost). Bermamyt plateau, and Zhatmaz Range(Shidzhatmaz (Shatzhatmaz) 2127 m, astronomical station of the GAO RAS (2072 m), scientific base of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and Kichmalka plateau(Manglay 2055 m), below which, in the picturesque valley of the Khasaut River at an altitude of 1300 m above sea level, there is the Narzanov Valley - about 20 mineral springs (34 km south of Kislovodsk, in the southern foothills of the Rocky Range of the Greater Caucasus) - are inclined towards Kislovodsk and rest against the steep ledges of the Pasture Range that. To the south of the Rocky Range towards Elbrus extends the vast Bechasyn Plateau (with Mount Bechasyn 2364 m). In terms of absolute heights, the territory of the CMS belongs to the middle mountains, the maximum amplitude of heights is 2464 m (and taking into account Elbrus - 5462 m, the second place after Kabardino-Balkaria).
The dissected relief, which creates a wide variety of landscapes, is explained by the long development and complex geological structure of the territory.

Geology

The region of the KavMinVod is located within the junction of the Stavropol Upland (Ciductaucasia) and the northern slopes and foothills of the North Caucasus. This is the center of the Caucasus, where, over a long geological history, along with folded and vertical movements, horizontal movements also occurred. Its territory is bordered on all sides by huge deep faults. Faults are associated with the origin of laccoliths. These mountains were formed by gradual uplift or tectonic extrusion of viscous, cooling lava through the thickness of sedimentary deposits. Volcanic bodies are still cooling down in our time. At the base of the stratal plains inclined to the north, at the very bottom, there are Paleozoic rocks crumpled into folds and permeated during mountain building by veins of acidic magma: quartz-chlorite schists, quartzites, granites. The most ancient rocks of the area can be seen in the valley of the Alikonovka River south of Kislovodsk, 4-5 km above the Castle rock, one of the local attractions. Here, pink and red granites come to the surface, the age of which is determined at 220-230 million years. In the Mesozoic time, the granites that came to the surface were destroyed and formed a thick (up to 50 m) layer of the weathering crust, consisting of crystals of quartz, feldspar, mica. Geodes come across - "stones with a secret." Splitting such a stone, you can find inside white crystals of calcite, gray opal and translucent chalcedony. Sedimentary deposits of the Jurassic and Cretaceous seas, having a thickness of more than 1000 m, can be seen on the southern slopes of the Borgustan and Dzhinal ridges. Here brownish-gray and yellowish limestones, dolomites, red ferruginous sandstones come to the surface. These are the famous Red and Gray stones (see the park). On Mount Goryachaya in Pyatigorsk, one can see various forms of travertine deposits - a stone that arose during the evaporation of mineral water. Petrified leaves and twigs are visible in travertine. Karst is developed here, which is also found on the Rocky and Pasture Ranges. The peculiarity of the geological structure of Razvalka is associated with the amazing phenomenon of “summer frost”, which is explained by seasonal air circulation in the cracks of the mountain.

With all the diversity of the composition of the waters and the nature of the deposits, the mineral springs of the CMS are closely related by the common geological conditions of formation and the general history of the development of a group of famous, oldest resorts in Russia on their basis.
The presence of mineral springs is associated with a complex of sedimentary formations of the Meso-Cenozoic age, gently plunging from S to N from the Greater Caucasus to the Stavropol Upland. From the point of view of the possibilities of accumulation and movement of groundwater, the rocks of the Meso-Cenozoic sinking to the north form a large artesian slope, the main area of the supply of which coincides with the area where the most ancient metamorphic rocks come to the surface. Of several aquifers, the most abundant are: the Titon aquifer complex, flow rate 0.1-10 l / s, depth of occurrence from 260 m (Kislovodsk region) to 1000 m (Essentuki); Valanginian complex, debit of St. 15 l/s, depth from 170 m (Kislovodsk) to 800 m (Essentuki); Aptian complex, flow rate 10 l/s, maximum depth up to 500 m (Essentuki); Upper Cretaceous complex, flow rate up to 5 l/s, depth up to 300 m (the total flow rate of the most abundant is about 3-3.5 million l per day). Of great importance in the hydrogeology of the region are faults and intrusions of igneous rocks (intrusions), which form peculiar dome-shaped mountains-laccoliths in the relief (Mashuk, Beshtau, Zheleznaya, Razvalka, Zmeyka, etc.). Separate deposits of mineral waters (Berezovskoye, Kislovodskoye, Kumskoye, Essentukskoye, Pyatigorskoye, Zheleznovodskoye, Nagutskoye, Kumagorskoye, etc.) and a large number of outcrops of various mineral springs are associated with zones of tectonic disturbances, as well as with contacts of intrusions and sedimentary rocks. Groundwater resources of the CMW (fresh and mineral) are formed mainly due to infiltration of atmospheric precipitation (in the mountains of the Greater Caucasus). Part of the groundwater is enriched with gases (carbon dioxide) formed under conditions of high subsoil temperature. The formation of the composition of mineral waters proceeds with a significant participation of the processes of leaching of host rocks, cation exchange and mixing; this last process is especially widespread in the upper parts of the section, where deep highly gas-saturated portions of water ascending along the faults from the basement enter. Pushing aside less mineralized streams and partially mixing with them, the rising waters here form the final chemical and temperature appearance of the region's mineral waters.

Climate

Along with mineral waters, the CMS resort resources make up a favorable climate in the central and southwestern parts of the region, used for climatotherapy.
The climate of the KavMinVod region has long been highly appreciated by balneologists and has been successfully used as a healing factor. The main advantages of the local climate are associated with a large number of sunny days - in Kislovodsk there are only 37-40 days a year without sun. It is relatively dry here, moist air masses from the Black Sea do not reach here - they are delayed by the Main Caucasian Range.

The diversity of the relief creates a difference in the climate of the CMS resorts, and is formed under the influence of a number of factors: the difference in the altitude position of cities, the protection of the mountains determines the characteristics of the microclimate. The foothill character of the area and the proximity of the snowy peaks of the Main Caucasian Range on the one hand, and on the other hand, the proximity of arid steppes and semi-deserts of the Caspian coast determine the continental features of the climate of this region. According to climatic conditions, the Kavminvod region can be divided into two zones: the southern one - the Kislovodsk region with features of the continental climate of the low mountains, and the northern one - Yessentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk with typical features of the steppe zone. The most favorable, according to medical climatology, is the southern zone.

The air temperature depends on the altitude of the place and the season of the year. The average January temperature in Pyatigorsk is -4.0 °C, in Kislovodsk -3.9 °C. The July temperature is +22° and +19° respectively.
The amount of precipitation decreases from the mountains to the plains: in Bermamyt - 724 mm, in Kislovodsk - 599 mm, in Pyatigorsk - 472 mm; the least of them are in Essentuki. More than 85% of all precipitation falls as rain (in winter, rains prevail over snowfalls). Snow cover is low and unstable, snow falls and melts quickly. In Kislovodsk, the snow cover is continuously on average up to 10 days. More than half of the winters pass without snow cover at all.
The greatest cloudiness on the plains is observed in winter; in the mountains (Kislovodsk, Bermamyt, Narzanov Valley), on the contrary, the clearest winter months.

CMS resorts have a wind regime favorable for climate treatment. Calms are frequent here, especially in the Kislovodsk basin in winter (the average annual wind speed in Kislovodsk is 2.4 m/s). In the mountains, for example, on Bermamyt, there are strong winds - more than 15 m / s.
The best time of the year for recreation and travel in the Caucasian Mineral Waters is late summer and autumn. It is sunny, dry, rich in fruits and bright colors of landscapes.

Natural resources

Hydromineral, balneological resources

Min. waters of various composition, on the basis of which the so-called North Caucasian recreational and medical region arose.

In terms of the composition and quality of its climatic and balneological resources, concentrated on a relatively compact territory, in terms of the richness and diversity of mineral springs, the resort region of Russia - KavMinVody - have no analogues on the entire Euro-Asian continent, and indeed in the world; in terms of chemical richness and diversity, quality and healing properties, the mineral water springs are extremely diverse and have no equal. The origin, formation and properties of mineral waters are associated with the Pyatigorsk laccoliths and the highland regions of the North Caucasus, where groundwater is formed. Atmospheric precipitation falling in the mountains, as well as melt waters, penetrate into the rock masses to great depths, mineralize, heat up, become saturated with gases and come to the surface through cracks in river valleys. In terms of chemical composition and use for the treatment of water, for the most part, they are low- and medium-mineralized with a salt content of 2 to 15 g / l. The highest mineralization at the Batalinsky and Lysogorsky springs is 21 g/l.
In a small area (546.5 thousand hectares), unique hydro-mineral wealth is concentrated, a wonderful bouquet of healing mineral waters with approved operational reserves of 15.6 thousand cubic meters per day. According to the data for 2001, 2.2 thousand m³ is extracted and used per day. At the same time, 1.5 thousand m 3 /day (68%) of them went to drinking and balneological treatment, and 0.7 thousand m 3 /day (32%) - to industrial bottling of medicinal and medicinal table waters.
Within the district of the mining and sanitary protection there are 24 deposits and sites. Conventionally, several separate deposits can be distinguished: Kislovodskoye, Essentuki, Pyatigorskoye, Beshtaugorskoye, Inozemtsevskoye, Zheleznovodskoye, Zmeykinskoye, Lysogorskoye, Krasno-Vostochnoye, Kumagorskoye, Nagutskaya resort area, etc. Of the total approved reserves in category A + B, 13,706.8 m³ per day is concentrated within the Stavropol Territory, within the boundaries of Karachay-Cher kesskoy republic - 1910.0 m³ per day (13.9%). In addition, prospective reserves (categories C 1 +C 2 +P) amount to 7629.9 m 3 per day. Of the 5 hydrochemical provinces of underground mineral waters, 3 turned out to be characteristic of our region: the provinces of carbonic (at the Mashukogorsk deposit in Pyatigorsk, for example, these are the 1st, 2nd and 4th Pyatigorsk types), radon waters (3rd type), and nitrogen and nitrogen-methane waters (5th Pyatigorsk type).
At the same time, Pyatigorsk is called the MinWater Museum for the exceptional variety of mineral springs concentrated in a small area around Mount Mashuk. These are the famous hot hydrogen sulfide waters, carbonic waters (Pyatigorsk Narzans), radon waters, mineral waters of the Essentuki type (fourth Pyatigorsk type), nitrogen-methane waters. The unique salt-alkaline waters of the Essentuki resort (Essentuki-4, Essentuki-17) are famous all over the world for their healing properties. The dolomitic, sulfate and simple Narzany of Kislovodsk are widely known. Invaluable for the treatment of a large number of diseases are carbonic sulfate-carbonate calcium-sodium (Smirnovskaya and Slavyanovskaya waters), as well as bitter-salty waters of the Batalinsky and Lysogorsky springs. Almost the entire spectrum of human diseases can be treated at Caucasian Mineralnye Vody.

More than 50 enterprises and specialized workshops are engaged in industrial bottling of mineral waters in a specially protected eco-resort region. In 2001, 200,642.6 thousand liters of mineral water were produced and sold. Thanks to this, the healing properties of our waters are well known in all regions of the country and abroad.

The unique wealth of the Caucasian Mineral Waters is the healing brine and mud of the Tambukan [near the border of the region and Kabardino-Balkaria] and Lysogorsk mineral lakes. The Tambukan lake is fed mainly by rain and melt water, and since it is located in the arid steppe zone, it undergoes cyclical changes in the water surface. The area of the water surface is about 180 (230) ha, the depth is from 1.5 to 3.1 m. The water of the lake is a brine of sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium composition (mineralization 50-60 g/l). The total operational reserves of the most valuable black and dark gray mud are 1600 thousand cubic meters. m. (reserves of silt mud (contains 0.4% hydrogen sulfide) in the lake are estimated at 2.3 million tons). The mud is used in the resort institutions of the KavMinVod (most widely - in Pyatigorsk and Essentuki; in Zheleznovodsk, brine and mud of the Lysogorsky [Inozemtsevsky] lakes are equally exploited; in Kumagorsk, sulfide-silt mud used for mud therapy is extracted from a small salt lake located on the territory of the resort), as well as sanatorium-resort institutions of the Valleys ska (Nalchik), Sernovodsk and North Ossetia. Therapeutic mud is also sent to health-improving institutions in Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, Sochi.
In addition, a therapeutic (so-called biostimulating) drug [of the FiBS type, peloidin] is obtained from the mud, which retains its healing properties and can be used in non-resort conditions.

Caucasian-Mineralnye Vody agglomeration

The core of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody region is the Caucasian-Mineralnye Vody polycentric urban agglomeration, uniting the cities of Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Mineralnye Vody. The Kavkazsko-Mineralovodskaya agglomeration has 946,000 (2010 census) (only in the territory of the Stavropol Territory, including the urban (658,000) and rural population (288,000) of the Predgorny, Georgievsky and Mineralovodsky districts), surpassing the Stavropol one in size, and is the largest in the Stavropol Territory and the North Caucasus Federal District. The transport and economic center of the agglomeration is the city of Mineralnye Vody. The largest city of the Pyatigorsk agglomeration is the center of the North Caucasian Federal District formed in 2010.

The administrative center of the specially protected ecological resort region Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is located in Essentuki.

Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is one of the most densely populated areas of the North Caucasus; the average population density exceeds 150 people per 1 km2.

Peculiarities

Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is the largest and one of the oldest resort regions in the Russian Federation. Over 130 mineral springs and large reserves of silt mud from Lake Tambukan (and Lake Lysogorskoye) make KMV a unique balneological resort. The CMS region is distinguished by picturesque natural landscapes, a mountainous salubrious climate and is famous for its sanatorium-resort complex enterprises in Russia. Their main specialization is the provision of medical and health services, treatment with world-famous waters and mineral mud. Also, land plots located on the territory of the CMS (within the boundaries of the districts of sanitary (mountain-sanitary) protection of the CMS resort) by virtue of the law are lands of specially protected natural areas. The fact of referring land plots to the number of lands of specially protected natural areas (land resorts) means that it is impossible to provide it to the property of the company in connection with its classification as land plots with limited circulation (subparagraph 1 of paragraph 5 of Article 27 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, paragraph 8 of Article 28 of the Law on Privatization)

Notes

Literature

A. M. Prokhorov (editor-in-chief) Caucasian Mineral Waters //

Where on kmv. Caucasian Mineralnye Vody - all about the resort of the Caucasus

Geography

Story

Mountains Kavminvod

Geology

Climate

Natural resources

Caucasian-Mineralnye Vody agglomeration

Peculiarities

see also

Notes

Literature

How to get there

Airplane

Train

Bus

Automobile

Climate and weather in Caucasian Mineralnye Vody

Geography

Story

Mountains Kavminvod

Geology

Climate

Natural resources

Caucasian-Mineralnye Vody agglomeration

Peculiarities

see also

Notes

Literature